涡襟翼在不同雷诺数下的控制分离特性研究

受鸟类抬起羽毛控制分离流的启发,涡襟翼成为翼型大迎角分离流的控制措施之一。采用数值模拟方法研究不同雷诺数下涡襟翼在控制翼型大迎角分离流动时的气动特性及其物理机制。结果表明：涡襟翼在低雷诺数下能够极大地改善翼型的大迎角升力特性,其物理机理是涡襟翼将翼型主分离涡的涡心位置控制在离翼型更近的区域,且涡心位置的涡量得到大幅提升,使得涡心附近的低压特性影响到翼型上表面,而且涡襟翼能够将翼型上方前区的低压与下游的高压隔开;但是在高雷诺数（对应常规飞机雷诺数）下涡襟翼改善翼型大迎角气动特性的效果远不如低雷诺数情况,由此解释了为什么鸟类能够通过羽毛抬起提高升力特性,而常规飞机的涡襟翼只能作为阻力板使用的原因。     

Numerical study of separation on the trailing edge of a symmetrical airfoil at a low Reynolds number

This study focuses on the trailing-edge separation of a symmetrical airfoil at a low Rey-nolds number. Finite volume method is adopted to solve the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equation. Flow of the symmetrical airfoil SD8020 at a low Reynolds number has been simulated. Laminar separation bubble in the flow field of the airfoil is observed and process of unsteady bubble burst and vortex shedding from airfoil surfaces is investigated. The time-dependent lift coefficient is characteristic of periodic fluctuations and the lift curve varies nonlinearly with the attack of angle. Laminar separation occurs on both surfaces of airfoil at small angles of attack. With the increase of angle of attack, laminar separation occurs and then reattaches near the trailing edge on the upper surface of airfoil, which forms laminar separation bubble. When the attack of angle reaches certain value, the laminar separation bubble is unstable and produces two kinds of large scale vortex, i.e. primary vortex and secondary vortex. The periodic processes that include secondary vortex production, motion of secondary vortex and vortex shedding cause fluctuation of the lift coefficient. The periodic time varies with attack of angle. The secondary vortex is relatively stronger than the primary vortex, which means its influence is relatively stronger than the primary vortex.     

圆柱／翼型干涉流场的试验研究

在风洞出口低速流中,以NACA0012尾缘钝化翼型为模型,利用粒子成像测速系统,研究了圆柱/翼型结构干涉流动时翼型前缘、近壁和尾缘区域的流场.试验结果表明,由于上游圆柱引起的卡门涡街和翼型相互干涉,在翼型前缘存在大尺度涡的变形、拉伸和破裂,在翼型表面近壁区域和尾迹流场中仅存在小尺度湍流涡,由此可以推断翼型前缘可能是干涉噪声的主要声源区.     

Computations of unsteady transonic flow over airfoil at low Reynolds number

Transonic flow over a thin airfoil at low Reynolds number was studied numerically by directly solving two-dimensional full Navier-Stokes equations through 5th order weighted essentially non-oscillatory(WENO) scheme without using any turbulence model.A series of distinguished unsteady phenomena for a thin 2-D transonic airfoil flow were presented.Due to continuous adverse pressure gradient in the subsonic flow downstream of the sonic line, the unsteady separated boundary layer with main vortex and secondary vortex was developed at the rear of the airfoil.At the trailing edge,the vortex-shedding was characterized by periodical connection of the main vortex and secondary vortex on the other side of the airfoil.The unsteady separation and vortex-shedding occurred with the same period.On the airfoil surface,the average pulse pressure related to the unsteady supersonic region was obviously smaller than that related to the vortex-shedding at the trailing edge.With the attack angle increasing from 0° to 2°, the frequency of vortex-shedding decreases about 4.2%.At last, the turbulence intensity and many second-order statistics in the wake region were investigated.      

翼型等速上仰绕流结构的观测

 翼型在不同转速下等速上仰时,其绕流结构不一样,转速越高,前缘涡开始形成的迎角越大。给定转速时,初始迎角大前缘涡形成得早。终止迎角对流动结构的影响与转速有关。平板翼型上仰时,前缘涡在较小迎角开始形成,涡的尺寸较大。     

一种新型风机翼型设计思路的探索研究

提出了一种新型风机叶片的翼型设计思想。通过在翼型上表面后缘附近设计一个凹坑,形成了一种稳定的驻涡流动,利用该驻涡的影响,与传统的Gurney襟翼联合作用下,提高翼型的气动性能。通过将该方法在瑞士FFA-W3-301风机翼型上的初步运用,数值模拟结果表明:所提出的新型翼型设计思路,不但可以在相同迎角下提高翼型的升力系数,而且可以将原来翼型的失速迎角从12°提高到18°,极大地扩大了翼型的迎角工作范围。是一种具有一定探索潜力的新思想。     

尾缘锯齿结构的降噪物理机制实验

对比分析了常规尾缘翼型与锯齿尾缘翼型尾缘湍流流场的基本特征,并通过线阵列的方法测量了两种尾缘结构的噪声.结果表明:锯齿尾缘翼型尾缘湍流流场的湍流强度以及3个方向上的湍流强度都相比于常规尾缘翼型有显著减少,声场结果显示锯齿尾缘翼型对尾缘噪声有显著减小,对前缘噪声影响很小.锯齿结构加宽了尾迹区域并加快了大涡的破碎,产生了额外的马蹄涡,湍流脉动衰减率沿着流动方向变大.      

一种平尾涡流发生器设计和流动控制研究

平尾的气动特性直接影响飞机的飞行安全,基于改善飞机平尾在负攻角下流动特性的应用需求,设计一种涡流发生器,安装在平尾下表面。通过数值模拟方法研究平尾在不安装涡流发生器和安装涡流发生器两种构型下的流动特征和机理,分析飞机在负攻角下的俯仰力矩特性。结果表明：安装涡流发生器的平尾负失速迎角推迟了4°,负攻角下的俯仰力矩拐点推迟了4°左右,拓宽了飞机的飞行边界。     

Construction of an airfoil with an irregularity in the flow

Using the method of quasisolutions for inverse boundary-value problems of aerohydrodynamics, a problem of constructing an airfoil was solved by the specified velocity distribution along the sought airfoil contour when there is an irregularity in the flow such as a vorticity source. The cases of a source (sink) and vortex are obtained as particular ones. The airfoils are constructed numerically and analytically and conclusions are made about an influence of the irregularity position and type on the shape and aerodynamic characteristics of the airfoil.     

Experimental and numerical investigation of threedimensional vortex structures of a pitching airfoil at a transitional Reynolds number

This research examines the vortex behaviors and aerodynamic forces in dynamic stall phenomena at a transitional Reynolds number(Re = 90000) using experimental and numerical approaches.Periodic sinusoidal pitching motion at two different reduced frequencies is used to achieve the dynamic stall of a NACA 0012 airfoil.Several leading edge vortices form and detach in the dynamic stall stage.The flow then quickly transitions to a full separation zone in the stall stage when the angle of attack starts to decrease.There is discrepancy between the phaseaveraged and instantaneous flow field in that the small flow structures increased with angle of attack, which is a characteristic of the flow field at the transitional Reynolds number.The interaction between the streamwise vortices in the three-dimensional numerical results and the leading edge vortex are the main contribution to the turbulent flow.In addition, the leading edge vortex that supplies vortex lift is more stable at higher reduced frequency, which decreases the lift fluctuation in the dynamic stall stage.The leading edge vortex at higher reduced frequency is strong enough to stabilize the flow, even when the airfoil is in the down-stroke phase.     

翼型近尾迹流动的PIV研究—动力学机制

利用在线式互相关PIV(ParticleImageVelocimetry)系统,在低速风洞中对NACA0012翼型在雷诺数2.39×105,0°和4°攻角下的近尾迹流动进行了详细测量。实验结果表明,翼型近尾迹存在有序的涡街结构,涡街在尾缘处形成后,在向下游的迁移中,会经历一个发展壮大、失稳破碎的演化过程,流动从有序走向无序。翼型的近尾迹是一种以旋涡的运动学特性和动力学机制为主导的流动现象。本文着重探讨了翼型尾缘处的涡街形成机理,尾迹内的流动机制,以及近尾迹的流动稳定性。      

尾流撞击效应对轴流压气机下游叶排涡面的影响

针对某高负荷高压压气机末级,通过研究上游转子尾迹涡面周期性扫掠对下游静子涡面的影响,从涡面非定常作用的角度分析流场时空结构.结果表明,流场性能的改善与涡面时空结构相对应,尾迹涡面同分离涡面的相互作用可显著降低流动损失;与上游尾迹涡面发生耦合的是叶片尾缘旋涡交替脱落频率而非吸力面前缘分离涡不稳定频率.      

翼型近尾迹流动的PIV研究—运动学特性

利用在线式PIV系统(ParticleImageVelocimetry),在低速风洞中对NACA0012翼型在雷诺数2.39×105,0°和4°攻角下的近尾迹流动进行了实验研究。实验结果表明,在较高的雷诺数下翼型近尾迹流动是一种以旋涡的运动学和动力学特性为主导的湍流剪切流。在测量范围内,翼型的尾缘处是近尾迹涡街的形成区;尾缘后0.5倍弦长的区域存在类似于卡门涡街的有序结构,是旋涡发展区域,旋涡具有较好的稳定性;距翼型尾缘0.5倍弦长至1倍弦长的区域,是翼型近尾迹流动由有序走向无序区域,旋涡开始破裂。翼型表面边界层对翼型近尾迹湍流剪切流的演化有重要影响。实验结果还给出了近尾迹流动的平均速度、湍流强度和剪切应变变化率,以及速度脉动量的二阶关联量u'u',u'v'和v'v' 的分布。      

Generalized Kutta–Joukowski theorem for multi-vortex and multi-airfoil flow with vortex production——A general model

By using a special momentum approach and with the help of interchange between singularity velocity and induced flow velocity, we derive in a physical way explicit force formulas for twodimensional inviscid flow involving multiple bound and free vortices, multiple airfoils, and vortex production. These force formulas hold individually for each airfoil thus allowing for force decomposition, and the contributions to forces from singularities(such as bound and image vortices,sources, and doublets) and bodies out of an airfoil are related to their induced velocities at the locations of singularities inside this airfoil. The force contribution due to vortex production is related to the vortex production rate and the distance between each pair of vortices in production, thus frameindependent. The formulas are validated against a number of standard problems. These force formulas, which generalize the classic Kutta–Joukowski theorem(for a single bound vortex) and the recent generalized Lagally theorem(for problems without a bound vortex and vortex production) to more general cases, can be used to identify or understand the roles of outside vortices and bodies on the forces of the actual body, optimize arrangement of outside vortices and bodies for force enhancement or reduction, and derive analytical force formulas once the flow field is given or known.     

基于N-S方程的地面效应模拟

模拟了低速情况下二维翼型的地面效应问题，其中翼面流动利用一种改进的、基于不可压N－S方程的离散涡方法来模拟，地面模拟则利用一系列连续分布的涡板块来实现。利用上述模型研究了地面对翼型表面流动和压力分布的影响，并对有地面存在条件下的尾涡发展规律进行了讨论。计算结果表明，该方法能够有效地模拟低速情况下翼型的近地面流动，具有一定的工程应用价值。     

Separation control on NACA23012 using synthetic jet

A numerical study of separation control has been made to investigate aerodynamic characteristics of NACA23012 airfoil with synthetic jets. Computed results demonstrated that stall characteristics and control surface performance could be substantially improved by resizing separation vortices. The maximum lift was obtained when the separation point coincides with the synthetic jet location and the non-dimensional frequency is about 1. In addition, separation control effect was proportional to the peak velocity of the synthetic jet. It was observed that the actual flow control mechanism and flow structure is fundamentally different depending on the range of synthetic jet frequency. For low frequency range, small vortices due to synthetic jet penetrated to the large leading edge separation vortex, and as a result, the size of the leading edge vortex was remarkably reduced. For high frequency range, however, small vortex did not grow up enough to penetrate into the leading edge separation vortex. Instead, synthetic jet firmly attached the local flow and influenced the circulation of the virtual airfoil shape which is the combined shape of the main airfoil with the separation vortex. As a way to reduce the jet peak velocity, performance of a multi-array synthetic jet was investigated. Moreover, a high frequency multi-location synthetic jet was exploited to efficiently eliminate the unstable flow structure which was observed in low frequency range. Finally, by changing the phase angle in multi-location synthetic jets, highly controlled flow characteristics could be obtained with multi-array/multi-location synthetic jets. This shows efficiency of the current approach in separation control using synthetic jet.     

基于IDDES方法的翼型结冰失速分离流动数值模拟

应用基于k-ωSST湍流模型的IDDES(Improved Delayed Detached Eddy Simulation)方法,就失速点附近翼型前缘典型双角状积冰导致的复杂分离流动进行了数值模拟研究.通过与风洞试验结果进行对比,表明对于此类分离流动问题,IDDES方法能够在壁面附近取得良好的速度预测结果,有效解析分离区域内的中小尺度湍流结构,较为准确地描述大尺度时均分离泡的再附位置和形态特征,适用于翼型结冰后复杂流动的精细分析.同时计算结果显示当此带冰翼型位于失速点附近时,角状冰后方脱落剪切层内部的旋涡不稳定析出和输运过程促进了外部流动与回流区域流动间的掺混,将导致流动发生非定常再附现象.     

Individual influence of pitching and plunging motions on flow structures over an airfoil during dynamic stall

The individual influence of pitching and plunging motions on flow structures is studied experimentally by changing the phase lag between the geometrical angle of attack and the plunging angle of attack. Five phase lags are chosen as the experimental parameters, while the Strouhal number, the reduced frequency and the Reynolds number are fixed. During the motion of the airfoil, the leading edge vortex, the reattached vortex and the secondary vortex are observed in the flow field. The leading edge vortex is found to be the main flow structure through the proper orthogonal decomposition. The increase of phase lag results in the increase of the leading edge velocity, which strongly influences the leading edge shear layer and the leading edge vortex. The plunging motion contributes to the development of the leading edge shear layer, while the pitching motion is the key reason for instability of the leading edge shear layer. It is also found that a certain increase of phase lag, around 34.15° in this research, can increase the airfoil lift.     

NACA0012翼型低雷诺数绕流的实验研究

通过水槽氧气泡流动显示和PIV测速实验研究了NACA0012翼型在雷诺数为8200时的流动特性,重点炎注了翼型绕流结构随迎角的变化。研究发脱：分离点和分离翦切层形成旋涡的位置随迎角的增大而向上游移动,同时翼型上表面流动分离后形成的回流区尺寸随着翼利迎角的增加而增大。当流动再附于翼型上表面时,在再附点附近能够观测到展向涡的三维演化过程,并能观测到展向涡的局部配对现象。     

Numerical scheme of the second order of accuracy for vortex methods for incompressible flow simulation around airfoils

A high-accuracy numerical scheme is proposed for vortex methods of flow simulation around airfoils of arbitrary shape including airfoils with sharp edges, because it does not require the solution continuity on the airfoil.