双视线测量相对导航方法误差分析与编队设计

空间非合作目标的相对导航是在轨维护和近距离监视任务中的关键技术,目前的研究表明仅有视线测量条件下中距离相对导航沿距离方向的观测度较差,而基于双视线测量的相对导航方法可以有效解决该问题。为此,研究了两个追踪航天器所组成的编队,在双视线测量条件下进行自主相对导航的方法。首先,详细地介绍了双视线测量相对导航方案的构成以及具体的导航算法;其次,根据两个追踪航天器与目标航天器的几何构型,推导双视线测量方法中的误差传递规律,并分析其中的影响因素;然后,对两个追踪航天器的编队构型进行设计,并分析编队构型对该方法导航性能的影响;最后,通过数值仿真对上述相关的结论进行验证。     

Linear Regression Filtering and Prediction for Tracking Maneuvering Aircraft Targets

A Cartesian coordinate linear regression filter is utilized for tracking maneuvering aircraft targets. Measurements of target position are made in a line-of-sight coordinate frame, but filtering is performed in Cartesian coordinates. Numerical results are given for optimizing the truncation time constant such that a good balance is obtained between the dynamic errors and the standard deviations. Lower bounds on the dynamic errors are established for the Cartesian coordinate linear regression filter and compared with a line-of-sight coordinate Kalman filter.     

考虑输入饱和的两飞轮驱动航天器视线轴控制

 研究了非零初始整星角动量下两飞轮驱动航天器姿态机动控制问题,针对在两飞轮旋转轴平面外某一视线轴的指向控制,给出了目标姿态生成算法和一种抗输入饱和的视线轴指向滑模控制算法。首先,通过对两飞轮驱动航天器静止时的可行姿态进行分析,给出了视线轴指向目标方向的必要条件。然后,基于该条件得到了使视线轴与目标方向偏差最小的目标姿态。最后,对状态方程进行降维和线性化处理,设计了一种抗输入饱和的视线轴指向滑模控制算法。仿真结果展示了本文算法的可行性和有效性。     

Multiobjective Design of Line-of-Sight Stabilization System for Airborne Electro-Optical Device

A technique of multiobjective parametric design of line-of-sight stabilization system for an airborne electro-optical device is developed. The multiobjective design of the PI controller for the stabilization system being considered is performed.     

三维自适应终端滑模协同制导律

针对多枚导弹协同作战的问题,且多枚导弹之间保持有向拓扑通信的条件下,基于终端滑模法设计了视线方向及视线法向的双层协同制导律。其中,视线方向的制导指令能够保证导弹同时完成拦截任务;视线法向上的三维制导律能够保证每枚导弹以期望的视线角攻击目标,从而发挥各枚导弹的最大杀伤力,并且视线角的约束相当于规划了末制导段导弹的弹道问题,在一定程度上避免攻击目标前导弹间发生碰撞。同时,针对所设计的滑模制导律设计了新的自适应律,从而加快了滑模面的收敛速度并且削弱了由符号函数引起的系统抖振现象。基于李雅普诺夫稳定性理论,证明了所设计制导律的正确性,并在最后给出了数学仿真实验,验证了所设计制导律的有效性及优越性。     

视线跟踪系统中的分级瞳孔定位算法

 基于视线跟踪的人机交互技术具有便捷性和快速性,可实现视线与计算机交互的目的。基于头戴式头盔视线跟踪系统,提出了一种分级瞳孔定位方法。为消除各种干扰因素对瞳孔定位的影响,首先利用图像二值化方法获取瞳孔区域,并进行最小外接椭圆的计算,然后利用瞳孔区域与最小外接椭圆的交叠区域与瞳孔区域的面积比值,判断是否为完整瞳孔。如果是不完整的瞳孔,则利用粒子群优化(PSO)算法和椭圆周差分算子在图像中搜寻最优椭圆位置,将其作为最终的瞳孔轮廓。基于视线跟踪系统的实验结果表明,该方法兼顾了速度和精度,是实现复杂环境下瞳孔定位的一个有效策略。     

某小型无人机编队控制器设计及试飞验证

以某小型固定翼无人机作为研究平台,按前向、侧向和垂直方向3个通道设计僚机编队控制器.利用自动驾驶仪的航路飞行模态简化侧向通道编队控制器的设计,并采用在长机航向角发生较大变化时加入基于视线方位角的方法,使僚机保持编队精度.试验结果表明,所提出的编队算法是可用的,并能够很好地控制无人机的编队飞行精度.     

CLOS+IRTH composite guidance

A composite guidance scheme based on the command to line-of-sight (CLOS)+infrared terminal homing (IRTH) for a short-range surface-to-air missile system is proposed in an attempt to complement drawbacks of a single guidance law. Launch boundaries for a successful guidance handover are analyzed according to missile maneuverability and seeker gimbal angle limits. This paper also concentrates on developing practical guidance laws for the IRTH phase in the presence of inherent missile heading errors at the time of guidance handover and missile deceleration due to aerodynamic drag.     

Generalized linear solution of proportional navigation

Proportional navigation (PN) equations are not solvable in closed form. Linearized solutions have been widely used for PN system analysis and design, but these are based on overly restrictive assumptions regarding the initial geometry, and are valid only for near-tail-chase pursuits. A generalization of the linearized approach is presented which yields more-accurate estimates of pursuer lateral acceleration than the classical linear solutions as verified by comparison with `exact' numerical solutions. Further, the solution is applicable over a much wider range of engagement geometries. The treatment is based on a closed-form quasilinearized solution of the PN equations followed by the small-angle approximation only to line-of-sight (LOS) angle rate     

Line-of-sight-pointing for satellites in high altitude inclined elliptic orbits

With a growing demand for space communications and resulting overcrowding of geostationary orbit (GEO), the importance of high altitude inclined elliptic orbits is gaining impetus. However, the satellites in these orbits suffer from a severe problem of apparent periodic angular drift around their line-of-sight. This paper addresses this problem and proposes a cost effective method based on tether to continually tilt the satellites in order to compensate for longitudinal and lateral drifts relative to the ground station. The proposed system comprises two satellites connected by a flexible tether at a point on each satellite with offsets. A control strategy is developed for tether offset variations that ensures judiciously controlled changes in the satellite orientations. The numerical simulation of the governing nonlinear equations of motion establishes the feasibility of the concept. A high degree of line-of-sight pointing of dual satellites as well as the simplicity of the proposed control mechanism makes the concept particularly attractive for future space applications.     

Proactive optimization of transmission power and 3D trajectory in UAV-assisted relay systems with mobile ground users

In this paper, an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)-assisted relay communication system is studied, where a UAV is served as a flying relay to maintain a communication link between a mobile source node and a remote destination node. Specifically, an average outage probability minimization problem is formulated firstly, with the constraints on the transmission power of the source node, the maximum energy consumption budget, the transmission power, the speed and acceleration of the flying UAV relay. Next, the closed-form of outage probability is derived, under the hybrid line-of-sight and non-line-of-sight probability channel model. To deal with the formulated nonconvex optimization, a long-term proactive optimization mechanism is developed. In particular, firstly, an approximation for line-of-sight probability and a reformulation of the primal problem are given, respectively. Then, the reformulated problem is transformed into two subproblems: one is the transmission power optimization with given UAV’s trajectory and the other is the trajectory optimization with given transmission power allocation. Next, two subproblems are tackled via tailoring primal–dual subgradient method and successive convex approximation, respectively. Furthermore, a proactive optimization algorithm is proposed to jointly optimize the transmission power allocation and the three-dimensional trajectory. Finally, simulation results demonstrate the performance of the proposed algorithm under various parameter configurations.     

Recognition and Self-Organization of Nodes into DTDMA Nets

An effective relay management solution applicable to multiple terminal ground-to-ground or ground-to-air line-of-sight communication environments is described. Algorithms are developed which enable terminals first to recognize the existence or availability of other terminals, and second, to self-organize a community of terminals rapidly into local nets without the need for a master control terminal. Computer simulation results show how a static or dynamically changing user geometry can be managed. Network connectivity is provided automatically and the system protects itself against the loss of a master user by not requiring one.     

无人机空中加油自主编队控制器设计

针对自主空中加油(AAR)任务中的飞行器编队形成问题,提出了一个完整的自主控制器方案。采用基于视线的编队制导律控制队形,产生制导指令。针对加油编队过程中产生的模型误差和尾涡扰动等不确定性,基于RBF神经网络和自适应Backstepping方法,设计了UAV姿态和速度非线性控制律来在线逼近和补偿不确定性,保证系统的鲁棒性和稳定性。使用协调转弯方式将航迹角指令转换为姿态指令,以实现控制律对航迹角指令的精确跟踪。最后,仿真结果验证了制导律和控制律的有效性。     

Design of a CLOS guidance law via feedback linearization

An application of the feedback linearization technique to the design of a new command to line-of-sight (CLOS) guidance law for short-range surface-to-air missiles is described. The key idea lies in converting the three-dimensional CLOS guidance problem to the tracking problem of a time-varying nonlinear system. The result may shed new light on the role of the feedforward acceleration terms used in the conventional CLOS guidance laws. Through computer simulation, the effect of the dynamics of the ground tracker and the autopilot on the guidance performance of the new CLOS guidance law is investigated     

Three-dimensional guidance law based on adaptive integral sliding mode control

For the terminal guidance problem of missiles intercepting maneuvering targets in the three-dimensional space, the design of guidance laws for non-decoupling three-dimensional engage-ment geometry is studied. Firstly, by introducing a finite time integral sliding mode manifold, a novel guidance law based on the integral sliding mode control is presented with the target acceler-ation as a known bounded external disturbance. Then, an improved adaptive guidance law based on the integral sliding mode control without the information of the upper bound on the target accel-eration is developed, where the upper bound of the target acceleration is estimated online by a designed adaptive law. The both presented guidance laws can make sure that the elevation angular rate of the line-of-sight and the azimuth angular rate of the line-of-sight converge to zero in finite time. In the end, the results of the guidance performance for the proposed guidance laws are pre-sented by numerical simulations. Although the designed guidance laws are developed for the con-stant speed missiles, the simulation results for the time-varying speed missiles are also shown to further confirm the designed guidance laws.     

A Model of the Magnetic Field Long-Term Evolution at the Coronal Base and Polar Heliospheric Regions

The long-term evolution of the polar magnetic field at the coronal base induced by the first Rossby mode demonstrates the reversal of the line-of-sight magnetic field component in polar caps and what is more the same line-of-sight magnetic polarities in both caps (“the line-of-sight solar magnetic monopole”) at the moment of reversal. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

一种反舰导弹纯方位射击的评价算法

反舰导弹打击纯方位目标是反舰导弹的一种作战使用方式,但这种作战使用方式的效率及其可能风险一直是一个有待深入研究的课题。文章基于反舰导弹的水平弹道,建立了反舰导弹末制导雷达捕捉纯方位目标的评价算法。采用Monte Carlo法,仿真研究了可能的目标距离、速度、航向、导弹发射方向对反舰导弹捕捉目标概率的影响。研究结果表明,反舰导弹纯方位攻击的最优发射方向是目标的方位线,但这种作战使用方式存在较大的风险。     

Wideband channel model for aeronautical telemetry

A multipath channel model for wideband aeronautical telemetry links is presented. Channel sounding data were collected at Edwards AFB, CA, at both L-band and lower S-band. Frequency domain analysis techniques were used to evaluate candidate channel models. The channel model is composed of three propagation paths: a line-of-sight direct path and two specular reflections. The first specular reflection is characterized by a relative amplitude of 70% to 96% of the line-of-sight amplitude and a delay of 10-80 ns. This path is the result of "ground bounces" off the dry lake bed at Edwards and is a typical terrain feature at DoD test ranges located in the western United States. The amplitude and delay of this path are defined completely by the flight path geometry. The second path has much lower amplitude and a longer delay. The gain of this path is well modeled as a zero-mean complex Gaussian random variable. The relative amplitude is approximately 2% to 8% of the line-of-sight amplitude. The mean excess delay is 155 ns with an rms delay spread of 74 ns.     

基于模糊RBF网络的自适应变结构制导律设计

针对空中高速、大机动目标的拦截问题,传统的滑模变结构制导律虽然对外界干扰和参数摄动具有较好的鲁棒性,但是存在视线角速率抖振及参数不易确定等缺点.对此,在变结构控制理论的基础上,提出了三维自适应变结构制导律,将目标加速度视为外界干扰,设计了一种快速趋近律,并利用模糊RBF网络的高效自学习能力对变结构项的增益进行了在线自适应调节.仿真结果表明,该制导律能够有效削弱系统抖振,提高制导精度,并对拦截大机动目标具有很强的自适应性.     

Flight Test Evaluation of a New GPS Attitude Determination Algorithm

A new Global Positioning System (GPS) Attitude Determination Algorithm (GADA) is proposed, featuring the capability to keep its accuracy, even when the line-of-sight angle (LOS) of a given satellite vehicle (SV) is below the GPS horizontal antenna plane (HAP). The GADA model has been developed and evaluated through simulations and flight test campaigns, which comprised static and dynamic flight profiles, to best characterize the algorithm performance. As attitude reference a complete flight tests instrumentation (FTI) system was integrated into the testbed for the flight test campaign. The attitude measurements given by GADA and REQUEST algorithms are compared with those given by FTI (i.e., reference system). The results show that GADA accuracy is significantly better than that of REQUEST, for all flight conditions.