动叶顶部蜂窝面迷宫密封对涡轮级气动性能的影响

采用计算流体动力学软件数值研究了某1.5级轴流涡轮转子叶尖蜂窝面迷宫密封泄漏流动对主流流场的影响,分析了不同的顶部间隙下叶尖密封泄漏流对主流流场的影响以及泄漏流与主流的掺混对下游静叶流场的影响,并对带与不带蜂窝面的迷宫密封对涡轮级气动性能的影响进行了比较.研究结果表明:泄漏流与主流在动叶下游掺混后导致掺混区域流体速度发生偏转,以负攻角进入下游静叶,带来攻角损失.泄漏流体带有较高的径向速度,在静叶栅通道中会向中间叶展处发展,使得静叶栅上半通道的流场结构发生改变,带来额外的二次流损失.并且随着叶顶间隙的增大,损失也随之增大.蜂窝的特殊六边形结构极大地降低了密封腔中流体的周向速度,减小了泄漏流重新进入主流时与主流的速度差异,从而减小了掺混损失.并且蜂窝结构能改变迷宫腔内气体的流动形态,采用蜂窝面的迷宫密封能有效地降低泄漏.      

高压涡轮封严冷气对主流气动性能的影响

为研究涡轮轮毂封严结构的加入对高压涡轮主流流动的影响,运用数值模拟方法,对无封严冷气喷入的原型和四种封严结构下一级涡轮动静叶的主流流动特性进行细致研究。为保证数值计算的准确性,进行了网格无关性分析和数值方法可靠性验证。研究结果表明:封严结构的加入会降低涡轮动叶效率和级功率,封严冷气射入主流后,冲击主流边界层内的流体,使得局部区域流动发生改变。主流在封严出口处发生流动分离,增大了静叶能量损失,同时影响静叶和动叶流道中通道涡的发展,造成动叶端区流动结构的变化并引起掺混损失。覆叠封严具有的弯曲的封严内部结构,对主流气动性能影响较弱。      

涡轮叶冠间隙流场PIV测量

为了研究带有冷却气流的涡轮叶冠间隙流场流动特性,采用粒子图像测速仪(PIV)技术得到了叶冠间隙流场中各个典型截面的瞬时流场显示,并对叶冠间隙流场特性进行了研究.研究发现:由于叶冠腔内有两股叶尖冷却气流的注入,叶尖泄漏流流过叶冠间隙时会与两股冷却流相互掺混,从而使腔内气流的流动状态变得非常复杂,因此在叶冠突肩之后以及叶冠腔内流体汇合处会有大小方向各异的涡流产生.同时,两股冷却气流均对泄漏流有一定的阻挡作用,前孔冷却流的阻挡作用更为明显.随前孔与后孔岀流比增加,前孔流及后孔流对泄露流的阻挡作用增强.      

展向旋转平板Couette湍流中的多态现象

展向旋转平板Couette湍流(Spanwise rotating plane Couette flow,RPCF)是旋转壁湍流的标模问题之一,在过去的几十年里,被广泛用来研究旋转对壁湍流的统计和流动结构的影响。近些年,作者及其合作者就该问题开展了一系列直接数值模拟研究工作。该研究不仅发现了旋转在低旋转数和高旋转数时对流动结构和统计的不同影响,还首次在RPCF中发现了多湍流态现象:即在相同的控制参数下,流动可以处在两种不同的湍流态上,这两种不同的湍流态的流动结构和湍流统计差别显著。还发现该多态现象可以在很大的旋转数范围里存在。进一步分析大尺度二次流在不同态的能量传输中的作用,发现在二次流较弱的流态下,二次流起的作用相对较小,能量很大一部分直接从平均流传到剩余场;而当二次流较强时,二次流起到一个能量传输纽带作用。该分析也从侧面验证了大尺度结构在多态现象中占据重要地位的猜想。     

叶片前缘改型对涡轮叶栅二次流的影响

以某典型高压涡轮叶栅为研究对象,采用数值模拟的方法对比分析了两种端壁前缘改型结构对涡轮叶栅二次流产生的影响。结果表明,带状结构(Fillet)以及适当尺寸的球形结构(Bulb)可以改善涡轮叶栅内部二次流,并且降低涡轮出口气动损失。其中尺寸的选择对于球形结构(Bulb)影响很大。两种不同的改型结构相比较,带状结构(Fillet)改型方案对二次流的改善效果较为明显,结果更为理想。     

尾迹对低压涡轮端区非定常流动影响的数值研究

为提高尾迹对涡轮端区二次流影响的认识,利用尾迹降低端区损失,采用了数值模拟的方法对T106A非定常工况下的叶栅流动进行模拟,辅以实验进行校核。以上游尾迹对端区附面层的抬升作用和上游尾迹对叶栅通道前部涡系结构的破坏作用为切入点,分析尾迹对端区二次流非定常发展过程的影响。研究发现尾迹中心离开叶栅通道时,尾迹对叶栅端区二次流起抑制作用;当尾迹尾部离开叶栅通道时,尾迹卷起的轮毂附面层激励了端区二次流,使二次流更加活跃。     

On energy effectiveness of an air turbine in the blade cooling systems

In this paper, we consider the thermogasodynamic relations describing the working process in the axial-radial gas turbine stage when the working fluid flows inside the rotor blades taking into account the initiation of the Coriolis forces and heating. The expressions for the air turbine efficiency are derived and illustrated by the calculation results.     

Modelling internal air systems ingas turbine engines

Rotating-disc systems can be used to model,experimentally and computationally,the flow and heat transfer that occur inside the internal cooling-air systems of gas turbine engines.These rotating-disc systems have been used successfully to simplify and understand some of the complex flows that occur in internal-air systems,and designers have used this insight to improve the cooling effectiveness,thereby increasing the engine efficiency and reducing the emissions.In this review paper,three important cases are considered:hot-gas ingress;the pre-swirl system;and buoyancy-induced flow.Ingress,or ingestion,occurs when hot gas from the mainstream gas path is ingested into the wheel-space between the turbine disc and its adjacent casing.Rim seals are fitted at the periphery of the system,and sealing flow is used to reduce or prevent ingress.However,too much sealing air reduces the engine efficiency,and too little can cause serious overheating,resulting in damage to the turbine rim and blade roots.Although the flow is three-dimensional and unsteady,there are encouraging signs that simple ‘orifice models’ could be used to estimate the amount of ingress into the wheel-space.In a pre-swirl system,the cooling air for the gas-turbine blades is swirled by stationary nozzles,and the air is delivered to the blades via receiver holes in the rotating turbine disc.Swirling the air reduces its temperature relative to the rotating blades,and the designer needs to calculate the air temperature and pressure drop in the system.The designer also needs to calculate the effect of this swirling flow on the heat transfer from the turbine disc to the air,as this has a significant effect on the temperature distribution and stresses in the disc.Recent experimental and computational studies have given a better understanding of the flow and heat transfer in these systems.Buoyancy-induced flow occurs in the cavity between two co-rotating compressor discs when the temperature of the discs is higher than that of the air in the cavity.Coriolis forces create cyclonic and anti-cyclonic circulation inside the cavity and,as such flows are three-dimensional and unsteady,the heat transfer from the discs to the air is difficult either to compute or to measure.The flow also tends to be unstable and one flow structure can change quasi-randomly to another,which makes it hard for designers of aero-engines to calculate the transient temperature changes and thermal stresses in the discs during take-off,cruise and landing conditions.Although recent CFD research has been successful in computing these flows,it will be many years before the designer can rely on computations unless they have been validated on reliable experimental data.      

二次流动对气冷涡轮叶栅流场的影响

针对典型跨声速高压涡轮叶型平面叶栅吸力面单排孔气膜冷却,采用数值模拟方法,比较分析了加入气膜冷却前后流场变化。结果表明,由于二次流动的影响,加入气膜冷却以后吸力面后部接近下壁面处没有受到冷气保护而直接暴露于主流高温燃气,在实际高压涡轮中将极大的降低叶片寿命。没有气膜冷却情况下,吸力面接近下壁面处边界层仍有可能因受到二次流动的影响发生转捩;加入气膜冷却情况下,气膜孔中心位置下游边界层由于射流和主流的相互作用将转变为湍流边界层,而由于孔间距的影响,只有射流和主流充分掺混以后才能影响到整个叶片的范围。     

流向涡与涡轮叶栅二次流相互作用研究

研究有效的流动控制手段,降低涡轮内部二次损失,对于小展弦比涡轮的气动设计具有重要意义。利用涡发生器在叶栅入口前产生流向涡,通过试验和数值方法探讨这种基于旋涡相互作用的流动控制方法对涡轮平面叶栅二次流动的作用效果,并对不同流向涡情况做对比分析。结果表明：流向涡对涡轮叶栅内部流动会产生较为显著的影响,从而影响叶栅的性能,当所产生流向涡强度和位置较为合理时,有可能通过流向涡与二次流的相互作用达到较大幅度降低二次流损失的目的。     

支板火箭引射冲压发动机引射模态燃烧流动 (Ⅱ )二次燃烧及构型的影响

对比研究了两种构型的支板火箭引射冲压发动机引射模态的瞬时掺混燃烧(SMC)三维掺混和反应流场，详细分析了静态海平面零马赫数情况下燃烧及构型对引射流场的影响，发现几何构型和二次燃烧的综合影响决定了引射掺混后流体的速度、总温、总压及引射流量，从而也主要确定了发动机的性能，其中构型因素主要决定了掺混的质量，从而决定了低速模态的性能。     

Characterization of component interactions in two-stage axial turbine

This study concerns the characterization of both the steady and unsteady flows and the analysis of stator/rotor interactions of a two-stage axial turbine. The predicted aerodynamic performances show noticeable differences when simulating the turbine stages simultaneously or separately. By considering the multi-blade per row and the scaling technique, the Computational fluid dynamics(CFD) produced better results concerning the effect of pitchwise positions between vanes and blades. The recorded pressure fluctuations exhibit a high unsteadiness characterized by a space–time periodicity described by a double Fourier decomposition. The Fast Fourier Transform FFT analysis of the static pressure fluctuations recorded at different interfaces reveals the existence of principal harmonics and their multiples, and each lobed structure of pressure wave corresponds to the number of vane/blade count. The potential effect is seen to propagate both upstream and downstream of each blade row and becomes accentuated at low mass flow rates. Between vanes and blades, the potential effect is seen to dominate the quasi totality of blade span, while downstream the blades this effect seems to dominate from hub to mid span. Near the shroud the prevailing effect is rather linked to the blade tip flow structure.     

燃烧室三维湍流的数字模拟

文中以SIMPLE方法为基础,采用k-ε两方程湍流模型,发展了一种模拟燃烧室内三维湍流内流场的数值计算方法和计算程序。通过对四种冷流状态进行数字模拟,初步结果表明,理论计算与已有实验结果一致性良好。     

燃烧室内三维层流的数字模拟

本文以SIMPLE方法为基础,发展了一种模拟燃烧室内三维层流的数值计算方法和计算机程序.对存在冷却槽、主燃孔等不同流动条件下的流态进行了数字模拟.所得结果与已有的数值计算结果的一致性良好.     

叶栅二次流旋涡结构与损失分析

采用三维粘性程序对某型动力涡轮的第一级进行了数值模拟, 模拟结果捕捉到了该涡轮级叶栅的内部流的流动细节, 展示了涡轮叶栅端壁和型面流动及叶栅通道内的三维流动结构.通过对叶栅中的二次流现象和流动损失机理的分析, 揭示了该涡轮级叶栅通道内二次流旋涡结构(马蹄涡、通道涡、壁角涡、尾迹涡、泄漏涡等)的演变过程, 以及旋涡结构对损失分布的影响.      

涡轮榫头/榫槽的结构优化设计

建立了一个涡轮榫头/榫槽的一体化结构设计优化系统.在此优化系统中,采用榫头/榫槽间隙配合的参数化建模方法.利用ANSYS对结构进行非线性接触分析,基于二次开发实现了目标函数以及其他相关结果的自动提取.采用多岛遗传及二次序列规划算法对优化空间进行寻优,在满足几何约束和强度约束的条件下,优化降低了最大拉应力值和当量应力值.实例分析结果表明,一体化优化设计使涡轮叶片、叶盘性能得到明显的提高,所建系统稳定、高效,具有应用于工程实践的可行性和可靠性.      

上端壁翘曲对涡轮叶栅流场的影响

利用N－S方程求解程序，对采用不同端壁结构的三套大转角涡轮叶栅进行了数值模拟，探讨了上端壁翘曲对涡轮叶栅内气流流动的影响。计算结果表明,上端壁翘曲后，上半翼殿内的二次流流场发生了明显的变化，非轴对称端壁是控制叶栅内二次流流动的一种有效的方法。     

超高负荷低压涡轮非定常特性实验

针对某后加载超高负荷低压涡轮叶型的定常与非定常气动特性进行了实验研究.结果表明:由于上游尾迹的作用,在低来流雷诺数与来流湍流度下,尾迹诱导转捩叠加自然转捩可以抑制分离、降低叶型损失.在一个尾迹通过周期,由于尾迹诱导转捩的作用,附面层分离周期性地放大、缩小.同时在吸力面速度峰值点下游观测到了尾迹被割裂为两部分的现象,形成了一个主尾迹与一个副尾迹.副尾迹同样可以诱导转捩,但强度较低,对分离抑制效果有限.      

进口旋流周向位置对高压涡轮进口导叶气动特性的影响

为了揭示旋流周向位置对下游进口导叶(IGV)气动特性的影响机理,采用数值模拟方法计算并分析了进口旋流在多个不同周向位置处时旋流与通道内二次流的相互作用原理,进而重点分析了3个典型位置算例中的二次流动、涡系结构和熵增情况。研究表明:进口旋流与通道内固有二次流动之间的相互作用及黏性耗散是旋流所造成损失的主要原因;通道损失最大的工况不在旋流正对叶片头部时出现,而是在旋流靠近叶片头部近压力面一侧时产生;此外,旋流与通道涡相互作用,在进口旋流达到一定强度时会在叶片尾缘附近形成诱导涡。      

Parametric study of turbine NGV blade lean and vortex design

The effects of blade lean and vortex design on the aerodynamics of a turbine entry nozzle guide vane (NGV) are considered using computational fluid dynamics. The aim of the work is to address some of the uncertainties which have arisen from previous studies where conflicting results have been reported for the effect on the NGV. The configuration was initially based on the energy efficient engine turbine which also served as the validation case for the computational method. A total of 17 NGV configurations were evaluated to study the effects of lean and vortex design on row efficiency and secondary kinetic energy. The distribution of mass flow ratio is introduced as an additional factor in the assessment of blade lean effects. The results show that in the turbine entry NGV, the secondary flow strength is not a dominant factor that determines NGV losses and therefore the changes of loading distribution due to blade lean and the associated loss mecha-nisms should be regarded as a key factor. Radial mass flow redistribution under different NGV lean and twist is demonstrated as an addition key factor influencing row efficiency.