MultiGen视景仿真中大地形与航迹生成方法研究

基于MultiGen进行视景仿真时,为生成大规模地形,可以采用MultiGenVega中的大地形数据库管理模块LADBM在仿真时将多块连续的小地形动态装载,也可以将多块数字高程模型(DEM)或数字高程数据(DED)合并成一个大的DED地形,再利用MultiGenCreator将其转换成OpenFlight模型。大地形中航迹采用点绘方法来生成。     

基于地形特征的简易地形模拟算法

通过对地形特征进行分析,阐述了地形特征与航迹规划性能指标之间的关系,在一系列基础地形模型的基础上,建立了基于地形特征的组合模拟算法,并根据实际的地形信息进行了地形模拟,实现了对样例地形轮廓的重现,可满足在无数字地图区域计算安全走廊和参考轨迹的需要。     

Terrain modeling for microwave landing system

A powerful analytical approach for evaluating the terrain effects on a microwave landing system (MLS) is presented. The approach combines a multiplate model with a powerful and exhaustive ray tracing technique and an accurate formulation for estimating the electromagnetic fields due to the antenna array in the presence of terrain. Both uniform theory of diffraction (UTD) and impedance UTD techniques have been employed to evaluate these fields. Innovative techniques are introduced at each stage to make the model versatile to handle most general terrain contours and also to reduce the computational requirement to a minimum. The model is applied to several terrain geometries, and the results are discussed     

基于分形的目标识别技术和隐型装备外形设计方法

随着分形技术在目标识别时的应用,提出了一种基于分形技术的伪装区域地貌生成方法.利用分形方法生成了随机分形曲面,针对随机分形地形形状不易控制的缺点,设计出一种目标区域地貌模型与随机分形地貌模型相融合的方法,保证生成的伪装模型既有预定的形状又有随机的特性.实验结果表明,设计的伪装区域生成方法能有效的生成符合需求的伪装区域地貌模型,此模型能够实现与周围地形地貌环境的较好融合,达到良好的伪装效果.     

GTD Terrain Reflection Model Applied to ILS Glide Scope

The capability of calculating the reflection of electromagnetic signals from uneven terrain has many applications. One of these is the determination of instrument landing system (ILS) glide slope performance. For this application the wavelength is approximately 1 m, incidence angles are usually near grazing, and the fields are horizontally polarized, so that gross irregularities such as dropoffs and hills are more important than surface roughness. Past approaches used to calculate the ground reflections for this application have been three-dimensional physical optics models which were very cumbersome and time consuming and which neglected important diffraction and shadowing phenomenon; a two-dimensional physical optics model which was faster than the three-dimensional models but ignored many shadowing and transverse terrain variation effects; and a half-plane diffraction model which is applicable only to a specified type of terrain geometry. In this paper a terrain reflection model based on the geometrical theory of diffraction (GTD) is described which can accommodate any piecewise linear terrain profile, requires less computer time than the physical optics models, is capable of including transverse terrain effects, and determines the reflected fields with all important diffraction and blockage effects included.     

Terrain database integrity monitoring for synthetic vision systems

A real-time terrain database integrity monitor for synthetic vision systems (SVS) that are to be used in civil aviation is presented. SVS provides pilots with advanced display technology including terrain information as well as other information about the external environment such as obstacles and traffic. The use of SVS to support strategic and tactical decision-making and the compelling nature of the terrain depiction may require terrain database server certification at the essential and flight-critical levels. SVS and terrain database characteristics are discussed and a failure model is identified. Real-time integrity monitors are proposed that check the consistency between terrain profiles described by the database and terrain profiles that are sensed in flight by either a downward-looking (DWL) sensor or a forward-looking (FWL) season A DWL sensor scheme is discussed in detail and it is shown that this scheme can provide the necessary integrity required for an essential certification of a terrain database server.     

非线性预测控制在巡航导弹地形跟踪中的应用

建立了巡航导弹的非线性动力学模型,针对该模型的非线性连续预测控制方法,提出了预测跟踪误差和跟踪误差线性组合的性能指标,通过使性能指标最小,产生了巡航导弹地形跟踪的最优非线性反馈控制器,通过对虚拟地形的跟踪验证了控制器的性能,结果表明,该控制器不仅具有精确的跟踪性能而且具有良好的鲁棒性。     

轮地力学模型参数灵敏度分析与主参数估计

在星球探测过程中,星球车需要估计地面力学参数以及时调整控制策略,快速适应地形变化。针对形式复杂,参数耦合的轮地相互作用模型,采用Sobol灵敏度分析方法,分别对模型中的地面承压特性参数和剪切特性参数的灵敏度进行定量分析,筛选出沉陷指数与内摩擦角作为模型的主导参数,用于反映地面承压特性和剪切特性的变化。基于轮地相互作用力学平衡方程,通过简化应力分布公式,进一步推导出主导参数的解析表达式。通过以典型值固定非主导参数,利用系统状态参数和滤波处理完成地面力学特性主导参数的估计。结果表明,所提出的地面力学主导参数解析式及相应的估计方法能够快速反映地形的变化,沉陷指数估计的平均相对误差为2.8%,内摩擦角估计的平均相对误差小于3%。估计结果可准确预测车轮牵引力,为实现实时控制提供必要信息。     

Novel minimum time trajectory planning in terrain following flights

A new methodology has been proposed to enhance inverse dynamics applications in the process of trajectory planning and optimization in terrain following flights (TFFs). The new approach uses a least square scheme to solve a general two-dimensional (2-D) TFF in a vertical plane. In the mathematical process, Chebyshev polynomials are used to model the geographical data of the terrain in a given route in a manner suitable for the aircraft at hand. The aircraft then follows the modeled terrain with sufficient clearance. In this approach the terrain following (TF) problem is effectively converted to an optimal tracking problem. Results show that this method provides a flexible approach to solve the TFF problem especially in conditions where the existing terrain to be flown over is not mathematically well behaved     

地形可视化系统关键技术研究与实现

研究了地形可视化领域的关键技术,并将其应用于地形可视化系统的开发。系统使用四叉树结构对地形数据进行组织和管理,基于LOD思想,生成了连续多分辨率地形网格模型。在此基础上,综合应用了裂缝消除改进算法和视景体裁剪技术,实现了视点相关的地形可视化系统,在保证较高视觉效果的同时,提高了渲染速度。     

现代飞机自动地形跟随系统控制律的研究

自动地形跟随系统是现代飞机低空突防系统的一个重要组成部分,在利用地形遮蔽以提高飞机生存能力的军事领域具有重要的意义.本文以飞机纵向地形跟随控制系统为研究对象,应用适应角法设计了飞机纵向地形跟随控制律,并建立了相应的结构图和仿真验证模型.结果表明,设计的控制系统得到了良好的地形跟随效果.     

一种基于Hopfield神经网络的TF／TA航迹规划算法

提出一种基于Hopfield神经网络的无人机地形跟随(TF)/地形回避(TA)迹规划方法.该方法将地研信息反映到算法参数连接权中,利用扩展的Hopfield模型结合无人机约束实现航迹安全、合理的规划.仿真实验证明该方法能获得满意的TF/TA航迹.     

三维数字地形图生成技术研究

在论述三维真实感数字地形图生成算法的基础上,结合数字高程模型(DTM)数据,用OpenGL在计算机上实现三维数字地形图的显示。     

基于位图的三维地形景观生成

地形模型的三维实时显示技术是虚拟现实的一项关键技术。地形模型的建立是地形三维仿真研究的重点之一。在现存的各种地形模型的生成方法中,利用地形位图建立地形模型的方法一经提出,便因其算法简单,形象直观,易于实现等特点日益得到重视并且广泛的应用于游戏制作和虚拟场景的构建等领域。基于地形位图图像,成功的建立了较大规模的地形模型,进行了纹理映射,结果真实感较强,并实现了实时交互的场景漫游。     

A Rader Clutter Model: Average Scattering Coefficients of Land, Snow, and Ice

A model has been developed for average radar backscatter from terrain based on recent carefully controlled wide-bandwidth measurements of vegetation, snow-covered ground, and sea ice and on a comparison with measurements over North America by the Skylab S-193 scatterometer. The models for the thiree cases take the form ?° dB = A + B? + Cf+ Df?, 20° ? angle of incidence ? 70°, where the constants vary depending on polarization and terrain class. They also differ above and below a critical frequency (6 GHz for general terrain, 8 GHz for sea ice, and between 8 and 12 GHz for snow). For angles of incidence of 0° (vertical) and 10°, the model is of the form ?° dB = M(?) + N(?)f over the range 1 to 18 GHz. Hundreds of thousands of measurements contributed to the general (vegetated terrain) model, and smaller numbers contributed to the snow and sea ice models. Since 1974 all measurements have been made with University of Kansas microwave spectrometers. A brief discussion of fading shows that insufficient data are available to describe the ranges adequately.     

地形跟随系统中最优飞行参考轨迹的线性规划算法

结合飞机地形跟随的实际,首先提出了在构造最优期望的地形跟随飞行轨迹时确定地形模型包线的方法。然后通过引入松驰变量,剩余变量和人工变量,构造辅助目标函数Z1,以及应用换基运算,对线性规划问题进行了必要的简化,使参考轨迹的计算更简便。航迹角修正法的采用,进一步修正了规划出的飞行轨迹,从而获得了理想的飞行参考轨迹。最后,以随机地形为例对规划出的最优飞行参考轨迹进行了数字仿真,其结果符合地形跟随时最优参考飞行轨迹的要求。     

Soft landing stability analysis of a Mars lander under uncertain terrain

Safe soft landing of the lander is vital to the Mars surface exploration mission. Analysis and verification of the landing stability under uncertain terrain play an important role in lander design. However, the effect of uncertain terrain is ignored in most existing studies, making the analysis incomprehensive and increasing the risk of landing failure in practice. In this paper, a Mars lander with 10 attitude control thrusters is introduced and its dynamics model is then established considering...     

地形跟随适应角控制方法

(1)综述了国内外地形跟随技术的发展与应用概况;(2)详细介绍了地形跟随适应角控制方法的原理、技术改进及其控制指令算法;(3)将适应角法与另一经典控制方法——样板法进行了比较。通过一条零指令线,说明了两者本质上的一致性;(4)从航迹优化的角度,给出三次样条肮迹的基本模型,讨论了适应角法的参数优化设计问题,给出了一种可行的设计方法;(5)以适应角法为基础构成地形跟随控制系统,分析了系统的基本要求和系统基本组成,研究了其飞行控制系统的设计原则与方法;(6)以某型飞机作为研究对象,进行了地形跟随系统的数字仿真,给出了框图及仿真结果。最后通过分析比较,说明适应角法地形跟随系统的控制方案是可行的。     

航迹规划中数字地图的设计与应用

针对低空突防中地形因素和敌方威胁的潜在影响,研究了在安全保障前提下,飞行最小危险曲面（ＳＯＭＲ）及该曲面拟合与数字地图生成的方法,并通过坐标变换将飞行器的运动方程变换到该曲面上,从而将地形和威胁因素引入飞行器运动方程,运用极小值原理,提出了飞行时间－地形遮蔽最优ＴＦ／ＴＡ＾２轨迹性能指标。给出了地形数据库加载模型,并完成了将高程数据库加载到航迹规划中的仿真。仿真结果表明,该算法不仅能紧密跟随地形,     

BTT导弹地形跟踪/地形回避控制器设计方法

针对倾斜转弯(BTT)导弹地形跟踪/地形回避控制任务,在弹体坐标系下建立了导弹的动力学数学模型,将滚转通道独立解耦,俯仰-偏航通道耦合设计;依据H_∞混合灵敏度理论,设计了俯仰-偏航通道过载控制器和滚转通道滚转角控制器;通过六自由度非线性仿真,验证了设计方法的有效性。