45钢气体低温氮硼复合共渗研究

针对目前渗硼存在温度高、脆性大等一系列问题,对45钢进行气体低温氮硼共渗得到复合渗层,并对渗层进行金相组织观察、显微硬度测试,探讨了渗层的形成过程及渗剂中催渗剂尿素的作用。结果表明,通过合理的共渗工艺可以实现在软氮化的温度即540℃~660℃下强制渗硼,获得平均厚度为100μm较为平整的复合渗层,该渗层具有较高的硬度,最高可达995.6HV。     

热氧化对TA18钛合金耐腐蚀磨损性能的影响

选用TA18钛合金为材料,在箱式电阻炉中对其进行不同温度热氧化处理。利用光学显微镜(OM)、XRD、维氏硬度计、36%～38%(质量分数)HCl溶液浸泡、摩擦磨损试验机等试验手段考察试样组织形貌、物相、显微硬度、耐蚀耐磨损性。研究结果表明,TA18钛合金热氧化后试样表面形成了氧化层,表层物相主要为金红石型TiO₂,随着热氧化温度升高,氧化层逐渐出现少量Al₂O₃。同时,500～850℃热氧化,随着热氧化温度升高,试样表面硬度逐渐提高,但超过800℃后随温度升高表面硬度反而降低。热氧化可提高TA18钛合金耐腐蚀性和磨损,其中800℃是提高TA18钛合金在36%～38%HCl中耐腐蚀的最佳热氧化温度;700℃是改善TA18钛合金摩擦磨损性能的最佳热氧化温度。     

高速铣削参数对TC17钛合金表面变质层的影响

为优化TC17钛合金球头铣刀高速铣削参数和为控制表面变质层提供实验依据,采用中心复合响应曲面法,建立表面粗糙度预测模型,采用方差分析对模型和输入参数的显著性进行检验,分析铣削参数对表面粗糙度的影响规律,同时对高、中、低三种铣削参数水平下的残余应力、显微硬度和微观组织进行检测。结果表明:该模型可以有效预测球头铣刀高速铣削TC17钛合金后的表面粗糙度,每齿进给量和铣削宽度对表面粗糙度影响显著;铣削后表面为残余压应力状态,随着铣削参数水平的增大,表面残余压应力增大,残余压应力层在20μm左右;表层显微硬度经历了"热软化-加工硬化-趋于稳定"的过程;表层晶粒出现了破碎、弯折,塑性变形层厚度约为10μm。     

TC4钛合金冷却过程中组织变化分析

采用金相显微镜、扫描电镜和 HV -50A 维氏硬度分析仪研究了 TC4钛合金自β相区冷却过程中相组成及微观组织变化。结果表明,TC4钛合金冷却过程中发生β→α相变。冷却速率越小,形成α相片层越厚。TC4钛合金经1000℃固溶后,冷却到850~800℃水冷时,析出α相均匀细小,试样硬度出现峰值。随着冷却温度继续降低,试样硬度开始下降。TC4钛合金固溶后在冷却过程中的硬度变化,很可能还与 Ti2AlV（O）相和 Ti2AlV 相的析出、长大有关。     

冷却速率对TC21合金相变行为的影响

采用末端淬火法研究了TC21合金自β相区冷却后冷却速率对合金相变和显微组织的影响,对取自末端淬火试样的不同区域试样进行了OM、XRD、TEM及显微硬度分析。结果表明:冷却速率大于122℃/s时,β相转变形成正交马氏体α″,冷速介于122℃/s和3℃/s之间时,发生块状转变,冷速继续降低,相变由扩散控制,形成两种不同形貌的魏氏体α片层:较平滑的α片层和较曲折的α片层;随冷却速率的降低,合金的显微硬度先增大后降低,冷却速率小于8℃/s后,显微硬度迅速降低。     

激光冲击强化对钛合金高温微动疲劳寿命的影响

为了解高温工作环境下激光冲击强化工艺(LSP)对钛合金材料微动疲劳寿命的影响,开展了强化前后TC11钛合金在室温、300°C和500°C下的微动疲劳试验并测试了试验件表层的残余应力及硬度。结果表明:随着温度的升高,激光冲击强化对TC11钛合金微动疲劳寿命的提高倍数逐渐减小。在轴向载荷为400MPa,法向载荷为65.5MPa时,经激光冲击强化后TC11钛合金试验件在室温、300°C和500°C下的微动疲劳寿命分别为强化前的5.5倍、3.5倍和1.7倍;强化后试验件表层的残余应力会在高温下发生松弛,且松弛程度会随温度的升高而增大,这是激光冲击强化效果随温度升高而逐渐弱化的主要原因。     

水冷温度对TC4钛合金组织演变的影响

水冷温度影响TC4钛合金的组织形态与力学性能的变化.TC4钛合金固溶后缓慢冷却到3种不同温度.水冷后组织形态与力学性能的变化结果表明:当由900℃开始水冷时,α相在晶界形核,原始的β晶粒出现;当温度继续降低达700℃然后再水冷时,析出α相相对均匀细小,试样抗拉强度和硬度分别达到了最高值867MPa和HV5218;随着冷却温度的继续下降,β相逐渐析出α相,水冷温度越低,α相呈现为粗大的片层状,试样强度和硬度降低.     

稀土对钢气体渗碳的影响

通过配制不同稀土含量的渗剂对2 0CrMnTi钢进行了不同时间的渗碳 ,分析了稀土对渗层组织、渗层深度、表面硬度和显微硬度梯度的影响。结果表明 :加入稀土的渗碳明显增加了渗碳层深度 ,提高了表面渗碳层硬度 ,促使渗碳层的硬度梯度更平缓 ,并且改善了渗碳层的组织。     

电火花表面强化TC4 钛合金的组织与性能

以石墨为电极,分别在煤油和雾介质中对TC4钛合金(表面分别未涂覆及涂覆碳层)进行电火花表面强化.对强化层微观组织、相组成及显微硬度进行了研究.结果表明,所有强化层组织均呈菊花瓣状.合金表面涂覆碳层后强化层表面球状碳化物数量都较未涂覆时明显增加,且在煤油介质中得到的强化层中碳化物在花瓣边缘处聚集,雾介质条件下碳化物分布更为弥散、均匀.对强化层进行物相分析表明,强化相由电极C和基体Ti原位反应生成,强化层由基体α-Ti和TiC相组成.强化层表面显微硬度较原始TC4钛合金相比大幅提高,雾介质中得到的强化层显微硬度值与煤油介质中基本相同,可达800 MPa左右,但分布更为均匀,力学性能更稳定.     

不同喷丸强度对TC17钛合金抗疲劳性能影响

为提升TC17钛合金抗疲劳性能,对其表面进行喷丸处理。通过旋转弯曲疲劳试验、断口分析、残余应力场分析、表层组织分析及喷丸前、后钛合金表面完整性分析等手段,开展不同喷丸强度对TC17钛合金抗疲劳性能影响研究。结果表明：喷丸强化后钛合金表面粗糙度增大,由0.315μm变为0.5～1.0μm;表层发生塑性变形,晶粒发生细化;表面引入残余压应力,残余压应力层深约为125～151μm,最大残余压应力位于层深30μm附近处。0.3 mm·N喷丸状态旋转弯曲试样疲劳寿命优于其他状态试样,在740 MPa和840 MPa应力水平下,分别比未喷丸状态试样疲劳寿命提升4.5倍与7.5倍。疲劳寿命提升归因于试样表层晶粒细化、高密度位错组织及残余压应力对疲劳裂纹萌生与扩展的抑制作用。0.35 mm·N与0.4 mm·N喷丸状态试样疲劳寿命下降与喷丸强度过大时试样表面粗糙度高,并有脱层及微裂纹生成有关。     

Effects of in-situ TiB2 particles on machinability and surface integrity in milling of TiB2/2024 and TiB2/7075 Al composites

In-situ ceramics particle reinforced aluminum matrix composites are favored in the aerospace industry due to excellent properties. However, the hard ceramic particles as the reinforcement phase bring challenges to machining. To study the effect of in-situ TiB₂ particles on machinability and surface integrity of TiB₂/2024 composite and TiB₂/7075 composite, milling experiments were performed, and compared with conventional 2024 and 7075 aluminum alloys. In-situ TiB₂ particles clustered at the grain boundaries and dispersed inside the matrix alloy grains hinder the dislocation movement of the matrix alloy. Therefore, the milling force and temperature of the composites are higher than those of the aluminum alloys due to the increase of the strength and the decrease of the plasticity. In the milling of composites, abrasive wear is the main wear form of carbide tools, due to the scratching of hard nano-TiB₂ particles. The composites containing in-situ TiB₂ particles have machining defects such as smearing, micro-scratches, micro-pits and tail on the machined surface. However, in-situ TiB₂ particles impede the plastic deformation of the composites, which greatly reduces cutting edge marks on the machined surface. Therefore, under the same milling parameters, the surface roughness of TiB₂/2024 composite and TiB₂/7075 composite is much less than that of 2024 and 7075 aluminum alloy respectively. Under the milling conditions of this experiment, the machined subsurface has no metamorphic layer, and the microhardness of the machined surface is almost the same as that of the material. Besides, compared with 2024 and 7075 aluminum alloy, machined surfaces of TiB₂/2024 composite and TiB₂/7075 composite both show tensile residual stress or low magnitude of compressive residual stress.     

交流阻抗谱法评价热障涂层的热腐蚀行为(英文)

本文利用交流阻抗这种无损检测的方法研究了热障涂层在质量分数为25%NaCl+75%Na2SO4混合盐体系中的热腐蚀行为。实验结果显示,热腐蚀条件下,在陶瓷层和粘结层界面处形成TGO层为混合氧化物层,成分为Cr2O3、(Ni,Co)(Cr,Al)2O4和NiO,其厚度增长符合抛物线规律。热障涂层在110个循环腐蚀之前时,TGO层的电阻值随其厚度的增加而增加;110个循环后,虽然TGO层的厚度还是在增加,但由于TGO层孔隙的增多而导致其电阻值有所下降。陶瓷层的电阻值随着陶瓷层中裂纹的萌生和扩展而不断增大。等效电路中得到的参数可以用来表征热障涂层的失效行为。     

Mo含量对Mo-Ni-B堆焊合金组织和性能的影响

设计制备了Mo-Ni-B系合金粉块新材料,采用TIG堆焊工艺在Q235钢基体上制备Ni基三元硼化物堆焊合金。研究了合金粉块中Mo含量对三元硼化物堆焊合金层组织、物相、硬度、耐磨性、耐蚀性的影响。结果表明,堆焊金属主要由三元硼化物Mo2M’B2、Mo Ni4、Mo5(B、Si)3、γ-(Fe,Ni,Mo,Cr)等相组成;Mo含量对堆焊合金的显微组织有较大影响;随着合金粉块中Mo含量的增加,堆焊合金和三元硼化物的显微硬度均明显下降;在所研究堆焊合金中,Mo 44.18%的耐蚀性最好,Mo 37.53%的堆焊合金的耐磨性能是Q235钢的27.7倍。     

Ti3Al基合金微弧氧化膜的制备和性质

利用微弧氧化方法在Ti3Al基合金上制备了厚度达120 μm的陶瓷膜.研究了陶瓷膜的生长曲线,发现膜层厚度随着氧化时间的增加而增加,在不同氧化阶段生长速度不同,膜层以向外生长为主;显微结构和硬度分析都发现,陶瓷膜分为两层结构,即内层和外层,陶瓷膜内外层的主要物相是(Ti0.6Al0.2Nb0.2)O2相,外层中还有一定数量的无定形SiO2相;陶瓷膜的最大显微硬度可以达到基体硬度的3倍左右.显微划痕实验表明:膜与基体间结合力大于40N,膜与基体结合良好.电化学极化曲线测试显示陶瓷膜在3.5%盐水溶液中的耐蚀性与Ti3Al基体相比有较大的提高.     

Performance evaluation of creep feed grinding of γ-TiAl intermetallics with electroplated diamond wheels

This paper evaluates the performance of creep feed grinding γ-TiAl intermetallic (Ti-45Al-2Mn-2Nb) using electroplated diamond wheels. Firstly, a comparative analysis with the grinding results by using electroplated CBN wheels was conducted, mainly involving abrasive wheel wear behavior and maximum material removal rate below surface burn limit. It was found that the diamond wheel would produce much better grinding results including lower wheel wear rate and higher maximum material removal rate. Then the surface integrity obtained at different level of material removal rate was characterized with the utilization of the diamond wheel. The poor ductility of this γ-TiAl intermetallic material was found to have a marginal effect on the surface integrity, as no severe surface defects such as material pullout were generated during the stable wheel wear stage. For the involved operating parameters, a deformation layer was produced with ∼10 μm or more in thickness depending on the material removal rate used. Meanwhile, a work-hardened layer extending to more than 100 μm was produced with a maximum microhardness of above 520 HV_0.05 (bulk value 360 HV_0.05). The residual stress remained compressive, with a value of above −100 MPa and even up to −500 MPa for an elevated material removal rate. Shearing chip was the main chip type, indicating good wheel sharpness in the grinding process.     

Low-temperature Formation of Aluminide Coatings on Ni-base Superalloys by Pack Cementation Process

This article investigates the low-temperature formation of aluminide coatings on a Ni-base superalloy by pack cementation process. The pack cemented coatings characteristic of high density and homogeneity possess a two-layer structure. The top layer mainly consists of Al₃Ni₂ and Al₃Ni, while the bottom layer of Al₃Ni₂. Great efforts are made to elucidate the effects of different experimental parameters on the microstructure and the constituent distribution of the coatings. The results show that all the parameters exclusive of the pack activator (NH₄Cl) content produce effect on the coating thickness, but do not on the microstructure and the constituent distribution. The pack activator (NH₄Cl) content affects neither the coating thickness nor structure and constituent distribution. The parabolic relationship between the coating thickness and the deposition time suggests that the process is diffusion-controlled. Furthermore, the article demonstrates a linear relationship between the coating thickness and the reciprocal deposition temperature.     

Influence of TiB2 particles on machinability and machining parameter optimization of TiB2/Al MMCs

In situ formed TiB₂ particle reinforced aluminum matrix composites (TiB₂/Al MMCs) have some extraordinary properties which make them be a promising material for high performance aero-engine blade. Due to the influence of TiB₂ particles, the machinability is still a problem which restricts the application of TiB₂/Al MMCs. In order to meet the industrial requirements, the influence of TiB₂ particles on the machinability of TiB₂/Al MMCs was investigated experimentally. Moreover, the optimal machining conditions for this kind of MMCs were investigated in this study. The major conclusions are: (1) the machining force of TiB₂/Al MMCs is bigger than that of non-reinforced alloy and mainly controlled by feed rate; (2) the residual stress of TiB₂/Al MMCs is compressive while that of non-reinforced alloy is nearly neutral; (3) the surface roughness of TiB₂/Al MMCs is smaller than that of non-reinforced alloy under the same cutting speed, but reverse result was observed when the feed rate increased; (4) a multi-objective optimization model for surface roughness and material removal rate (MRR) was established, and a set of optimal parameter combinations of the machining was obtained. The results show a great difference from SiC particle reinforced MMCs and provide a useful guide for a better control of machining process of this material.     

Investigation on surface roughness,residual stress and fatigue property of milling in-situ TiB2/7050Al metal matrix composites

For higher efficiency and precision manufacturing, more and more attentions are focused on the surface roughness and residual stress of machined parts to obtain a good fatigue life. At present, the in-situ TiB₂/7050Al metal matrix composites are widely researched due to its attractive properties such as low density, good wear resistance and improved strength. It is of great significance to investigate the machined surface roughness, residual stress and fatigue life for higher efficiency and precision manufacturing of this new kind material. In this study, the surface roughness including two-dimensional and three-dimensional roughness, residual stress and fatigue life of milling in-situ TiB₂/7050Al metal matrix composites were analyzed. It was found from comparative investigation that the three-dimensional surface roughness would be more appropriate to represent the machined surface profile of milling particle reinforced metal matrix composites. The cutting temperature played a great role on the residual stress. However, the effect of increasing cutting force could slow down the transformation from compressive stress to tensile stress under 270 °C. An exponential relationship between three-dimensional roughness and fatigue life was established and the main fracture mechanism was brittle fracture with observation of obvious shellfish veins, river pattern veins and wave shaped veins in fracture surface.     

Surface integrity and fatigue behavior when turning γ-TiAl alloy with optimized PVD-coated carbide inserts

This paper presents a comprehensive investigation on the effects of tool and turning parameters on surface integrity and fatigue behavior in turning c-Ti Al alloy. The wear of inserts surface, cutting forces, and surface roughness were studied to optimize PVD-coated carbide inserts.Surface topography, residual stresses, microhardness, and microstructure were analyzed to characterize the surfaces layer under different turning parameters. Surface integrity and fatigue life tests of c-Ti Al alloy were conducted under turning and turning-polishing processes. The results show that compared to CNMG120412-MF4, CNMG120408-SM is more suitable because it obtained low cutting force, surface roughness, and tool wear. With increasing the cutting speed and depth, the depths of the compressive residual stress layer, hardening layer, and plastic deformation layer increased. For turning and turning-polishing specimens, the compressive residual stress was relaxed by less than 20%–30% after 10~7 cycles. The fatigue life of a turning-polishing specimen with R_a= 0.15 mm has increased 3 times from that of a turning specimen with R_a= 0.43 mm.     

2Cr13钢的全方位离子注入与离子束增强沉积复合表面强化处理

对 2Cr13不锈钢表面进行了等离子体浸没离子注入(PIII)与离子束增强沉积(IBED)复合强化处理。对强化后的试样进行了俄歇电子能谱(AES)、X光电子能谱(XPS)分析及显微硬度、摩擦磨损和耐腐蚀性能测试。结果表明,处理后的试样表面层中含有强化相TiN和CrN;与基体相比,被处理试样的显微硬度显著增大,最大增幅达80 4%;摩擦系数降至 0 2~0 3,磨痕宽度最大减少了近 4倍;腐蚀电位最大提高了 5倍,腐蚀电流密度减少了 26倍。磨损中粘着现象大大减轻,耐磨耐蚀性能得到了显著改善。