大型飞机后体流动控制及减阻机理研究

通过数值模拟方法研究了大型飞机机身后体的流动特征和机理,并采用涡流发生器对机身后体流动分离进行控制,分析了其控制减阻的机理,讨论了不同参数对减阻效率的影响。计算结果表明:大型飞机机身后体流动分离是导致巡航阻力增加的一个重要因素;在后体底部附近安装涡流发生器,当来流迎角为负时减阻效果较明显,随着迎角的逐渐增大,减阻效果降低;涡流发生器的尺寸、周向距离、安装在机身后体上的前后位置、安装角度等参数对减阻效果具有显著影响。     

埋入式涡流发生器在亚音扩压器分离流控制中的应用

本文介绍了在一个大宽高比大扩压角二元亚音扩压器中采用适当几何参数的凹型面埋入式涡流发生器有效地控制扩压壁和角落区域分离流的试验结果。并分析了该型式涡流发生器主要几何参数对扩压器性能的影响。还对该型式涡流发生器与常规翼型式涡流发生器进行了比较。      

Aerodynamics of cross-flow fans and their application to aircraft propulsion and flow control

Cross-flow fans offer unique opportunities for distributed propulsion and flow control due to their potential for spanwise integration in aircraft wings. The fan may be fully or partially embedded within the wing using a variety of possible configurations. Its inlet may be used to ingest the boundary-layer flow, and its high-energy exhaust flow may be injected into the wake at the wing trailing edge for drag reduction or vectored thrust. Cross-flow fans are high-pressure coefficient machines, so they can be diametrically compact. However, their efficiency is fundamentally limited by unavoidable recirculation flows within the impeller at all flight speeds, and by additional compressibility losses at high speeds. This article reviews the fundamental aerodynamics and flow regions of cross-flow fans using a simple mean-line analysis to examine the basic energy transfer and loss processes. Experimental data for fans intended for aircraft application are then reviewed and compared to calculations using unsteady Navier–Stokes methods, showing the state-of-the art in flow field and performance prediction capability. Alternative prediction methods where blade action is modeled in terms of body-force or vortex elements are discussed, including challenges in handling arbitrary non-uniform, unsteady blade flows for various design configurations. The article concludes with a review of cross-flow fan propulsion and flow control concepts that have been investigated by various researchers, and with discussions on future challenges in their application.     

MDO环境下的BWB气动模型及在概念设计中的应用

提出了MDO环境下分析亚音速BWB布局的气动模型建立途径,以升力面理论为基础,修正型阻、波阻与涡升力的影响,来分析非常规布局的气动特性,实现了比传统概念设计方法更高的分析精度和比CFD快得多的计算速度。通过与大展弦比平直机翼和小展弦比三角翼实验数据的对比,验证了分析模型的有效性;并将其应用于一个亚音速BWB布局的概念设计优化过程,实现了基本的气动／结构一体化设计。可靠的分析模型的建立将成为BWB布局飞机多学科设计优化的坚实基础。     

高超声速飞行器机体/推进一体化设计的启示

机体/推进一体化设计是吸气式高超声速飞行器的关键技术。飞行器的前体和后体既是主要的气动型面,又是发动机进气道的外压缩型面和尾喷管的膨胀型面,一体化设计直接影响飞行器的气动与发动机性能。本文阐述了吸气式高超声速飞行器的主要特点,梳理了飞行器的推阻匹配、升阻比特性、操稳匹配等主要气动设计问题。通过对国外典型高超声速飞行器机体/推进一体化设计技术的综合分析,总结了前体/进气道、后体/尾喷管、边界层强制转捩装置等关键部件的气动设计方法,获得了有意义的启示,可为后续吸气式高超声速技术研究提供重要参考。     

机翼大迎角气动力的快速算法

在定常势流 Green函数方法计算位流气动力的基础上 ,应用前缘吸力比拟法计算机翼大迎角气动力 ;并考虑了涡破裂所产生的影响。计算结果与实验结果吻合良好 ,为高机动飞机初步设计提供了一种快捷、准确的气动力计算方法     

Experimental and computational investigation of hybrid formation flight for aerodynamic gain at transonic speed

The influence of the wing-tip vortex of leading aircraft on energy savings, quantified by formation aerodynamic force fraction of the following aircraft, is studied at transonic speed for a matrix of leading aircraft’s vortex locations. The research model adopts the hybrid formation of medium and large aircraft. The leading aircraft is scaled by 2.1%, and the following aircraft is scaled by 1.4%. An aerodynamic benefit “map” is developed to determine the optimum location of the following aircraft relative to the leading aircraft wake and to compare with experimental results, thus validating the use of CFD for the formation flight at cruising speed. The response surface model of aerodynamic gain effect relative to formation parameters is established via numerical calculation and wind tunnel test. The optimal formation parameters and the setting criteria of the study model are optimized. Results show that the wing-tip vortex of large aircraft significantly increases lift and reduces drag on the medium-sized aircraft following it. Reduced drag slightly increases with the flow direction position. With the increase of flow direction distance, the peak area moves from 15% of wing-tip overlap to 20% of overlap. In addition, the maximum drag decreases about 16%, and the maximum lift increases about 12%. The lift drag ratio of the optimal position is increased by 27%, which is twice as large as that of the same scale ratio aircraft formation. Results show that the increase of lift is mainly caused by the increase of suction peak and suction range.     

纵向尾流间隔计算方法研究

综合考虑了飞机的速度、翼展、机翼面积、发动机推力等参数,应用空气动力学中的环量计算理论、尾流消散原理等,将动量定理和涡阻力的计算原理应用到尾流间隔的计算,分别建立了纵向尾流间隔计算模型。采用实际数据计算验证模型的正确性。     

Streamwise vortex generation by the rod

The technology development related to aerodynamics is leading to ever increasing loads of wings, airfoils and turbine and compressor blades. The increase in aerodynamic forces is often leading to flow separation and depreciation of the aerodynamic performance of flying objects or propulsion systems. Flow control methods are required to avoid these negative effects. In the recent two decades the flow control by means of air-jet vortex generators has been also intensively investigated. In this method a streamwise vortex is introduced by an oblique jet. The necessity to supply air by a pipe system may be considered a disadvantage. In order to eliminate this feature, it has been proposed to put out a rod instead of a jet. It has been shown that the application of a rod can introduce the same effect as a jet, as long as the streamwise vortex generation is concerned and appropriate dimensions are used. The present paper focuses on the influence of rod vortex generators on a flow pattern downstream. The results presented here concern experimental and numerical investigations and provide guidelines for the design of a new flow control method dedicated mainly to external flows.     

控制大后掠角机翼边界层分离的涡流发生器数值模拟

针对安装在大后掠角机翼上的涡流发生器控制流动分离的问题,采用雷诺平均纳维 斯托克斯 (RANS) 方程以及剪切应力传输 (SST) 湍流模型,通过搭接网格技术,对带有涡流发生器 (VG) 的大后掠角机翼进行数值模拟,分析VG的安装位置对大后掠角机翼边界层分离的控制机理及气动特性影响。研究发现VG的作用仅仅在其周边边界层内部区域,影响范围小,在弦线方向安装VG存在最佳布置位置。VG必须安装在靠近气流将要分离的高能量区域,才能有效的抑制气流分离,达到增升减阻的效果。     

基于尾流效应的编队飞行优化分析

针对如何利用前机尾涡的上洗气流来达到减小后机飞行阻力的问题,进行了基于尾流效应的编队飞行优化分析。首先,通过分析后机在尾涡上洗气流中的受力情况,建立了尾流效应相关模型;然后,通过计算诱导滚转力矩系数评估后机飞行的安全性,通过阻力系数的变化判定诱导减阻效果;最后,建立多目标优化评价模型,以后机的安全性和诱导减阻效果为优化目标来确定后机在编队飞行中的最佳位置。研究结果表明,最佳编队位置并不是固定的,飞行高度、飞行速度等外部因素都会对编队飞行中后机的最佳编队位置产生一定的影响。     

大型飞机扁平后体导流片减阻增稳研究

运输机采用扁平后体的设计形式可使舱门结构简单、重量轻,并且舱门机构的可靠性高,具有很好的使用性。但是扁平后体在巡航时横向流动比较严重,造成横向逆压梯度大且后体边界层易出现分离形成旋涡流动,带来压差阻力的增加。并且,后体分离涡在偏航时使垂尾两侧压力分布变差,降低了航向稳定性。导流片是特别针对扁平后体所采用的特殊气动力部件。其能够对后体涡的生成和发展进行抑制,削弱后体低压区,降低压差阻力;在偏航状态下,导流片改变了垂尾和后体的压力分布形态,可有效增加航向稳定性。导流片的减阻增稳作用使得采用扁平后体的运输机装载效率和气动特性得以兼顾。     

展向射流控制机翼前缘涡的机理及其应用

旋涡和流动分离的控制一直是空气动力学研究的一个重要。研究表明展向吹气是控制机翼上旋裂和流动分离的一种十分有效的气动措施。     

基于涡流发生器的风洞侧壁附面层控制

为降低风洞侧壁附面层对半模型数据的影响,在前期数值模拟的基础上,研制了一种适用于2.4m跨声速风洞半模型试验段侧壁的梯形涡流发生器,并进行了试验验证.结果表明:加装涡流发生器效果明显,亚声速范围内能够使附面层厚度降低20%~30%,对主气流均匀性影响可忽略;加装后半模型零升阻力系数降低,升力线斜率增大,压力中心向机身移动,体现了明显的附面层减薄效果,证明所研制的涡流发生器可应用于亚声速半模型试验中.      

涡襟翼在不同雷诺数下的控制分离特性研究

受鸟类抬起羽毛控制分离流的启发,涡襟翼成为翼型大迎角分离流的控制措施之一。采用数值模拟方法研究不同雷诺数下涡襟翼在控制翼型大迎角分离流动时的气动特性及其物理机制。结果表明：涡襟翼在低雷诺数下能够极大地改善翼型的大迎角升力特性,其物理机理是涡襟翼将翼型主分离涡的涡心位置控制在离翼型更近的区域,且涡心位置的涡量得到大幅提升,使得涡心附近的低压特性影响到翼型上表面,而且涡襟翼能够将翼型上方前区的低压与下游的高压隔开;但是在高雷诺数（对应常规飞机雷诺数）下涡襟翼改善翼型大迎角气动特性的效果远不如低雷诺数情况,由此解释了为什么鸟类能够通过羽毛抬起提高升力特性,而常规飞机的涡襟翼只能作为阻力板使用的原因。     

民用飞机失速特性研究

民用飞机失速特性和失稳特性的优劣直接影响飞机的安全性。从平尾修形、外侧缝翼缝道参数、内侧缝翼分离面等几个方面考虑,深入研究了失速特性和失稳特性的影响因素。本研究结果,为一般民用飞机失速特性设计提供切实有效的措施。     

倾转旋翼机飞行力学特性

总结和分析了旋翼、机翼、机身、短舱和尾翼气动力模型和操纵机构特点,其中旋翼气动力模型以准定常叶素理论为基础,机翼和尾翼气动力模型以升力线理论为基础,并分析了旋翼尾流对机翼气动力气动干扰问题;建立了全量非线性倾转旋翼机飞行力学模型;以XV-15为样机,对倾转旋翼机在不同飞行模式和飞行速度下飞行力学特性展开了详细研究,得到的结论有助于深入了解倾转旋翼机飞行力学特性,也可用于倾转旋翼机飞行控制系统设计.      

大型飞机增升装置气动机构一体化设计软件及其应用

为满足现代大型飞机先进增升装置多目标综合最优的设计目标,本文结合气动、机构并行设计思想,基于VB、Qt和Catia二次开发环境搭建了增升装置气动、机构综合设计软件。其中包括翼身组合体、巡航构型、起降构型和机构设计四个设计模块,用户可从不同翼身截面数据点,通过拉伸组合成用户所设计的干净构型;利用NURBS曲线使干净构型快速切割出带增升装置的曲面外形;根据缝道参数经验值和机构约束将所切增升装置偏转并设计出合适的起飞、着陆卡位模型,并配以对应卡位设计机构。本文通过对多架、多类别大型客机进行设计并按照预期设计完成切割,完成不同固定翼机型以及翼身组合体机型的切割。经过大量的设计实例验证,软件具有广泛的通用性,能够实现对任意飞机的增升装置进行快速设计。     

Iced-airfoil aerodynamics

Past research on airfoil aerodynamics in icing are reviewed. This review emphasizes the time period after the 1978 NASA Lewis workshop that initiated the modern icing research program at NASA and the current period after the 1994 ATR accident where aerodynamics research has been more aircraft safety focused. Research pre-1978 is also briefly reviewed. Following this review, our current knowledge of iced airfoil aerodynamics is presented from a flowfield-physics perspective. This article identifies four classes of ice accretions: roughness, horn ice, streamwise ice, and spanwise-ridge ice. For each class, the key flowfield features such as flowfield separation and reattachment are discussed and how these contribute to the known aerodynamic effects of these ice shapes. Finally Reynolds number and Mach number effects on iced-airfoil aerodynamics are summarized.     

趋于临界马赫数的圆柱跨声速绕流特性分析

通过深化认识趋于临界马赫数Ma_cr的圆柱跨声速绕流特性,明确新型飞行器增升减阻设计的空气动力学理论依据。采用大涡模拟方法数值研究了来流马赫数Ma_∞为0.75和0.85、雷诺数Re为2×10⁵的圆柱跨声速绕流。结果表明:当Ma_∞趋于临界马赫数(Ma_cr≈0.9)时,圆柱的阻力下降且升力系数振荡被抑制;通过力的分解,得知圆柱的阻力减小来自旋涡力的影响,而非可压缩性;圆柱的阻力减小与其背压上升有关;剪切层初始阶段的对流马赫数Ma_c随Ma_∞的增加而增大,而增长率相反,这使得剪切层更为稳定、柱体背压更高。此外,由于Ma_∞=0.85时边界层分离点处的激波和尾迹处的激波向下游推移,使得近尾迹处的湍流脉动减弱,进而导致柱体的表面压力振荡和升力系数振荡被抑制。