国家数值风洞(NNW)工程在高超声速中的应用研究进展

随着CFD技术的快速发展,CFD数值模拟软件在飞行器研制中得到广泛应用,并已渗透航空航天等诸多领域的各个阶段,发挥着越来越重要的作用。国家数值风洞（NNW）工程坚持边建边用的原则,通过集成结构力学、飞行力学、工程热力学、声学、光学、电磁学、多相流体力学等学科软件,在航空航天、交通运输、能源动力、环保减灾等领域发挥了积极作用。总结了NNW软件在高超声速飞行器边界层转捩、湍流、高精度方法等领域的应用成果以及在解决复杂流动干扰、动态稳定性和多学科耦合问题上的最新进展。通过案例展示,使相关从业人员了解NNW软件的功能、特点,促进系列软件在全国的推广和应用。     

Review of numerical simulations for high-speed, turbulent cavity flows

High speed flows inside cavities are encountered in many aerospace applications including weapon bays of combat aircraft as well as landing gear. The flow field inside these cavities is associated with strong acoustic effects, unsteadiness and turbulence. With increasing emphasis on stealth operation of unmanned combat air vehicles and noise concerns near airports, cavity flows attracted the interest of many researchers in aerodynamics and aeroacoustics. Several attempts were made using wind tunnel experimentation and computational fluid dynamics analyses to understand the complex flow physics associated with cavity flows and alleviate their adverse effects via flow control. The problem proved to be complex, and current research revealed a very complex flow with several flow phenomena taking place. With the aid of experiments, CFD methods were validated and then used for simulations of several cavity configurations. The detached-eddy and large-eddy simulation methods proved invaluable for these studies and their application highlights the need for advanced turbulence simulation techniques in aerospace. The success of these methods and a summary of the current status of the experimental and computational progress over the past twenty years is summarised in this paper.     

Progress and future prospects of CFD in aerospace—Wind tunnel and beyond

A historical perspective of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in aerospace in the last 30 years is firstly given. It is shown that there still remain a number of problems that are geometrically simple but difficult to simulate even after many simulations were conducted over complex body configurations. The fact indicates that CFD research is now in the “specific phase” and requires some innovation.The innovation includes “evolutionary effort” and “revolutionary effort”. As an example of evolutionary effort, large eddy simulations/ Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes simulations (LES/RANS) hybrid method and its application examples are presented. A shift from RANS to LES/RANS hybrid method occurs not because of the advancement of computers but because of our recognition that separated flows are inherently unsteady and successful simulations require LES-like computations.Comment is given that there may be other types of research necessary to make CFD a real useful tool for a design in addition to simply showing CFD capability for complex body configurations. As one of the examples, construction of a CFD database is presented. Another issue is to make CFD infrastructures so that people outside CFD community may use CFD as a tool to formulate or refine their ideas.To find out revolutionary effort, the message given by Prof. Dean Chapman in 1977 is referred. Observation of current CFD research reveals that evaluation methods of “scale effect” that were believed to be the most important benefit of CFD have not yet been established. Such establishment is the key for the revolution of CFD and researchers need to focus their effort on the development of technologies to evaluate scale effect. Only with such new CFD technologies can “conceptual design with CFD” become feasible.     

Preliminary study on heat flux measurement data of TT-0 flight test

With the explosive development of aerospace science, the design of the new generation airliner at higher speeds is attracting more attentions. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to achieve accurate prediction of the aerodynamic heating / force loads and successful reduction of drag and heat flux. As a remedy for the existing studies which are based upon the CFD and wind tunnel tests, this study presents a flight test for the drag and heat reduction spike technology. The principal goals of this flight test were to provide reference for verifying the accuracy of the prediction technology on ground and promote the development of the drag and heat reduction technology. By adopting the OS-X rocket, the TT-0 test vehicle designed by Shenyang Aircraft Design & Research Institute reached a maximum Mach number of 5.8 and a maximum altitude of 38 km. Hypersonic and supersonic pressure data by pressure scanning valves and heat fluxes by gauges at different locations were obtained successfully. Also, heat fluxes obtained by in-house CFD code are illustrated in comparison with the flight data. The results indicate that the numerical errors are large in most cases. More technologies, such as more CFD codes and more numerical procedures, should be adopted to conduct studies on this issue in the future.     

ISE: intelligent synthesis environment for future aerospace systems

The Intelligent Synthesis Environment (ISE) being developed by NASA, UVA, and JPL for significantly enhancing the rapid creation of innovative affordable products and missions is described. ISE uses a synergistic combination of leading-edge technologies, including high-performance computing, high-capacity communications and networking, virtual product development, knowledge-based engineering, computational intelligence, human-computer interaction, and product information management. The environment will link scientists, design teams, manufacturers, suppliers, and consultants who participate in the mission synthesis, as well as in the creation and operation of the aerospace system. It will radically advance the process by which complex science missions are synthesized, and high-tech engineering systems are designed, manufactured, and operated. The evolution of engineering design is described along with the shortcomings of current product development techniques. The need for ISE to create high-science payoff missions and aerospace systems at affordable costs is discussed. The five major components critical to ISE and some of their sub-elements are described: namely, human-ISE interaction; infrastructure for distributed collaboration; rapid synthesis and simulation tools; intelligent life-cycle system integration; and cultural change in the creative process. Related government and industry programs are outlined and future impact of ISE on complex missions and aerospace systems is discussed.     

基于CFD高精度算法的雷电电磁场研究

雷电空间电磁场一直是电磁领域研究的热门，成熟的算法例如有限时域差分法（FDTD），传输线矩阵法（TLM）以及频域的矩量法（MoM）在计算雷电问题方面都有广泛的应用。由于计算流体力学（CFD）中的Euler方程与电磁学中的Maxwell方程有着相同的守恒形式，而且采用间断伽辽金方法（DG）已经在流场问题上得到广泛的尝试，因此引入了基于计算流体力学的DG方法来离散时域Maxwell方程，并采用网格分区并行技术加速计算，使用基于DG的圆球雷达散射截面积（RCS）算例进行测试，数值结果一致表明DG算法在求解电磁场问题上的可行性，之后通过计算一段近场雷电通道的电场分布并与解析解、某算法仿真解对比，数据基本吻合，说明该方法适合于雷电电磁场的计算。     

CFD可视化研究与进展

计算流体力学（ＣＦＤ）是可视化的重要应用领域,本文以ＣＦＤ可视化的研究内容、研究方式和研究模型为出发点,详细讨论了ＣＦＤ矢量场和张量场的各种显示技术,指出了ＣＦＤ可视化中多变量数据分析和特征可视化研究的现状及其发展趋势。从中可以看出ＣＦＤ是可视化中的一个非常重要而又极富挑战性的研究领域。     

基于高拟真度模型的高超声速飞行器静气动弹性优化

为解决基于计算流体动力学(CFD)和计算结构动力学(CSD)高拟真度模型的静气动弹性优化过程中模型更新自动化困难、求解速度慢的难点,提出了基于几何主模型技术的CFD/CSD一体化参数化建模方法和基于网格单元修正的常体积四面体(CVT)数据交换技术,并引入响应面模型来降低气动弹性优化求解难度.通过AGARD 445.6机翼静气动弹性分析对上述方法的可行性和有效性进行了验证;并以某高超声速飞行器为例,采用基于二次响应面的多目标优化算法进行了CFD/CSD气动弹性分析与优化,优化后飞行器升阻比增加16%,结构质量减少9%,且响应面模型精度拟合误差不超过1.5%.计算结果表明:所发展的CFD/CSD一体化参数化建模与优化方法能够有效地解决高拟真度模型的静气动弹性优化问题.      

旋翼VPM/CFD耦合模型的建立及其在小前进比气动分析中的应用

为了提高旋翼计算流体力学（CFD）流场计算效率及克服其在尾迹捕捉上的不足,将旋翼黏性涡粒子方法（VPM）与CFD分析相结合,建立了一个新的旋翼VPM/CFD耦合气动分析模型。在该模型中,采用VPM分析以实现对旋翼尾迹中黏性涡的高效捕捉而不引入数值耗散,而采用CFD分析用于精确地模拟旋翼桨叶近体区域内复杂的流动现象,同时也为VPM分析提供一个较高精度的涡源模型。至于两者信息交换,则使用集中涡源法将CFD信息传递至VPM分析,而VPM计算得到的尾迹信息则通过边界修正施加至CFD域的远场边界上,从而可以鲁棒地实现CFD域与VPM域的耦合计算。在此基础上,对“Helishape 7A旋翼”小前进比前飞桨-涡干扰（BVI）状态进行了较为深入的气动分析,计算结果表明：与全CFD计算比较,建立的VPM/CFD耦合分析模型可以有效地避免旋翼尾迹区桨尖涡的数值耗散,从而更加可靠地捕捉桨-涡干扰状态下的桨叶非定常气动载荷脉动,同时对于本文算例,计算效率可以提高30%以上。     

亚跨超CFD软件平台研制

亚跨ＣＦＤ软件平台研制的宗旨是综合国内外计算流体动力学的最新研究成果，用计算机软件技术的新发展，建立一个面向对象的计算流体动力学的研究开发环境，加快计算流体动力学最新成果向工程应用的转换速度。本文介绍初级版本的研究进展和研究成果，主要匝数值网格生成技术，流场解算器，面向对象的界面设计等三部分组成。     

二维Mur二阶吸收边界条件简化格式的应用

FDTD是计算电磁学最重要的方法之一,而Mur吸收边界条件是其普遍使用的一种边界条件。在二维问题中,二阶Mur吸收边界条件在写成差分格式时,对微分方程进行了变换,使得边界条件的微分方程只含有一阶导数,方便在计算过程中应用。通过理论分析和数值计算,说明了这种吸收边界条件效果显著,并通过线电源的辐射算例加以证明。     

直升机旋翼桨-涡干扰状态非定常气弹载荷高精度预估

为准确计算直升机旋翼在复杂的桨-涡干扰(BVI)状态下的气弹载荷,在刚性旋翼计算流体力学方法中引入桨叶弹性变形的影响,建立了一套适合于弹性旋翼BVI状态气动特性分析的计算流体力学/计算结构力学(CFD/CSD)耦合方法.CFD模块对Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS)/Euler方程进行求解,并采用双时间法推进和Baldwin-Lomax(B-L)湍流模型.CSD模块采用中等变形梁假设的有限元模型,通过Newmark-Beta方法求解桨叶运动方程.通过代数变换方法进行桨叶网格变形,并建立一个适于流场/结构信息交换的CFD/CSD耦合方法.在分别验证CFD和CSD模块的有效性的基础上,开展UH-60A直升机旋翼的BVI 状态载荷分析,并与飞行测试数据进行了对比.计算结果表明:相比于旋翼综合分析中的升力线理论和刚性旋翼CFD方法,耦合的CFD/CSD方法可以更准确地预测BVI状态气弹载荷,并有效地模拟桨叶前行侧方位角和后行侧方位角附近的BVI现象,对BVI导致的升力波动幅值和相位的计算结果均与试验值吻合良好.      

一种CFD/CSD耦合计算方法

针对柔性大展弦比机翼气动弹性分析和主动弹性机翼(AAW)设计发展了一种计算流体动力学(CFD)和计算结构动力学(CSD)的耦合计算方法。其主要思想是采用在同一物理时间弱耦合求解CFD/CSD技术。气动力采用非定常N-S方程的双时间有限体积求解技术,结构响应则采用有限元数值求解技术。CFD和CSD耦合计算的边界信息(气动力和网格)由所设计的界面程序传输。网格信息传输采用守恒体积转换(CVT)方法将CSD计算结构响应位移插值到CFD网格点上。变形已有的CFD网格技术用以确定CFD的变形网格。以位移或载荷的迭代误差为判断耦合计算的收敛标准。最后得到了机翼在Ma=0.8395,α=5.06°时CFD/CSD耦合计算的收敛值。针对计算结果分析了机翼受静气动弹性过程中结构响应和气动特性随时间变化的效应。初步研究结果表明:这种弱耦合方法求解非线性气动弹性问题是可行的。     

数值空气动力学在DLR(德国宇航研究院)

德国在若干年前启动的国家CFD项目MEGAFLOW集中了DLR、大学以及航空工业界的许多CFD研究开发工作,目的是开发并验证能满足工业实践所要求的可靠并有效的数值工具,以对全机进行空气动力模拟.MEGAFLOW软件系统包括多区结构网格中求解N-S方程的软件FLOWer和在非结构网格中的软件TAU.两软件均已达到很高的成熟度并为DLR和德国航空工业广泛地应用于新飞机的设计过程.最近又启动了其后续项目MEGADESIGN和MegaOpt,旨在开发和增强外形设计及优化的有效数值方法.着重介绍了软件最近的改进及其计算粘性流动绕复杂飞机外形的能力.     

主动流动控制技术的初步数值研究

利用亚跨超CFD软件平台2.0版本(trip2.0)对几种常见的流动主动控制技术进行了数值模拟,对包括进气道和襟翼等几个算例的流场进行了定常和非定常求解,获得了合理的计算结果,为今后的进一步深入研究打下了良好基础.     

涡轮机械叶片的流固耦合数值计算方法

发展了一种流固弱耦合数值方法来判断涡轮机械叶片气弹稳定性.通过一种数据交换方法将计算结构动力学(CSD)的节点振动位移施加到计算流体力学(CFD)的叶片表面网格点上,CFD分析采用多层动网格技术实时更新可动域的网格点坐标,并通过有限体积法求解了用k-ε湍流模型封闭的雷诺平均Navier-Stokes(RANS)方程.以NASA 67转子叶片为例,在设计状态下,对比了叶片前4阶模态下一个振动周期内的气动功及模态气动阻尼比,初步分析了叶片的气弹稳定性.计算结果表明:所发展的流固弱耦合数值方法用于判断涡轮机械叶片气弹稳定性是可行的.      

一种基于CFD的叶轮机非定常气动力组合建模方法

为了获得一个准确高效的非定常空气动力学模型并将其应用于叶轮机叶片颤振特性分析中去,论文发展了一种基于CFD方法的叶轮机非定常气动力组合建模方法,可以快速计算叶轮机叶片在等相角差振动时的气动阻尼系数。运用小扰动流场的叠加原理,通过不同通道数模型的非定常流场求解(通常需要两次或三次),针对流场的周期性边界条件,组合分析得到一系列更多通道数情况下的非定常气动力低阶模型。基于这种降阶模型计算的气动阻尼系数与直接的CFD方法计算结果吻合很好,计算效率提高10倍以上。     

基于CFD的圆形静压油垫数值仿真技术研究

应用CFD技术,采用二维轴对称流动模型对圆形静压油垫内流场特性及其承载能力和油膜刚度进行了定量分析与计算,并与静压设计公式得到的计算结果进行了比对,二者计算结果吻合.研究表明,采用CFD技术能够实现对静压油垫的设计计算.提高了设计效率和计算准确性.     

ABCLS method for high-reliability aerospace mechanism with truncated random uncertainties

The random variables are always truncated in aerospace engineering and the truncated distribution is more feasible and effective for the random variables due to the limited samples available.For high-reliability aerospace mechanism with truncated random variables, a method based on artificial bee colony(ABC) algorithm and line sampling(LS) is proposed.The artificial bee colony-based line sampling(ABCLS) method presents a multi-constrained optimization model to solve the potential non-convergence problem when calculating design point(is also as most probable point, MPP) of performance function with truncated variables; by implementing ABC algorithm to search for MPP in the standard normal space, the optimization efficiency and global searching ability are increased with this method dramatically.When calculating the reliability of aerospace mechanism with too small failure probability, the Monte Carlo simulation method needs too large sample size.The ABCLS method could overcome this drawback.For reliability problems with implicit functions, this paper combines the ABCLS with Kriging response surface method,therefore could alleviate computational burden of calculating the reliability of complex aerospace mechanism.A numerical example and an engineering example are carried out to verify this method and prove the applicability.     

Level sets for CFD in aerospace engineering

In the past two decades, the level set concept has been extensively explored. The superiority of the differential level set to other more ad hoc methods as a formal framework for directly/indirectly solving ‘front-propagation’ natured problems is now fully established. Nowadays, in many areas of aerospace related computational fluid dynamics, applications of level set methods can be found. This paper gives a brief review of these applications and how level sets can be useful in tackling challenging computational aerospace problems. The use of level sets in premixed turbulent combustion, aero-acoustics, geometry definition/morphing, meshing and turbulence modeling is explored in detail and other applications discussed.