Recent developments in scaling of wall-bounded flows

Proper scaling of a fluid flow permits convenient, dimensionless representation of experimental data, prediction of one flow based on a similar one, and extrapolation of low-Reynolds-number, laboratory-scale experiments to field conditions. This is a particularly powerful technique for turbulent flows where analytical solutions derived from first principles are not possible. We review in the present paper the topical development in scaling the canonical turbulent boundary layer and pipe and channel flows. Additional to utilizing some of the most comprehensive and high-quality databases available to date, the article focuses on contemporary advances in analytical and asymptotic approaches to determine the mean-velocity profile as well as to scale higher-order statistics. The current debate concerning the mean-velocity profile of turbulent wall-bounded flows has ruled out neither a logarithmic nor power law behavior. Furthermore, a Reynolds number dependence of the mean-velocity profile has not been excluded either. Clearly, a more complex functional form is needed to describe the profile. The present results can be utilized to extrapolate the available low-Reynolds-number physical and numerical data to the more practically important high-Reynolds-number field conditions. Knowledge of the proper scaling of the canonical cases can also be useful to non-canonical wall-bounded flows as well as to calibrate turbulence models and flow sensors in the vicinity of walls.     

湍流减阻新概念的实验探索

本文对当今湍流表面摩擦减阻新概念进行了初步的风洞实验探索。将垂直于流动方向的小尺寸肋条按一定的间隔距离固定在平板上,利用自制的悬挂式天平测量了不同风速时的阻力,获得了约１０．２％的减阻效果。实验中分别考察了肋条参数对减阻的影响,使用Ｘ型热线风速仪研究了雷诺应力的型态。从湍流边界层涡结构的观点出发,提出了边界层底部“微型空气轴承（ＭＡＢＳ）”减阻新概念以及涡结构干扰对减阻的影响,并认为平均速度型态的     

槽道壁湍流的展向振荡电磁力减阻控制的PIV研究

壁湍流主要表现为条带和流向涡为主要特征的拟序结构和间歇性的湍流猝发事件,这些都会导致壁面阻力的增加,因此,为了实现减阻,需控制或消除壁面附近的流向涡进而抑制湍流的猝发。在该研究中,利用展向振荡电磁力对槽道湍流的近壁流向涡进行控制,以达到减阻的目的;并利用PIV测试系统对其进行了实验研究,讨论了这种电磁力的减阻效果及其减阻机理。结果表明：展向振荡电磁力具有减小壁面阻力的功能,其减阻机理为展向振荡的电磁力可以使条带倾斜,在流场中产生附加的负展向涡,导致近壁区域平均流向速度梯度的减小,因此,壁面阻力减小。     

TRIP2.0软件的确认：DPWⅡ复杂组合体的数值模拟

 采用“亚跨超声速计算流体力学软件平台”（TRIP2.0）数值模拟了阻力预测小组（AIAA CFD Drag Prediction Workshop Ⅱ,DPWⅡ）翼/身/架/舱复杂组合体运输机构型,数值模拟采用的多块对接网格、测压和测力的试验结果均来自DPWⅡ,对比计算采用了CFL3D的结果。重点针对DLR-F6翼/身/架/舱复杂组合体构型,详细研究了网格密度和湍流模型对总体气动特性和压力分布的影响,计算结果与相应的试验结果取得了较好的一致。采用SA一方程和SST两方程模型均得到了网格收敛结果;不同的湍流模型对压差阻力影响较小,对摩擦阻力影响较大;不同的网格密度和湍流模型对压力分布有一定的影响。     

Minimizing airfoil drag at low angles of attack with DBD-based turbulent drag reduction methods

Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) based turbulent drag reduction methods are used to reduce the total drag on a NACA 0012 airfoil at low angels of attack. The interaction of DBD with turbulent boundary layer was investigated, based on which the drag reduction experiments were conducted. The results show that unidirectional steady discharge is more effective than oscillating discharge in terms of drag reduction, while steady impinging discharge fails to finish the mission (i.e. drag increase). In the best scenario, a maximum relative drag reduction as high as 64 % is achieved at the freestream velocity of 5 m/s, and a drag reduction of 13.7 % keeps existing at the freestream velocity of 20 m/s. For unidirectional discharge, the jet velocity ratio and the dimensionless actuator spacing are the two key parameters affecting the effectiveness. The drag reduction magnitude varies inversely with the dimensionless spacing, and a threshold value of the dimensionless actuator spacing of 540 (approximately five times of the low-speed streak spacing) exists, above which the drag increases. When the jet velocity ratio smaller than 0.05, marginal drag variation is observed. In contrast, when the jet velocity ratio larger than 0.05, the experimental data bifurcates, one into the drag increase zone and the other into the drag reduction zone, depending on the value of dimensionless actuator spacing. In both zones, the drag variation magnitude increases with the jet velocity ratio. The total drag reduction can be divided into the reduction in pressure drag and turbulent friction drag, as well as the increase in friction drag brought by transition promotion. The reduction in turbulent friction drag plays an important role in the total drag reduction.     

On near wall measurements of wall bounded flows—The necessity of an accurate determination of the wall position

The present review paper is an account on the experimental determination of the wall position relative to the probe in wall-bounded turbulent flow studies. A thorough review on common measurement techniques as well as correction methods reveals, that there are a number of pitfalls, that—when not accounted for—can lead to wrong conclusions about the wall position and thereby also on the near-wall behaviour of mean and turbulence quantities. Employing the state-of-the-art databases from direct numerical simulations of wall-bounded turbulent flows various indirect methods have been tested and assessed in terms of their robustness and accuracy. It is also demonstrated that accurate measurements reaching the viscous sublayer are necessary in order to ensure a correctly deduced wall position, and dependent quantities as for instance the near-wall scaling of mean (e.g. Reynolds number dependence of the buffer region or the log law constants) and turbulence (e.g. the near-wall peak location of Reynolds stresses) quantities.In experiments using hot-wires near the wall it is well known that heat conduction between the hot-wire and the wall gives errors and mean velocity data from the viscous sublayer can usually not be used to determine the wall position. In this paper we introduce a new method which takes advantage of the similarity of the probability density distributions (pdf) in the near wall region. By using the high velocity data of the pdf, which is shown not to be affected by heat conduction, the heat conduction problem can be circumvented.Extensive appendices are included, describing the history and present knowledge about the scaling of the mean velocity in the near wall and overlap regions in wall bounded turbulent flows.     

基于Reynolds平均的高超声速二方程湍流模型

 在Reynolds平均的框架下推导了可压缩湍流Reynolds应力方程和湍动能方程。根据一定的假设和尺度分析简化并封闭了所推导的湍动能方程。在均匀湍流假设下,湍动能耗散率可分解成可压缩性耗散和旋度耗散,并对其中的可压缩性耗散进行了封闭;同时认为旋度耗散不受可压缩性影响,直接引用传统的Reynolds平均不可压缩湍动能耗散率模型方程。由此构造了适用于高马赫数的二方程可压缩湍流模型。应用所发展的模型计算了高超声速平板绕流,并与若干现有模型的计算、实验与半经验公式的计算结果进行了对比,验证了所发展的模型。在此基础上,通过对压缩拐角的高超声速湍流的数值模拟,对所发展的湍流模型,以及若干现有模型进行了对比,显示了不同湍流模型及可压缩性修正在计算壁面压力分布和热流分布上的特点,说明了湍流模型可压缩修正的必要性,得到了所发展模型的计算结果最接近实验结果的结论。     

Computational prediction of airfoil dynamic stall

The term dynamic stall refers to unsteady flow separation occurring on aerodynamic bodies, such as airfoils and wings, which execute an unsteady motion. The prediction of dynamic stall is important for flight vehicle, turbomachinery, and wind turbine applications. Due to the complicated flow physics of the dynamic stall phenomenon the industry has been forced to use empirical methods for its prediction. However, recent progress in computational methods and the tremendous increase in computing power has made possible the use of the full fluid dynamic governing equations for dynamic stall investigation and prediction in the design process. It is the objective of this review to present the major approaches and results obtained in recent years and to point out existing deficiencies and possibilities for improvements. To this end, potential flow, boundary layer, viscous–inviscid interaction, and Navier–Stokes methods are described. The most commonly used numerical schemes for their solution are briefly described. Turbulence models used for the computation of high Reynolds number turbulent flows, which are of primary interest to industry, are presented. The impact of transition from laminar to turbulent flow on the dynamic stall phenomenon is discussed and currently available methods for its prediction are summarized. The main computational results obtained for airfoil and wing dynamic stall and comparisons with available experimental measurements are presented. The review concludes with a discussion of existing deficiencies and possibilities for future improvements.     

湍流大涡数值模拟进展

本文简要陈述湍流大涡数值模拟的原理、优点,着重讨论湍流大涡数值模拟方法的关键问题及其可能解决的途径,包括脉动的过滤、亚格子模型、近壁模型和标量湍流的大涡数值模拟中的特殊问题.文章强调大涡数值模拟中亚格子应力的本质是可解尺度湍流和不可解尺度湍流动量间的输运,并以作者最近提出的新型亚格子模型说明发展亚格子模型的正确途径.文章最后提出湍流大涡数值模拟近期需要迫切解决的问题和其他具有挑战性的方向.     

DLR-F4翼身组合体的阻力计算

为了考察自行研发的CFD软件的计算能力和阻力计算精度，本文采用LU—SGS方法、MUSCL差分格式和Baldwin—Lomax代数湍流模型，数值模拟了AIAA阻力计算工作室提供的DLR—F4翼身组合体的绕流流场，综合分析了easel和case2的气动力的计算结果，并与NASA Christopher L．Rumsey采用CFL3D6．0和AFRL/VAAC Don W．Kinsey采用Cobalt60提供的两组计算结果以及AGARD提供的两种不同风洞的测力试验结果作了比较。计算结果表明，本文计算精度与国外CFD软件相当。为了提高激波，边界层干扰的模拟精度，今后要重点加强湍流模型的应用研究。     

非牛顿流体在正弦波壁管内的减阻特性

通过添加高分子表面活性剂来有效降低流动阻力在水处理和石油开采等行业中具有重要的现实意义。实验研究了聚丙烯酰胺聚合物（PAM）溶液在正弦波壁管内的减阻特性。研究发现,PAM溶液在层流区域具有明显的减阻作用,在湍流区域却不是很明显;同时在波壁管内存在一个PAM的最佳减阻浓度。另外,通过f-Re曲线发现PAM溶液的过渡域转捩点比牛顿流体明显提前,流动可视化结果验证了上述结论;应用Fluent进行数值模拟得到的数值结果与实验基本吻合。     

Drag Reduction for an Airship with Proper Arrangement of Propellers

In this article, the flow field around an airship with propellers blowing is calculated on the basis of the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations with SST turbulent models. Modeled each as an actuator disk, the propellers are arranged at different positions around the body of airship in the flow direction. The numerical results show that the blowing propellers produce open outer flows. They drive the separated vortexes off the body thus reducing the drag coefficients. The results also show that the position after leading sucking peak is the best place for a propeller to blow. When the propellers are positioned after sucking peak, the longer the area which the propellers work on, the more the profile drag coefficients can be reduced. If the working position of propeller moves from the sucking peak forward to the leading edge, the friction drag coefficient will increase. The bigger the diameter of the propellers and the stronger the pressure jump, the more the drag coefficient will be reduced. The results also reveal that for the design of circularly-positioned propellers with space intervals, the more drag coefficient reduction results, the smaller the space interval is specified.     

隔离段内超声速流动摩擦阻力分析

以超燃冲压发动机等截面隔离段内部流动阻力特性为研究背景,以数值模拟和实验测量为研究手段,研究马赫数2.5来流条件下,平板流动和带激波反射流动条件下的壁面摩擦阻力.实验测量得到了超声速流动下的壁面摩擦阻力.研究发现,当激波反射形成局部微小分离时,激波和边界层的相互作用使得分离区下游的壁面剪切应力恢复为比分离区上游稍高水平.存在激波反射时,壁面总的摩擦阻力略大于无激波时的平板流动.     

Analysis of pressure characteristics under laminar and turbulent flow states inside the pilot stage of a deflection flapper servo-valve: Mathematical modeling with CFD study and experimental validation

Electro-hydraulic servo-valves are widely used components in the mechanical industry, aerospace and aerodynamic devices which precisely control the airplane or missile wings. Due to the small size and complex structure in the pilot stage of deflection flapper servo-valves, accurate mathematical models for the flow and pressure characteristics have always been very difficult to be built. In this paper, mathematical models for the pilot stage of deflection flapper servo-valve are investigated to overcome some gaps between the theoretical formulation and overall performance of the valve by considering different flow states. Here, a mathematical model of the velocity distribution at the flapper groove exit is established by using Schlichting velocity equations for in-compressible laminar fluid flow. Moreover, when the flow becomes turbulent, a mathematical model of pressure characteristics in the receiving ports is built on the basis of the assumption of the collision between the liquid and the jet as the impact of the jet on a moving block of fluid particles. To verify the analytical models for both laminar and turbulent flows, the pressure characteristics of the deflection flapper pilot stage are calculated and tested by using numerical simulation and experiment. Experimental verification of the theory is also presented. The computed numerical and analytical results show a good agreement with experimental data.     

SA一方程湍流模型参数影响分析与辨识

SA(Spalart-Allmaras)一方程湍流模型是目前工程湍流计算中主要采用的湍流模型之一。首先,针对某典型战斗机的小攻角、中等攻角、大攻角流动工况,利用均匀试验设计方法分析SA一方程模型中8个参数取值对上述工况下飞机升力和阻力系数计算结果的影响规律;然后,建立工程湍流模型参数的辨识方法,并将其用于该战斗机大攻角工况下湍流模型参数cb1值的辨识调整。结果表明:不同工况下,湍流模型参数对计算结果的影响规律不同;在附着流状态下,对升力和阻力影响较大的参数是cv1和cb1;在中等攻角和较大攻角下,对升力和阻力影响较大的参数是cb1;适当减小参数cb1的取值后,升力和阻力系数的计算结果有较明显的改善,这可能与飞机大攻角分离流场中涡粘系数和剪切应力的发展与自由剪切流存在一定差异有关。     

NPU翼型的气动力分析和改进设计

 在飞行器设计中用计算方法设计超临面翼型已完全取代了选用现成翼型的设计方法。为考察已设计出的NPU翼型是否满足飞行器设计要求我们对其进行了全面气动分析,发现这些翼型尚有不足之处,有必要进行改进设计。     

冲压增程弹丸冷态气动阻力特性分析

以一冲压增程弹丸为例,在马赫数2.0到2.5的冷态飞行条件下,采用飞行试验结合流动仿真的手段,分析了作用在弹丸内、外表面的气动阻力分布.数值仿真所得阻力数据与飞行试验所得结果误差在6％以内.仿真分析结果表明:外部阻力在弹丸所受总的气动阻力中占有支配地位,约为总的气动阻力的95％;作用在弹丸上的气动阻力中,压力阻力远远大于摩擦阻力,约占总阻力中的85％;弹丸所受外部气动阻力中,压力阻力约占90％.冷态飞行试验所得气动阻力数据可以直接作为冲压发动机推力设计的依据;冲压增程弹丸减阻设计的重点在于减小进气道外罩和前弹体在来流方向上的投影面积.     

吹吸扰动对壁湍流边界层摩擦阻力的影响

对风洞中平板湍流边界层施加局部周期性吹吸扰动,并用IFA-300热线风速仪测量了其近壁区域不同法向位置瞬时速度的时间序列信号.利用湍流边界层对数律平均速度剖面,计算湍流的壁面摩擦阻力.对平板湍流脉动速度信号用子波分析进行多尺度分解,通过条件采样以及相位平均的方法获得不同尺度下的相干结构波形和能量分布,来研究吹吸扰动对平板湍流边界层的摩擦阻力的影响.结果表明,扰动使得窄缝附近流动阻力增加,而下游区域流动阻力减小.      

基于熵产理论的水翼空化特性研究

为了对空化流场中的能量损失做出定向、定量的评价,引入熵产理论对绕二维水翼流场进行了分析。以NACA0009翼型为计算模型,选用k-ω湍流模型以及ZGB空化模型对翼型的外特性进行了数值仿真并与实验结果进行了对比,发现计算结果与实验结果符合较好。仿真结果表明,熵产与翼型外特性之间有明显的相关性,在升力系数和阻力系数发生突变的时候,熵产和能量损失也发生剧烈变化;在流场中湍流耗散熵产始终占80%以上,大空化数下壁面熵产占比在10%左右,不可以忽略;能量损失总是集中分布在空穴的末端和翼型的尾端;空化数在0.6～0.4时,空穴会发生大尺度周期性脱落,造成流场的损失增大,但是当空化数0.4时,空穴变得比较稳定,使得流场比较稳定,损失减小。分析表明,熵产理论可以应用于空化流场分析中。     

高速飞行器空腔脉动压力主动控制与非线性数值模拟

空腔脉动压力(空腔噪声)预测是高速飞行器内埋弹舱的关键技术之一。非线性噪声求解方法是近年来新提出的一种噪声求解方法,为研究该方法对空腔噪声的预测性能,将雷诺平均Navier-Stokes(RANS)方程与之相结合。首先,通过RANS求解空腔周围流场,得到初始湍流统计平均解,其中包含平均流场基本特征及强制设定的湍流脉动的统计描述。然后,采用非线性噪声求解方法重构噪声源并高精度模拟压力脉动的传播,计算了马赫数Ma=1.5和Ma=5条件下的空腔噪声。结果表明,噪声特性计算值与试验结果基本吻合,说明非线性噪声求解方法对于高速空腔流动噪声具有较好的预测能力。在此基础上,研究了马赫数Ma=1.5和Ma=5条件下在空腔前缘加入气帘喷流主动控制措施对噪声的抑制作用,并得出在超声速和高超声速条件下,气帘喷流对于空腔脉动压力都有较好的抑制作用。