富氢/富氧燃气同轴直流喷嘴燃烧过程数值模拟

为研究全流量补燃FFSC(Full Flow Staged Combustion)循环发动机气-气喷注器性能,以气氢/气氧(GH2/GO2)预燃室提供的758K富氢燃气和676K富氧燃气为推进剂对同轴直流喷嘴燃烧流场进行了数值模拟.考察了相同燃烧室结构、流量、入口燃气温度条件下,富氧燃气压降、富氢燃气和富氧燃气的速度比、氧喷嘴厚度和氧喷嘴缩进变化对燃烧性能的影响,获得了4个参数的影响规律.数值模拟结果对燃气气-气喷注器结构设计有参考价值.     

同轴撞击气-气喷嘴数值模拟和实验

为进一步深入研究喷嘴结构参数对气-气掺混燃烧特性的影响,针对氢向氧斜喷带撞击角度的气-气喷嘴开展了实验和数值模拟.实验研究了撞击角度对燃烧效率和燃烧室壁面温度的影响,数值仿真分析了撞击角度对喷注面板和氧喷嘴管壁温的影响.结果表明:随着氢向氧撞击角度的增大,推进剂燃烧效率、燃烧室壁面和氧喷嘴出口管壁面热载降低;氢向氧撞击角度的引入,增大了喷注面板热载.      

双支板超燃冲压发动机燃烧特性研究

为研究分级喷注超燃冲压发动机火焰稳定、燃烧状态及火焰传播特性,以双支板超燃燃烧室为基本构型,开展了当量比连续调节试验研究。模拟低飞行马赫数5.5工况,燃烧室入口马赫数为2,总温1436 K,试验表明:燃烧室单独上游喷注熄火当量比为0.19,该值不受下游燃烧的影响;单独下游喷注熄火当量比为0.46,上游火焰会削弱下游当量比变化对壁面压力的影响,并且会使下游熄火当量比值降低。通过调节上游当量比可实现燃烧状态的转换,转换过程存在迟滞。模拟高飞行马赫数6.5工况,燃烧室入口马赫数为3,总温1 899 K,试验表明:随着总温的增加,单独上游喷注可实现点火和稳焰,上游火焰发生抬举,燃烧室抗反压能力增强,可喷注更多燃料。     

基于凹槽火焰稳定器的煤油超声速燃烧试验

在直联式超声速燃烧试验台上进行了煤油的超声速燃烧试验,使用了4种不同结构的凹槽火焰稳定器和多种直径的煤油喷嘴,煤油当量比0.24~1.32,引导氢当量比0.53,在多种工况下均实现了煤油的成功点火和稳定燃烧.通过测量燃烧室壁面静压分布比较不同工况下煤油燃烧性能.研究发现:凹槽结构对煤油的点火性能影响较大,较大的凹槽长深比更有利于煤油的点火,部分凹槽能在无引导氢条件下实现煤油自燃点火;试验中使用的4种凹槽均有较好的火焰稳定效果,煤油燃烧时燃烧室壁面压力平稳;煤油当量比是影响煤油燃烧性能的最主要因素.在煤油当量比相同的条件下,较高的喷注压力能够提高煤油的燃烧性能.      

气气喷嘴推进剂入口温度对燃烧和壁温的影响

以同轴双剪切气气单喷嘴为对象,对气气燃烧流场进行了数值模拟,并进行了研究,分析了喷嘴推进剂入口温度对燃烧性能和室壁温的影响,结果表明:推进剂温度变化引起的燃氧动量比变化对燃烧和壁温起主要影响;富氢燃气状态变化对燃烧和壁温的影响大于富氧燃气状态变化.试验验证了数值模拟结果.      

压力对离心式喷注器雾化特性影响的试验研究

针对不同入口压力对喷注器雾化特性的影响的问题,对某一双组元姿控推力器的离心式喷注器进行大气环境下不同入口压力的雾化试验.高速摄影试验对喷注器雾化形成过程进行了拍照与分析,PDA试验对喷注器稳态工作时的雾化特性进行了测量与分析,并对试验结果进行了拟合计算.试验结果表明该喷注器有良好的雾化性能,入口压力的增加使得喷雾场可以更加快速的形成和稳定,雾化锥角变大,雾化质量更好,但是变化趋势随压力增大而减缓;计算得到的关系式可预测该喷注器不同工况下液滴的索太尔平均直径,对喷注器优化设计有一定的指导意义.     

双组元推力器喷注角度对液膜分布的影响分析

为了研究双组元推力器喷注角度对液膜分布的影响,基于气液两相模型建立某型双组元(MMH/NTO)推力器燃烧室内雾化、液膜、流动的数学模型,忽略了燃烧过程,同时假设喷注推进剂全部为NTO,采用有限体积的数值方法计算了不同喷注角度下燃烧室壁面液膜的分布情况.通过分析计算结果得出随着喷注角度的增加,液膜区域向喷注壁面靠近;不同喷注角度下的液膜长度均为30mm左右,喷注半角为45°～55°时,液膜平均厚度变化明显.     

大流量气-气喷嘴响应面法优化设计

为研究以气氢和气氧为推进剂的同轴双剪切喷嘴设计参数对推进剂燃烧位置的影响,利用正交表指导喷嘴设计,并对燃烧室流场进行数值模拟.结果表明:在单喷嘴流量相当于航天飞机主动发动机单喷嘴流量8倍的工况下,同轴双剪切喷嘴能实现高的燃烧效率;极差和方差分析显示氢/氧的速度比是对推进剂的燃烧位置影响最大的设计参数,而中心氢流量比例和氧喷嘴的壁厚对燃烧位置的影响不显著.通过构造基于正交多项式的响应面,获得同轴双剪切气-气喷嘴的优化组合参数.     

应用气动斜坡和燃气发生器的超燃燃烧室

为增强超声速燃烧过程中的燃料掺混,设计了一种被动式燃料掺混增强结构:气动斜坡/燃气发生器组合燃料喷注结构,并在直连式超燃试验台上对这种喷注结构进行了纹影、油流谱等冷试和热试试验.同时数值模拟了超声速流场中气动斜坡/燃气发生器组合结构的流动及燃烧特性.结果表明:气动斜坡/燃气发生器组合结构有助于燃料的掺混,掺混效率由单独气动斜坡喷注器情况下的60%提高到了75%;总压损失主要由壁面摩擦产生,气动斜坡和燃气发生器产生的总压损失相对较少;作为燃烧室点火器使用的燃气发生器起着点火和助燃的双重作用.      

超燃燃烧室等离子体点火和火焰稳定性能

为了研究热等离子点火器在超燃冲压发动机中的应用,在来流马赫数2.0工况下,针对乙烯和氢气两种燃料,进行了超燃环境中等离子体点火的试验和仿真研究.在来流总温1 500~1 950 K,燃料当量比0.1~0.55范围内对等离子点火器的点火和改善燃烧性能的性质进行了详细分析.结果显示:对于氢气和乙烯燃料,等离子体点火器使两种燃料的点火性能均得到明显改善,点火延迟时间大大缩短,燃料着火范围扩大、贫燃极限当量比降低.但未观察到其在加速掺混以及改善燃烧性能方面的明显作用.进行了与乙烯燃烧试验对应的数值仿真工作,选用了两种乙烯化学反应模型进行对比研究.仿真结果显示:8步9组分反应模型与试验结果符合较好,而3步6组分反应模型过高的估计了反应剧烈程度,燃烧室压力值偏高,压力起始上升位置偏向上游.所用的8步模型比3步模型更适合于超燃燃烧室中乙烯反应的模拟.     

等离子体对燃气在补燃室中燃烧特性的影响

为研究等离子体对多组分燃气在发动机补燃室中的助燃特性,建立了多组分燃气供给系统以及扩散燃烧实验模型。测量了等离子体炬的发射光谱,得到了等离子体炬的主要激发态粒子;拍摄了多组分燃气在补燃室的扩散火焰照片,得到了等离子体对多组分燃气的扩散火焰形貌的影响;测量了补燃室4个不同截面上的静压和总压,分析了等离子体对多组分燃气在发动机中燃烧效率的影响。实验结果表明:等离子体炬主要产生氮气和氧气的激发态粒子;加入等离子体后,喷出冲压尾喷管的火焰长度得到进一步缩短,说明等离子体可以在更短的燃烧室长度内使得多组分燃气得到更加充分的燃烧;加入等离子体时,补燃室不同截面的静压和总压都会出现突升台阶,说明等离子体可以加快燃气的化学反应速率,提高多组分燃气在发动机中的燃烧效率,且等离子体功率越高,燃气燃烧效率的增长率越高。     

同轴双剪切气-气喷嘴数值模拟

通过求解 k-ε 湍流模型的Navier-Stokes 方程组,对以气氢/气氧为推进剂的同轴双剪切喷嘴燃烧室进行数值模拟研究.研究结果表明:与传统的同轴剪切喷嘴相比,双剪切气-气喷嘴使推进剂有两个剪切燃烧面,且出口尺寸变化不大;双剪切喷嘴中心氢与氢总质量流量的比例是双剪切喷嘴的关键设计参数,当比例值为0.3时,能充分发挥双剪切喷嘴两个燃烧面的优势,使双剪切喷嘴能在大流量工况下实现高的燃烧效率.     

Assessing the feasibility of involving gaseous products resulting from physicochemical oxidation of human liquid and solid wastes in the cycling of a bio-technical life support system

The study addresses the possible ways of involving gaseous products produced by “wet” incineration of human wastes mixed with H₂O₂ in an alternating electric field in the cycling of the physical model of a bio-technical life support system (BTLSS). The resulting gas mixture contains CO₂ and O₂, which are easily involved in the cycling in the closed ecosystem, and NH₃, which is unacceptable in the atmosphere of the BTLSS. NH₃ fixation has been proposed, which is followed by nitrification and involvement of the resulting products in the mass exchange of the closed system. Experiments have been performed to show that plants can be grown in the atmosphere resulting from the closing of the gas loop that includes a physicochemical installation and a growth chamber with plants representing the phototrophic compartment of the BTLSS. The results of the study suggest the conclusion that the proposed method of organic waste oxidation can be a useful tool in creating a physical model of a closed-loop integrated BTLSS.     

Study of fast atoms in molecular gas plasma via emission spectroscopy

Fast atoms are generated in reactions of ions with the molecular gas in laboratory and astrophysical plasma. In hydrogen they are observed in the emission spectra via Excessive line broadening. Energetic atoms also occur in astrophysical plasma in hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen. The proposal here is that low pressure discharges can be used to simulate the phenomena in certain space plasma. In this study, we have used a special configuration of the electrode system, to obtain energetic atoms in plasma of three types of diatomic gases (H₂, O₂, N₂). Emission spectroscopy was used to detect the atoms and measure their velocity. Energy analysis was performed to obtain atoms’ distributions and evaluate the mean energy of atoms. This was compared to the potential energy available from the electric field. The field acceleration model, previously established for hydrogen, was extended to nitrogen and oxygen. We suggest, that the same method of analysis can be applied for astrophysical plasma spectrum.     

直流式喷嘴开口率声学抑制能力影响

根据喷嘴长度和入口边界条件,将液体火箭发动机气液同轴式喷嘴简化为4类:四分之一波长闭管、二分之一波长闭管、四分之一波长开管和二分之一波长开管。采用线性声学理论对喷嘴入口开口率的声学抑制影响进行了研究,得到了入口开口率声学影响规律。结果表明:在标准长度和最佳长度2种条件下,开口率对喷嘴抑制能力的影响差别很大。合理选择开口率和喷嘴长度能够有效提高喷嘴抑制能力。研究结果可为喷嘴长度和入口射流条件优化设计、燃烧室声学振荡抑制提供参考。     

Effects of long-term low atmospheric pressure on gas exchange and growth of lettuce

The objectives of this research were to determine photosynthesis, evapotranspiration and growth of lettuce at long-term low atmospheric pressure. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv. Youmaicai) plants were grown at 40 kPa total pressure (8.4 kPa _pO₂$p_{{\text{O}}_2}$) or 101 kPa total pressure (20.9 kPa _pO₂$p_{{\text{O}}_2}$) from seed to harvest for 35 days. Germination rate of lettuce seeds decreased by 7.6% at low pressure, although this was not significant. There was no significant difference in crop photosynthetic rate between hypobaria and ambient pressure during the 35-day study. The crop evapotranspiration rate was significantly lower at low pressure than that at ambient pressure from 20 to 30 days after planting (DAP), but it had no significant difference before 20 DAP or after 30 DAP. The growth cycle of lettuce plants at low pressure was delayed. At low pressure, lettuce leaves were curly at the seedling stage and this disappeared gradually as the plants grew. Ambient lettuce plants were yellow and had an epinastic growth at harvest. The shoot height, leaf number, leaf length and shoot/root ratio were lower at low pressure than those at ambient pressure, while leaf area and root growth increased. Total biomass of lettuce plants grown at two pressures had no significant difference. Ethylene production at low pressure decreased significantly by 38.8% compared with ambient pressure. There was no significant difference in microelements, nutritional phytochemicals and nitrate concentrations at the two treatments. This research shows that lettuce can be grown at long-term low pressure (40 kPa) without significant adverse effects on seed germination, gas exchange and plant growth. Furthermore, ethylene release was reduced in hypobaria.     

Pressure,O2, and CO2, in aquatic Closed Ecological Systems

Pressure increased during net photosynthetic O₂ production in the light and decreased during respiratory O₂ uptake during the dark in aquatic Closed Ecological Systems (CESs) with small head gas volumes. Because most CO₂ will be in the liquid phase as bicarbonate and carbonate anions, and CO₂ is more soluble than O₂, volumes of gaseous CO₂ and gaseous O₂ will not change in a compensatory manner, leading to the development of pressure. Pressure increases were greatest with nutrient rich medium with NaHCO₃ as the carbon source. With more dilute media, pressure was greatest with NaHCO₃, and less with cellulose or no-added carbon. Without adequate turbulence, pressure measurements lagged dissolved O₂ concentrations by several hours and dark respiration would have been especially underestimated in our systems (250–1000 ml). With adequate turbulence (rotary shaker), pressure measurements and dissolved O₂ concentrations generally agreed during lights on/off cycles, but O₂ measurements provided more detail. At 20 °C, 29.9 times as much O₂ will distribute into the gas phase as in the liquid, per unit volume, as a result of the limited solubility of O₂ in water and according to Henry’s Law. Thus even a small head gas volume can contain more O₂ than a larger volume of water. When both dissolved and gaseous O₂ and CO₂ are summed, the changes in Total O₂ and CO₂ are in relatively close agreement when NaHCO₃ is the carbon source. These findings disprove an assumption made in some of Taub’s earlier research that aquatic CESs would remain at approximately atmospheric pressure because approximately equal molar quantities of O₂ and CO₂ would exchange during photosynthesis and respiration; this assumption neglected the distribution of O₂ between water and gas phases. High pressures can occur when NaHCO₃ is the carbon source in nutrient rich media and if head-gas volumes are small relative to the liquid volume; e.g., one “worse case” condition developed 800 mm Hg above atmospheric pressure and broke the glass container. Plastic screw cap closures are likely to leak at high pressures and should not be assumed to seal unless tested at appropriate pressures. Pressure can be reduced by having larger head-gas volumes and using less concentrated nutrient solutions. It is important that pressure changes be considered for both safety and closure, and if total O₂ is used as the measure of net photosynthesis and respiration, the O₂ in the gas phase must be added to the dissolved O₂.