The modulation collimator in x-ray astronomy

Modulation collimators have been used in recently reported work to determine the angular sizes and celestial positions of the X-ray sources Sco X-1 and Taurus XR-1 (Crab Nebula) with precisions of 15 to 30. The measurements were made by means of four-grid collimators, star photography and optical imaging of the collimators. In the present paper we discuss (1) the principles and uses of various forms of the modulation collimators as they pertain to X-ray astronomy, (2) several methods for determining the celestial positions of X-ray sources with these collimators, (3) the techniques for the alignment and calibration of these detection systems, (4) an image-forming collimator, and finally, (5) some of the optical properties of these grid systems. The modulation collimator is quite versatile and is particularly suited for measurements from spacecraft with relatively poor pointing capability. Thus it should be a useful tool in X-ray astronomy for some years to come.This work was supported in part by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under contracts NASw-1284 and NASw-1535 and grant NSG-386 and in part by the United States Atomic Energy Commission under contract AT (30-1)2098. In addition, certain portions were carried out at California Institute of Technology under National Aeronautics and Space Administration grant NSG-426 and at the Institute of Space and Aeronautical Sciences, Tokyo.     

全球金融危机对我国航空运输业发展的影响

今年金融危机爆发影响全球经济,对我国航空运输业的影响有哪些？我们应该如何应对？这是目前行业人士关注的事情,下面从行业影响的角度谈点个人分析和认识。     

Behaviors analysis of on-coming cluster based on knowledge under cluster security requirements

Analysis of cluster behaviors of the on-coming cluster is an essential measure for high value locations on the battlefield.Unlike target tracking and clustering analysis,cluster behaviors analysis under cluster security requirements remains an open issue,which is a joint analysis of clus-tering,intent reasoning and activity regions.To address this issue,a framework for cluster behav-iors analysis is proposed by incorporating expert knowledge and domain knowledge,and a knowledge-assisted score function with is designed to improve the accuracy of intent reasoning net-work,overcoming the effects of possible knowledge errors.The framework consists of three mod-ules for cluster analysis,intent reasoning and activity region analysis for typical tasks,in which an intent reasoning network is constructed to obtain cluster intents by using a hybrid knowledge and data driven approach.Furthermore,considering the complexity of the battlefield environment,dif-ferent tasks and corresponding activity region optimization functions are designed for cluster activ-ity region analysis,which are vital elements of cluster behaviors analysis.Simulations demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed cluster behaviors analysis framework.     

Air transport security and crisis management

Network management is one of the key technologies needed to fulfill the requirements. In other words, a new paradigm for network management is also needed, in order to address the requirements arising both from the ATN side and the telecommunication side of the new telecommunication infrastructure. In particular, the new network management paradigm will incorporate the ATN management framework consisting of related standards, along with the telecommunication management framework, notably Telecommunication Management Network (TMN) standards from ITU-T.     

金融危机下贸易保护主义的兴起及其对策

此轮金融危机引发全球贸易保护主义抬头的趋势愈加明显:始于2009年初美国救市方案的出台,随后其他发达国家高筑贸易保护壁垒、发展中国家也采取各种贸易保护措施.这次贸易保护主义具有不同以往的独特性:全民一致的贸易保护主义情绪正在蔓延;并以一种更隐蔽的形式运行;历史的教训和相互依存的加深会抑制贸易保护主义的范围和烈度.因此,应采取有针对性的措施,理性认识并反对内外贸易保护主义倾向,进一步加强双边、多边国际协调和合作,预防贸易保护主义的蔓延和恶化.     

金融危机视角下的大学生就业问题

金融危机可能引发大规模的就业冲击。美国次贷危机引发的国际社会金融海啸对整个经济增长带来巨大的负面影响。就中国而言,行业性的冲击不可避免,这对就业增长将是非常不利的。大学生就业难已是不争的事实,为此必须落实好高校就业工作,实现大学生充分就业,发挥好这部分人的作用,这也是落实科教兴国战略,全面建设小康社会的客观要求。     

Shaping a SPRE multinozzle cluster with out-of-round nozzles

A method for shaping a supersonic part of a compact multinozzle cluster of a solid propellant rocket engine (SPRE) with out-of-round nozzles integrated into the common bell mouth is proposed. Also presented is an approach to evaluation of basic components of the total thrust impulse losses.     

A study of the SMC cluster NGC 330

We analyze the properties of the SMC cluster NGC 330 on the basis of a new CMD and of published effective temperatures and bolometric magnitudes for a smaller sample of stars (Caloi et al 1993, Stothers & Chin 1992a,b) to check for the kind of mixing taking place in massive stars. The existence of a few stars in the so-called HR gap led Stothers & Chin (1993) to claim that only models with semiconvective mixing and OPAL could match the HR diagram, whereas induced Caloi et al (1993) to conclude that neither semiconvective nor overshoot models are suited. The careful analysis of this cluster with new stellar models indicates that 1) models with convective overshoot and models with semiconvection can both explain the gross features of the HR diagram, 2) models with overshoot ought to be preferred.     

基于Linux集群架构的MPI点对点通信研究

如何满足大规模科学计算的要求,快速而有效地提高计算速度成为目前计算机科学迫切需要解决的问题之一。解决这一问题最为快速而且有效的方法是将多台计算机连接起来构成集群并行计算系统。为此重点研究了集群点对点通信原理,在已构建的Linux集群系统上成功实现了用C编写的MPI点对点通信并行程序,测试证明该方式可行有效。     

Fiber-optic strapdown inertial system with sensing cluster continuous rotation

This research describes a technique and a performance analysis of a fiber-optic strapdown inertial system with sensing cluster continuous rotation around the vertical body axis of the vehicle. The bias errors of these inertial sensors, gyros and accelerometers with cluster rotation, will have periodically varying corresponding components along the body axes. The modulated sensor errors produce reduced system errors. Simulation results indicate that, compared with the conventional method, the proposed approach attenuates the navigation errors and alignment errors due to the gyros' error and the accelerometers' error.     

Critical phenomenon,crisis and transition to spatiotemporal chaos in plasmas

In a driven/damped drift-wave system a steady wave induces nonlinear variation of the dispersion of a perturbation wave (PW). Competition between the nonlinear dispersion with self-nonlinearity of the PW results in rich wave dynamic behaviors. In particular, a steady wave at the negative tangency slope of a hysteresis becomes unstable due to a saddle instability. It is found that such saddle steady wave (SSW) plays an important role in the discontinuous transition from a spatially coherent state to spatiotemporal chaos (STC). The transition is caused by a crisis due to a collision of the PW attactor to an unstable orbit of the SSW. In the time evolution, it is a ‘pattern resonance’ of the realized wave with the virtual SSW that triggers the crisis. The transition also displays as a critical phenomenon in parameter space, which is related to the change in the symmetry property of the motion of master mode (k = 1) of the PW with respect to that of SSW. In the spatially coherent state the former is trapped by the SSW partial wave, while in the STC it can become free from the latter, its trajectory crosses two unstable orbits of the SSW frequently, causing very turbulent behavior. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Predicted performance of a rotating modulation collimator for locating celestial x-ray sources

A method of determining the position of celestial X-ray sources which utilizes a modulation collimator rotating about a fixed axis is presented. The signal from each source in the field of view is modulated by a frequency which is fixed by the radial distance from the intersection of the rotation axis and the celestial sphere. The phase of the modulation is determined by the angular distance of the source from a reference line on the celestial sphere. Thus, the modulation function for each source is unique. The data are reduced by the technique of Fourier analysis. Synthesized experimental data for the cases of a single source and for five sources in the field of view are analysed. The ability to distinguish and accurately locate each source in a multiple source field is a major achievement of this method. Sources can be located with an accuracy which is competitive with other methods. An experiment based on this method can be lifted on an Aerobee 150 system.This work was supported by grant NsG-386 from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.     

Singularity problem of control moment gyro cluster with vibration isolators

As powerful torque amplification actuators, control moment gyros (CMGs) are often used in the attitude control of many state-of-the-art high resolution satellites. However, the distur-bance generated by the CMGs can not only reduce the attitude stability of a satellite but also dete-riorate the performance of optic payloads. Currently, CMG vibration isolators are widely used to target this problem. The isolators can affect the singularity of the CMG system as they are placed between the CMGs and the satellite bus and provide additional freedoms to the CMG system due to their flexibility. The formulation of the output torque of a CMG is studied first considering the dynamic imbalance of its spin rotor and then the deformation angle as a result of the isolator’s flex-ibility is calculated. With the additional freedoms, the influence of isolator on the singularity problem is studied and a new steering logic to escape from the singular states is proposed.     

金融危机时期航空公司维修管理中精细管理控制

受全球金融风暴影响,素有经济晴雨表之称的国内航空业在2008年遭受了沉重打击。国内许多航空公司面临着客货收入极度萎缩,关联产业收支逆差严重,企业成本支出过高等一系列巨大的困难。在这种隋况下,作为航空公司内成本支出巨大的工程技术部门,如何能在保障航空安全的同时,有效控制成本,甚至为公司提供开拓新的增收途径,就成为了相关管理者必须思考的问题。     

金融危机环境下空铁运输方式的竞争与合作

一．金融危机影响下民航市场环境恶化 自波及全球的金融危机爆发以来,全球民航业遭遇了前所未有的打击。根据IATA的统计,2008年全年,国际旅客运输量仅上升了1．6％,国际货物运输量则整体下降了4％,与此前的6％左右的增长预期相差甚远。与世界航空运输一样,自危机以来,我国航空运输先是国际与地区航线,接着国内航线,市场需求一路下滑,