Predicting ionospheric scintillation for satellite communications

An ionospheric scintillation prediction model and display were developed for the Command Post Modem/Processor (CPM/P) for demonstration purposes. The CPM/P equations were then incorporated in a Lotus 1-2-3 spreadsheet to allow predictions to be made using a desktop computer instead of the CPM/P equipment. Using this information, the operator can improve the message throughput of a UHF satellite communications system     

Medium frequency broadcast of differential GPS data

The broadcast performance of DGPS (differential global positioning systems)/radio beacons is studied. It is found that a combination of receiver limiting and forward error corrections is very effective against the atmospheric noise which characterizes the MF band. This combination significantly reduces the probability of bit error and the average time between differential updates. The authors compute the probability of link outage versus range, and find that forward error correction significantly increases DGPS/radio beacon coverage. It is found that groundwave/skywave interference slightly increases the probability of outage at moderate ranges. An estimate is made of the expected duration of outage for the DGPS/radio beacon signal. All results are based on analytical and experimental results     

GPS数据事后处理方法研究

介绍了准载波相位事后差分GPS和相对GPS两种GPS数据事后处理方法,利用GPS数据事后处理方法能显著提高GPS定位精度,且现场测试过程中无须基准站精确坐标,没有大量数据的实时传输和解算。     

Processing of filtered GPS data

General sufficiency conditions are developed for the stability of a discrete-time cascaded-filter architecture. An application of the result is in the filtering of prefiltered Global Positioning System (GPS) data during times in which the GPS receiver is tracking less than four satellites. Simulation results are presented for the case where the master filter processes the GPS filter estimate after the GPS filter attains uniform complete observability and controllability following its third filter cycle as well as the case where the observability condition is not met     

Variability of GPS satellite differential group delay biases

An important issue in determining the accuracy of global positioning system (GPS) satellite ionospheric measurements is the instrumental delay biases between the L-band frequencies in both the satellites and the receivers. These differential L1-L2 biases must be measured and removed from the GPS measurements before an accurate estimate of the total electron content can be obtained. The results from the measurements indicate that the day-to-day variations of the satellite differential biases are quite well over a five-week time span, with a variation of less than 0.3-ns differential delay (one sigma). A follow-up experiment conducted two years later showed that the satellite biases had not changed significantly over this longer time span. When the prelaunch calibration values are compared with the experimental bias estimates, two of the four satellite pairs show excellent agreement and two differ significantly, indicating that prelaunch calibrations should be used with caution.<>     

Orbit ephemeris monitors for local area differential GPS

Methodologies sufficient to monitor GPS satellite orbit ephemeris for category I aircraft precision approach navigation are described. In the absence of a satellite maneuver, it is shown that a monitor based on the projection of previously validated ephemeris parameters is adequate to meet navigation integrity and availability requirements. After scheduled stationkeeping maneuvers, no previously validated ephemerides are available, so a measurement-based method is required. The feasibility of such a monitor is also established.     

SNR-based multipath error correction for GPS differential phase

Carrier phase multipath is currently the limiting error source for high precision Global Positioning System (GPS) applications such as attitude determination and short baseline surveying. Multipath is the corruption of the direct GPS signal by one or more signals reflected from the local surroundings. Multipath reflections affect both the carrier phase measured by the receiver and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). A technique is described which uses the SNR information to correct multipath errors in differential phase observations. The potential of the technique to reduce multipath to almost the level of receiver noise was demonstrated in simulations. The effectiveness on real data was demonstrated with controlled static experiments. Small errors remained, predominantly from high frequency multipath. The low frequency multipath was virtually eliminated. The remaining high frequency receiver noise can be easily removed by smoothing or Kalman filtering     

电离层顶部电子含量对GNSS电离层层析的影响分析

卫星信号射线上的总电子含量(slant total electron content, STEC)是像素基全球卫星导航系统电离层层析(computerized ionospheric tomography, CIT)建模的必要数据来源，但电离层层析通常忽略1 000 km以上的顶部电子含量，为弄清这部分电子含量对层析结果的影响，利用NeQuick2模型计算站星视线上的STEC与其在电离层区域内的STEC比值来改正原始数据，并分别利用改正前后的STEC进行电离层层析。结果显示，电离层顶部电子含量占比约为10%，白天占比略大于黑夜，与测高仪站的数据相比，改正后的均方根值比改正前提高了20%以上；与Swarm卫星提供的电子剖面数据对比，改正后的层析结果精度较改正前提升了19.6%左右，且该方法受地磁扰动影响较为明显。总的来说，利用CIT进行小尺度电离层探测，可较直观地看出，顶部电子含量对层析结果的影响较大，需要采取相应手段予以剔除。     

Near real-time modeling of global ionospheric vertical total electron content using hourly IGS data

The International GNSS Service (IGS) has been providing reliable Global Ionospheric Maps (GIMs) since 1998. The Ionosphere Associate Analysis Centers (IAACs) model the global ionospheric Total Electron Content (TEC) and generate the daily GIM products within the context of the IGS. However, the rapid and final daily GIM products have a latency of at least one day and one week or so, respectively. This limits the value of GIM products in real-time GNSS applications. We propose and develop an approach for near real-time modeling of global ionospheric TEC by using the hourly IGS data. We perform an experiment in a real operating environment to generate near real-time GIM (named BUHG) products for more than two years. Final daily GIM products, Precise Point Positioning (PPP) based VTEC resources, and JASON-3 Vertical TEC (VTEC) measurements are collected for testing the performance of BUHG. The results show that the performance of BUHG is very close to that of the daily GIM products. Also, there is good agreement between BUHG and PPP-derived VTEC as well as with JASON-3 VTEC. It is possible that BUHG would be further improved with an increase in available hourly GNSS data.     

Theoretical models of ionospheric storms

Summary Precipitations of soft particles at the polar region will enhance the electron density in the oval shaped region surrounding the pole and their effects are marked at winter night.Reduction in the electron density in the sunlit polar region and at the trough may be caused by polar atmospheric heating through two processes; one is the increased chemical reaction coefficients controlling the loss rate of electron density and the other is the decrease in atmospheric density ratio O/N₂ near the turbopause caused by enhanced mixing by atmospheric gravity waves or by convective motion of the upper atmosphere.Positive disturbances of the ionosphere appearing in the evening or around noon at mid-latitudes on the storm developing stage, may be caused by equatorward meridional wind arising from a pressure gradient in the upper atmosphere, though the effects of electric fields cannot be ruled out.The Dst part of ionospheric storms persisting over several days may be caused by changes in atmospheric composition arising from global convective motion of the upper atmosphere.Equatorial ionospheric storms are probably caused by changes in east-west electric fields in the equatorial ionosphere arising probably from disturbance electric currents flowing at the polar region.     

Polar ionospheric disturbance effects on NNSS satellite positioning

From the analysis of the United States Navy navigation satellite system (NNSS) positioning data of about 10000 passes, it is clearly found that polar ionospheric disturbance affects the positioning. The positioning error increases with increasing geomagnetic disturbance level (local K-index), and the pass number of position fixes decreases by one or two per day when the K-index is large. These effects may arise from the spatial gradients of electron density and/or the radio wave scattering due to well-developed ionospheric irregularities inherent to the disturbed auroral ionosphere     

FSK调制与解调在C54 DSP上的实现

数据通信的发展，对相应的传输设备提出了更高要求，尤其是速度方面。DSP的运算速度快的优点正好能满足FSK调制解调器在速度方面的要求。本文通过对FSK调制与解凋原理的分析，提出了用DSF实现FSK调制与解调的方法，重点讨论该方法的软件设计。通过实验证明，本方法设计的FSK调制解调器具有调制相位连续、解调无相位抖动、传输速率快等特性。     

基于IHT的共振解调技术的滚动轴承故障诊断方法

针对传统解调方法在滚动轴承振动信号故障特征提取中的局限性,在迭代Hilbert变换和共振解调技术基础上,提出了一种新的基于迭代希尔伯特变换(iterated Hilbert transform,简称IHT)的共振解调技术的滚动轴承故障诊断方法.采用IHT将原始振动信号分解为若干个含有故障特征信息的包络幅值分量,然后用共振解调法去除残余的高频干扰噪声并求得各个包络分量的倍频谱,利用轴承理论故障频率与共振解调得到的各倍频进行对比分析,诊断出滚动轴承相应的故障类型.轴承故障实例诊断分析结果表明该方法能有效地提取轴承故障特征.      

Multi-sensor optimal data fusion for INS/GPS/SAR integrated navigation system

INS/GPS/SAR integrated navigation system represents the trend of next generation navigation systems with the high performance of independence, high precision and reliability. This paper presents a new multi-sensor data fusion methodology for INS/GPS/SAR integrated navigation systems. This methodology combines local decentralized fusion with global optimal fusion to enhance the accuracy and reliability of integrated navigation systems. A decentralized estimation fusion method is established for individual integrations of GPS and SAR into INS to obtain the local optimal state estimations in a parallel manner. A global optimal estimation fusion theory is studied to fuse the local optimal estimations for generating the global optimal state estimation of INS/GPS/SAR integrated navigation systems. The global data fusion features a method of variance upper finiteness and a method of variance upper bound to ensure that the global optimal state estimation can be achieved under a general condition. Experimental results demonstrate that INS/GPS/SAR integrated navigation systems achieved by using the proposed methodology have a better performance than INS/GPS integrated systems.     

依靠GPS实现反劫机

“9.11”事件一周年的日子即将到来。一年来,美国的FAA、飞机和航空电子设备制造商、航空公司以及航空研究中心等部门纷纷行动起来,提出了不少具有独创性的方法,以防止“9.11”灾难性事件重现     

π/4 D-QPSK基带调制解调的DSP实现

在以前的数字蜂窝系统中，往往采用FSK、ASK、PSK等调制方式。随着数字蜂窝系统的发展，对调制和数字蜂窝系统的技术要求也越来越高了。利用DSP手段，实现的π／4D—QPSK基带调制解调在技术要求方面要优于FSK、ASK、PSK等调制方式，更能满足数字蜂窝系统的要求。该技术的实现，提高了调制与解调的速度，为数字蜂窝系统的发展提供了更大的发展空间。     

A method for automatic detection and characterization of plasma bubbles using GPS and BDS data

Detecting and characterizing Total Electron Content (TEC) depletion is important for studying the ionospheric threat due to the Equatorial Plasma Bubble (EPB) when applying the Ground-Based Augmentation System (GBAS) at low latitudes. This paper develops a robust method to automatically identify TEC depletion and derive its parameters. The rolling barrel algorithm is used to automatically identify the TEC depletion candidate and its parameters. Then, the depletion candidates are screened by several improved techniques to distinguish actual depletions from other phenomena such as Traveling Ionospheric Disturbance (TID) or abnormal data. Next, based on the depletion signals from three triangular receivers, the method derives EPB parameters such as velocity, width and gradient. The time lag and front velocity are calculated based on cross-correlation using TEC depletions and the geometrical distribution of three triangular receivers. The width and gradient of slope are then determined by using TEC depletion from a single receiver. By comparison, both the station-pair method and proposed method depend on the assumption that the EPB morphology is frozen during the short time when the plasma bubble moves between the receivers. However, our method relaxes the restriction that the baseline length should be shorter than the width of slope required by the station-pair. This relaxation is favorable for studying small-scale slope of depletions using stations of a longer baseline. In addition, the accuracy of the width and gradient is free of impact from hardware biases and small-scale disturbance, as it is based only on the relative TEC variation. The method is demonstrated by processing Global Positioning System (GPS) and BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) data on 15 August, 2018, in a solar minimum cycle.     

Interplanetary scintillation of radio sources during August 1972

The observations of interplanetary scintillation of radio sources in early August 1972 are reviewed. Three-site measurements of solar wind speed were made at University of California, San Diego (73.8 MHz) and at Nagoya University, Toyokawa (69.3 MHz). Single-site measurements of scintillation index were made at Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory, Cambridge (81.5 MHz) and at University of Adelaide (111.5 MHz). The enhancements in solar wind speed and scintillation index associated with three shock waves were detected. The extent in both longitude and latitude of the shock wave associated with the solar flare on 7 August, the anisotropic expansion of shock waves and the detection of the corotating high-speed streams are main results deduced from the observations.     

Interplanetary scintillation observations of the high-latitude solar wind

Until the ULYSSES spacecraft reached the polar regions of the solar wind, the only high-latitude measurements available were from indirect techniques. The most productive observations in regions of the solar wind between 5R and 200R have been the family of radio scattering techniques loosely referred to as Interplanetary Scintillation (IPS) (Coles, 1978). Useful observations can be obtained using a variety of radio sources, for example spacecraft beacons, planetary radar echoes and compact cosmic sources (quasars, active galactic nuclei, pulsars, galactic masers, etc.). However for measurement of the high-latitude solar wind cosmic sources provide the widest coverage and this review will be confined to such observations. IPS observations played a very important role in establishing that polar coronal holes (first observed in soft x-ray emission) were sources of fast solar wind streams which occasionally extend down to the equatorial region and are observed by spacecraft. Here I will review the IPS technique and show the variation of both the velocity and the turbulence level with latitude over the last solar cycle. I will also outline recent work and discuss comparisons that we hope to make between IPS and ULYSSES observations.