埋葬“卫星尸体”的轨道墓地

2009年2月11日，美国一颗通信卫星与俄罗斯一颗已经报废的卫星在太空中相撞。这次事件产生了大量太空垃圾，可能会对国际空间站的安全造成威胁。目前科学家在探讨有效清理太空垃圾的方法，以防类似事件再次发生。     

地球同步轨道卫星的轨道位置

自1963年2月发射第一颗地球同步轨道卫星到1983年底,全世界总共发射了191颗地球同步轨道卫星,其中发射成功171颗,失败20颗,成功率达89.5%。本表根据国     

卫星轨道维持方法

人造地球卫星的轨道由于大气阻力和地球引力场等因素的摄动,其形状和近地点位置将不断改变。本文提供一种保持轨道形状和近地点位置不变的控制方法。     

静止卫星轨道的状况

近年来,卫星通信方式取得显著发展,特别是随着卫星大型化和系统成本的大幅度降低,以及卫星通信技术的进步,使卫星的发射数量迅速增加。其结果使静止轨道(GSO)的混乱情况日益严重。在1979年召开的世界无线通信主管厅会议(WARC)上,发展中国家提出有计划使用卫星轨道的要求,但是由于各国的意见不统一,没有得出最后结果。1985年针对GSO的使用计划又召开了WARC-ORB-1会议,只是原则上对轨道规划给予承认,仍没有达到解决GSO混乱状况的目的。以往采用的轨道调整方法是两国之间的,由使用轨道的国家向IFRB(国际频率     

日晕轨道卫星的转移轨道中途修正研究

由于平动点任务探测器对各种误差源和摄动因素的敏感性,因此必须考虑转移轨道的中途修正问题.以晕轨道近地点入轨的转移轨道为例,进行了初始发射误差的灵敏度分析,提出了三脉冲和四脉冲两种中途修正方案,并且讨论了转移轨道初始误差、导航误差、机动执行误差等误差源和地球摄动、月球摄动、太阳光压摄动等摄动因素对转移轨道修正代价和修正效果的影响.仿真得到了修正时刻和误差量与修正量之间的关系,Monte Carlo仿真结果表明给出的两种修正方案是可行的.     

地球观测卫星的轨道捕获和轨道保持

<正> 地球观测卫星利用星上遥感设备对地球进行观测,以获取各种地面信息.这种卫星通常选取太阳同步兼回归轨道.在太阳同步轨道上,运动的卫星在相同的地方时经过观测区域,卫星摄影时,太阳高度角基本相同;选取回归轨道,其目的是使卫星在运行一个回归周期以后,又重复原先的地面轨迹,这就可以满足用户对同一目标多次重复观测的要求.美国陆地卫星、泰罗斯、依托斯、雨云及法国的地球资源卫星均设计为这样的轨道.     

静止轨道地球观测卫星

目前提出的地球观测系统(EOS)由太阳同步轨道卫星(极地轨道平台)和低倾角轨道卫星(地球探测器)组成。地球观测系统将大大丰富我们关于地球系统的科学知识。静止轨道观测台(GEO)则是另一类重要的地球观测系统,有着近地轨道观测卫星所没有的特点,它也将成为“行星地球使命”计划的组成部分。静止轨道观测卫星定点于地球静止轨道上的某一点。利用多颗静止轨道卫星组成观测网可实现近全球、24小时连续覆盖,与“行星地球使命”的其他观测卫星互为补充。     

轨道试验卫星—2

引言 [据法国《航空学与宇宙航行学》1979年4月报道] 轨道试验卫星-2(OTS-2)是一颗同步通信试验卫星,1978年5月11日使用雷神·德尔他3914火箭从卡纳维拉尔角发射,迄今已在轨道上运行了一年零五个月,各系统工作正常、运转良好。 OTS-1是1977年9月13日发射的,由于运载火箭爆炸发射失     

月球卫星轨道设计优化

利用带谐项J₂和J₃对月球卫星轨道进行了优化设计.首先分析了月球卫星轨道摄动因素对轨道的影响,其次推导了对应于J₂和J₃项的冻结轨道计算公式,并通过对仅包含月球引力场模型的运动微分方程,直接积分计算轨道的变化进行了验证.最后,通过合理选择初始轨道的偏心率e_o和近月点幅角ω_o,对月球卫星极轨道进行了优化设计,给出了设计公式并进行了仿真.结果表明,这种优化设计方法是很有效的.     

地球资源卫星轨道设计

本文提出了满足设计要求的地球资源卫星轨道参数的计算方法。并且提出了使得地面轨迹形成覆盖循环所需要满足的简要公式。     

太阳同步轨道卫星光学特性

为了分析太阳同步轨道卫星的光学特性,对FY-1卫星的可见光和红外波段光学信号进行了仿真计算和模拟试验验证.通过对外部辐射及内部热源的分析,计算了卫星的温度场,采用随机起伏表面算法模拟表面覆盖材料外表面,通过阴影遮挡判断及双向反射分布函数(BRDF, Bi-directional Reflectance Distribution Function)模型计算卫星对外部辐射的反射特性,编程计算得到在可见光0.4~1.0μm和红外8~14 μm,14~16 μm波段下卫星的光学特性.结果表明红外辐射亮度与表面温度相关,8~14 μm最大约90 W/(m²·sr)、14~16 μm最大约20 W/(m²·sr).空间可见光辐射强度具有明显的镜面反射效应,卫星主体峰值2 200 W/sr.通过地面模拟测量空间目标的温度和红外辐射验证了温度及红外辐射仿真计算模型,可见光辐射强度仿真计算结果与地面模型卫星测量结果误差在20%以内.     

miniSAR卫星精密参考轨道设计

为满足轻小型合成孔径雷达(miniSAR)卫星干涉测量任务对空间基线的要求,通过分析卫星参考轨道特性,建立了一套精密参考轨道设计算法。所建算法以miniSAR卫星成功入轨后的一组定轨数据及根据参考轨道特性解析得到的参考轨道预估值为输入,基于仅考虑中心天体非球形高阶引力摄动的轨道外推模型、Eckstein-Hechler平根模型及嵌套式迭代修正方法,设计输出其任务周期内使用的参考轨道。数值实验表明:所建算法设计的参考轨道生成的参考轨迹在三维空间的回归精度优于0.01 m,满足实际工程应用需求。      

Ionospheric Doppler correction model for satellite orbit determination

The use of satellites for navigation, geodesy and altimetry requires a precise knowledge of their orbits. Satellite orbits are commonly derived from Doppler counts of radio signals propagating to/from the satellites. However, corrections must be applied to these measurements to account for the presence of the ionosphere. The first order ionospheric perturbation term is usually eliminated by the use of dual frequency systems. However, the higher order terms have to be taken into account. In this paper, a correction model is described for the second and third order perturbation terms. The entries of the model are the estimates of the first order terms given by dual frequency systems. On the basis of computer simulations, it is shown that a significant reduction of the total ionospheric error can be achieved with this technique.     

Guidepost-based autonomous orbit determination method for GEO satellite

Guidepost-based navigation system is a novel autonomous orbit determination method for the GEO satellite. The system is achieved by using the camera imaging function to obtain the guidepost images and the GNSS signal receiver to obtain the pseudoranges between the GEO and the navigation satellites. Due to the high altitude of GEO satellite and the time-varying sunlight condition in the space environment, it may be difficult to obtain object image points and the distance measurements of GNSS because of the weak visibility of the guideposts. To deal with the problem, a novel integrated orbit determination system is presented. The Earth landmarks, the in-orbit spacecraft and GNSS navigation satellites whose line-of-sights and the distance can be easily obtained are used at the same time as information for the GEO satellite navigation based on the observability conditions analysis. The observability of the GEO satellite navigation system is analyzed through the physical observability, the mathematical observability and the engineering observability through the observing geometry, the rank of observability matrix and the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) respectively. Besides, the maximum correntropy unscented Kalman filter (MCUKF) algorithm is applied to improve the estimation stability of the system in the presence of non-Gaussian noises. The simulation indicates the feasibility of the proposed scheme.     

基于光学测角数据的风云四号同步轨道卫星精密定轨

针对风云四号同步卫星的精密定轨和精度评估需求,首先利用地面光学测角数据对FY-4A卫星进行精密定轨,定轨后方位角和高度角的残差rms分别为0.25＂和0.45＂。与基于测距数据的轨道相比,位置精度在有测角数据的弧段内小于50m。进一步联合测角数据和测距数据对FY-4A卫星进行联合定轨,定轨后轨道重叠精度优于15m。利用联合定轨结果评估了基于测距数据的实时轨道产品精度,可以明显发现轨道精度随着测距数据的积累而逐步提高。     

单星导航HEO卫星初轨确定算法

HEO(Highly Elliptical Orbit)轨道卫星利用星载GPS(Global Positioning System)进行自主定轨面临的主要难题之一就是解决在单颗导航卫星条件下的初轨确定问题.从理论上分析了利用单颗导航卫星的观测量确定HEO卫星轨道初值的所需满足的条件,指出了利用F.G级数法求解初值存在的问题,提出了一种基于轨道根数约束的迭代批处理算法,该算法无需复杂的数学运算,避免了F.G级数法用短弧资料定初轨时系数矩阵秩亏的影响.仿真结果表明,当先验轨道根数误差在允许范围内取值时,在考虑轨道射入误差的情况下,初值的位置偏差在10⁴ m量级,速度偏差在10⁰ m/s量级,能够根据单颗导航卫星的短弧观测值可靠地完成轨道初值的确定.     

Comparison of satellite orbit ephemerides for use in GPS meteorology

This paper discusses GPS (Global Position System) meteorology. The research presented is based on a comparison of values of precipitable water vapour PWV, based on GPS measurements using final and predicted ephemerides of satellite orbits. We analysed recent year’s improvement in predicting ephemerides. We compared the data outputs from a radiosonde using GPS receiver measurements directly from the meteorological station from which the radiosondes were launched. The results indicate a high quality of the predicted ephemerides. This finding makes predicted ephemerides highly usable for near real-time estimations of PWV. To use PWV in meteorological forecast applications, this high speed of PWV values supply is necessary.     

Geostationary orbit plasma pressure variations according to gorizont satellite data

Plasma and energetic particles pressure distribution is studied using data from the plasma and energetic particle experiment (0.1 –133 keV) onboard the Gorizont-35 geostationary satellite for the period from 11 to 25 March 1992. The analysed period consists of relatively quiet time, small geomagnetic storms, SC and the time of the northern orientation of the IMF. The calculations show that the basic contribution to the total particle pressure was made by ions at the energy from 0.1 to 12.4 keV. The derived average value of the calculated pressure (≈1 nPa) points to the important role of the geostationary orbit plasma population in the formation of the magnetopause pressure balance and of the near-Earth magnetic field distortion.     

Gravity model development for precise orbit computations for satellite altimetry

Satellite altimeters have been developed which have the capability of measuring the surface topography of the ocean over entire basins for time periods of several years with a precision of a few cm. The combination of these data with accurate satellite position information, subsurface measurements and models of the density field can be used to determine the general circulation of the ocean and its variability. The Topex altimeter oceanographic experiment proposed for the early 1990's requires a radial orbit accuracy approaching 10 cm. Considerable progress has been made at the Goddard Space Flight Center in developing precision orbit determination to support satellite altimetry analysis. This progress is attributed to the development of more accurate models of the earth gravity field, earth and ocean tidal effects, a reference coordinate system as well as improved drag and solar radiation pressure computations. This computational system has been used for the Seasat data acquired during the 1978 time period and has produced an rms radial accuracy of about 50 cm. A first step towards the development of a new Interim gravity model is presented. Global orbit determination accuracies have been improved using these new PGS-T1 and T2 fields.     

高中低轨导航星座混合体制星间链路规划

针对北斗系统加入低轨增强星座后的高中低混合星座特点,为了满足下一代导航星座主要的星间链路业务需求,提出了一种分级规划的混合星座星间链路规划方案。优先为激光星间链路的MEO、LEO、MEO-LEO建立拓扑,基于此拓扑提出了时分体制的分组拓扑规划算法。针对导航星座高中低速混合星间网络不同体制的路由提出了2种不同的改进路由算法,并对混合体制星间链路进行了仿真和规划。对规划结果进行了统计分析,验证了混合网络规划方法的正确性和混合网络在低轨监测数据回传、层间数据传输、导航信息上注3个典型导航业务场景的数据传输效能。低轨监测数据回传和连续体制节点导航信息上注时延均在1s之内,在94%的时间里有5~8条层间星间链路,时分体制节点在92%的时间里可以在12s内完成上行注入,为下一代导航系统规划设计提供参考建议。