Policy model for space economy infrastructure

Extraterrestrial infrastructure is key to the development of a space economy. Means for accelerating transition from today's isolated projects to a broad-based economy are considered. A large system integration approach is proposed. The beginnings of an economic simulation model are presented, along with examples of how interactions and coordination bring down costs. A global organization focused on space infrastructure and economic expansion is proposed to plan, coordinate, fund and implement infrastructure construction. This entity also opens a way to raise low-cost capital and solve the legal and public policy issues of access to extraterrestrial resources.     

Operating model satellite for space education

Satellite technology is still a deep mystery for most of the people in the world, because there is little access to satellites, even through the media. A process has been devised to build a low-cost educational cardboard model of a communication satellite, using light beams to simulate the radio links. The construction of the model follows closely the construction process of a real satellite, and can help to understand the general technology, while producing an attractive “toy.”     

A model for multinational space cooperation

It is becoming increasingly clear that space activities can benefit from international cooperation, but concerns about national interests remain. This article examines the experience of the Inter-Agency Consultative Group (IACG), which achieved striking success in coordinating the efforts of the USA, the USSR, the European Space Agency and Japan to study Halley's Comet. Subsequently the IACG has undertaken a new project, focused on solar-terrestrial science, and further expansion could follow. However, tje group's success has depended on scrupulous respect for members' national autonomy, and so it is unlikely to herald the formation of a supranational space agency in the near future.     

空间遥操作机器人系统控制参考模型

从分析智能系统中智能行为机制人手，研究了智能系统中自组织单元基本结构，基于智能工程中的集成单元结构，提出了遥操作机器人系统的递阶嵌套控制参考模型，并应用到遥操作空间机器人模拟实验中，完成了模拟舱内作业任务，验证了其实用性。     

Simulation model for the operation of space freighters

This paper makes the attempt to illustrate the need for a detailed operational analysis of future space transportation systems with the help of computer-based simulation models. The basic approach deemed suitable for such a systems simulation is explained in some detail. A reference program (100,000 Mg payload per year during 25 years) for a reference mission (heavy cargo transport to GEO for SPS construction) has been selected. A base-line launch vehicle (fully reusable ballistic all chemical three stage vehicle) has been defined, which is considered a serious applicant for such a mission. It was found that the take-off mass of this type of vehicle should be as large as practical from the viewpoint of cost-effectiveness. The example chosen has a GLOW of 10,000 Mg and lifts more than 100 Mg to GEO.With consideration of the operational parameters the simulation model evaluates the annual production rates, inventory of stages, utilization of facilities and operational cost, which amount within this frame of reference to about 96 $/kg net payload delivered to GEO in terms of 1980 dollars and contribute the main share to the total transportation cost.     

Astrobiology can help space science,education and the economy

Astrobiology is a subject dedicated to understanding the origin, evolution and distribution of life. Astrobiology is a multidisciplinary discipline within which useful information comes from a variety of environments and from a myriad of techniques. The challenges of the Global Exploration Roadmap contain intrinsic astrobiology questions and opportunities. The potential astrobiology returns include scientific, educational and economic benefits.     

Korea''s space development programme: Policy and law

Korea now has a rapidly expanding space programme with exploration aspirations. The government is giving priority to the aerospace industry and, to put it on a better footing, recently enacted a New Space Exploitation Promotion Act. The early history and current and future development of Korea's space activities are briefly described in advance of a comprehensive presentation of the contents of the Act, including launch licensing, liability, registration of space objects, use of satellite information, astronaut rescue, third party liability insurance and establishment of institutions and plans to assist the Korean space effort. A call is made for Asian countries to unite and further their space development through a regional space agency.     

深空干涉测量对流层经典模型改进

对流层延迟修正误差是深空干涉测量的重要误差源之一。通过修正对流层经典天顶延迟模型和Niell映射函数NMF（Niell Mapping Function）构建了一种高精度区域对流层延迟模型。首先,结合我国深空网喀什深空站对流层延迟实测数据,对Saastamoinen模型的适用性进行分析,通过线性最小二乘拟合修正天顶干延迟参数,模型精度相对改善29.6%;然后,针对NMF低仰角情况下映射偏差较大的问题,构建偏差函数模型,显著改善了低仰角下的映射性能,经实测数据验证：仰角在0°~30°时,对流层延迟模型偏差相对改善约30%。改进后的对流层区域模型估计精度高,可为我国深空干涉测量对流层延迟修正提供参考。     

Man and space – The Isle of Man, the IISC and the new space economy

With the arrival of private entrepreneurs and the appearance of such things as prizes to stimulate space initiatives, the space economy is changing rapidly from its initial government-driven character. A number of countries and territories, such as the Isle of Man, have understood the growing role of this new space economy and are preparing the appropriate boundary conditions to support its further development. This article shows why the Isle of Man may be uniquely placed to take advantage of recent developments in the space economy, thanks to its business-friendly tax and regulatory regime, and discusses the island’s strategy to attract space businesses. The establishment of the International Institute of Space Commerce, a recently formed think-tank, is an integral part of this strategy.     

空间烟云的扩散模型

探讨空间烟云用于外层空间目标红外遮蔽隐身干扰,通过分析烟幕扩散体系的真空及微重力效应,基于扩散定律建立了空间烟云的纯扩散模型.研究结果表明,空间烟云施放后其质量浓度在任意时刻的等值面均为一球面,并且随着球半径的增加在空间连续减少;同时结合辐射在烟云中的传输特性研究,获得了空间烟云有效遮蔽面积及遮蔽时间的估算方法.     

The supply of space infrastructure: Issues in the theory and practice of estimating costs

Estimating the cost of space-based infrastructure is difficult for many reasons; ensuring accurate estimates is even more difficult given the tendency for contracting mechanisms to induce downward biases. This article first reviews the conceptual and empirical literature on cost estimation and associated contract design to highlight some of these problems. It then outlines possible approaches to ameliorating them.     

基于接触理论的一类带锁定机构的间隙铰链分析模型研究

重点研究一类在我国航天器上得到广泛应用的带有锁定机构的间隙铰链，基于接触理论建立了该类型间隙铰链的分析模型。首先，将铰链零件间的接触力假设为单向的非线性弹簧，并将铰链简化为由非线性弹簧组约束的摆；然后。将展开扭簧假设为线性力矩弹簧，得到包含间隙影响的铰链的力矩-转角关系曲线。通过仿真分析和试验验证，认为铰链的力矩转角关系曲线是分段光滑的。是铰链结构尺寸、零件间隙以及材料特性的函数。呈现出明显的非线性特征。     

Performance relationships between ground model and space prototype of deployable space antennas

Performance testing is very useful in the design of deployable space antennas. It is arduous and costly to carry out the prototype experiments on the ground because of the large aperture of the antenna and the difficulty of simulating space environments. Thus, a smaller replica of the antenna, called scale model, is used to achieve the performance testing for reasons of economy, convenience, and saving in time. In this paper, a two-step approach is proposed to predict the prototype performance of the antenna in the space environment according to the performance testing of the scale model. The first step is to analyze the similarity between the prototype and the model in the same environment. Different methods are adopted according to the different performance of the antenna. The scaling laws of the driving force of the deployable Astromesh antenna are established through the differential equations on the basis of the deployment dynamic equations, while the scaling laws of frequency are derived by the dimensional analysis method. The second step is to analyze the performance relationships of the scale model in the different environments. Experiments on the scale model can be performed to obtain the performance relationships. Finally, a complete example of the natural frequency analysis is given to illustrate the two-step method.     

诱发卫星深层充电的高能电子环境模式研究

文章介绍了与卫星介质深层充电相关的辐射带高能电子环境的主要特征和规律,建立了相应的高能电子环境模式及软件,并运用该模式针对某飞行器的深层充放电危险性进行了分析和评估。结果表明该模式相对于AE8模式更好地反映了高能电子环境的动态特征,与欧空局建立的FLUMIC模式符合较好。该模式与深层充电分析模型相结合,可用于对航天器的充放电异常进行在轨诊断,以及在工程上针对深层充电进行防护设计。     

The risks and impacts of space weather: Policy recommendations and initiatives

Space weather affects global technological systems and societies. Space weather, or the dynamic conditions on the Sun and in the space environment and their impacts on technological systems, can produce coronal mass ejections, solar energetic particles, and geomagnetic disturbances. These space weather events can cause extreme currents in the electric grid, widespread blackouts, and phone and internet communication failures both in space and within the Earth's atmosphere. Severe space weather can damage satellites used for global positioning, communications, and weather forecasting. It also creates a risk of radiation exposure to astronauts and commercial airline crews and passengers. Accurate forecast knowledge of the space weather threat and timing of events is critical to planning and preparation to minimize socioeconomic impacts. This paper reviews the scope of the space weather threat on the global community today. It describes current international and US public policy initiatives to mitigate risk to infrastructure, public safety, and human life. It examines recent international reports and US federal disaster reduction plans to meet these challenges and provides recommendations to increase public awareness and implement public policies to prepare, prevent, and recover from possible catastrophic failures of commercial and government infrastructures caused by a major space weather event.     

空间柔性臂的解耦动力学模型及其控制

提出了一种空间柔性结构通过关节电机同时实现轨迹控制和振动抑制的方法。针对单连杆空间柔性臂,采用非约束模态法建立了刚柔解耦动力学模型;提出了基于应变反馈的PID控制策略,并设计了PID／应变反馈复合控制器,同时实现对柔性臂末端运动轨迹的定位控制和弹性振动抑制控制;仿真结果验证了该控制策略的可行性。     

Tardigrades as a potential model organism in space research

Exposure of living organisms to open space requires a high level of tolerance to desiccation, cold, and radiation. Among animals, only anhydrobiotic species can fulfill these requirements. The invertebrate phylum Tardigrada includes many anhydrobiotic species, which are adapted to survive in very dry or cold environmental conditions. As a likely by-product of the adaptations for desiccation and freezing, tardigrades also show a very high tolerance to a number of other, unnatural conditions, including exposure to ionizing radiation. This makes tardigrades an interesting candidate for experimental exposure to open space. This paper reviews the tolerances that make tardigrades suitable for astrobiological studies and the reported radiation tolerance in other anhydrobiotic animals. Several studies have shown that tardigrades can survive gamma-irradiation well above 1 kilogray, and desiccated and hydrated (active) tardigrades respond similarly to irradiation. Thus, tolerance is not restricted to the dry anhydrobiotic state, and I discuss the possible involvement of an efficient, but yet undocumented, mechanism for DNA repair. Other anhydrobiotic animals (Artemia, Polypedium), when dessicated, show a higher tolerance to gamma-irradiation than hydrated animals, possibly due to the presence of high levels of the protective disaccharide trehalose in the dry state. Tardigrades and other anhydrobiotic animals provide a unique opportunity to study the effects of space exposure on metabolically inactive but vital metazoans.     

Physiological changes induced in bacteria following pH stress as a model for space research

The physiology of the environmental bacterium Cupriavidus metallidurans CH34 (previously Ralstonia metallidurans) is being studied in comparison to the clinical model bacterium Escherichia coli in order to understand its behaviour and resistance under extreme conditions (pH, temperature, etc.). This knowledge is of importance in the light of the potential use and interest of this strain for space biology and bioremediation.Flow cytometry provides powerful means to measure a wide range of cell characteristics in microbiological research. In order to estimate physiological changes associated with pH stress, flow cytometry was employed to estimate the extent of damage on cell size, membrane integrity and potential, and production of superoxides in the two bacterial strains.Suspensions of C. metallidurans and E. coli were submitted to a 1-h pH stress (2 to 12). For flow cytometry, fluorochromes, including propidium iodide, 3, $3^{\prime }$-dihexyloxacarbocyanine iodide and hydroethidine were chosen as analytical parameters for identifying the physiological state and the overall fitness of individual cells. A physiologic state of the bacterial population was assessed with a Coulter EPICS XL analyser based on the differential uptakes of these fluorescent stains.C. metallidurans cells exhibited a different staining intensity than E. coli cells. For both bacterial strains, the physiological status was only slightly affected between pH 6 and 8 in comparison with pH 7 which represents the reference pH. Moderate physiological damage could be observed at pH 4 and 5 as well as at pH 9 in both strains. At pH 2, 10 and 12, membrane permeability and potential and superoxide anion production were increased to high levels showing dramatic physiological changes.It is apparent that a range of significant physiological alterations occurs after pH stress. Fluorescent staining methods coupled with flow cytometry are useful and complementary for monitoring physiological changes induced not only by pH stress but also temperature and oxidative stress, radiation, pressure as well as space stress.     

空间超高速撞击碎片云前端速度的预测模型

文章利用一组二级轻气炮发射2017-T4 铝质球形弹丸撞击6061-T6单层铝板的地面试验数据,通过选择适当的函数模型,采用多元函数拟合的方法,得到了碎片云前端速度与靶板厚度、弹丸直径和弹丸速度关系的三元二阶多项式模型。再用另外一组数据对该模型进行检验,验证了其对碎片云前端速度具有较好的预测效果。将以上两组数据同样用于建立“无量纲化”模型进行碎片云前端速度预测,并与前述多项式模型的预测结果进行比较发现,该多项式模型预测的方均根误差及平均相对误差均明显优于“无量纲化”模型。该多项式模型可用于预测空间碎片撞击航天器产生的碎片云的前端速度,有助于航天器的空间碎片防护设计。     

Funding for space - private finance for public space missions?

Private users of space capability are used to buying a service, not a spacecraft. The supplier builds, launches and operates the spacecraft and the users only pay for the service that they receive. Publicly funded users could benefit from the same approach. Transferring responsibility for the success of the mission to a true prime contractor who is best able to manage technical and programme risks can lead to significant reductions in costs and timescales, but demands changes in attitudes by governments, users, industry and space agencies.