Robust Navier-Stokes method for predicting unsteady flowfield and aerodynamic characteristics of helicopter rotor

A robust unsteady rotor flowfield solver CLORNS code is established to predict the complex unsteady aerodynamic characteristics of rotor flowfield. In order to handle the difficult problem about grid generation around rotor with complex aerodynamic shape in this CFD code,a parameterized grid generated method is established, and the moving-embedded grids are constructed by several proposed universal methods. In this work, the unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS) equations with Spalart-Allmaras are selected as the governing equations to predict the unsteady flowfield of helicopter rotor. The discretization of convective fluxes is accomplished by employing the second-order central difference scheme, third-order MUSCL-Roe scheme, and fifth-order WENO-Roe scheme. Aimed at simulating the unsteady aerodynamic characteristics of helicopter rotor, the dual-time scheme with implicit LU-SGS scheme is employed to accomplish the temporal discretization. In order to improve the computational efficiency of holecells and donor elements searching of the moving-embedded grid technology, the ‘‘disturbance diffraction method" and ‘‘minimum distance scheme of donor elements method" are established in this work. To improve the computational efficiency, Message Passing Interface(MPI) parallel method based on subdivision of grid, local preconditioning method and Full Approximation Storage(FAS) multi-grid method are combined in this code. By comparison of the numerical results simulated by CLORNS code with test data, it is illustrated that the present code could simulate the aerodynamic loads and aerodynamic noise characteristics of helicopter rotor accurately.     

Aeroacoustic and aerodynamic optimization of propeller blades

It is of great significance to develop a high-efficiency and low-noise propeller optimization method for new-generation propeller aircraft design.Coupled with free form deformation method, dynamic mesh interpolation technology, optimization algorithm, surrogate model, aerodynamic calculation and aeroacoustic prediction model module, the integrated aerodynamic and aeroacoustic design method of propeller is built.The optimization design for the six-blade propeller is carried out.The non-reduction ...     

Numerical study on flow fields and aerodynamics of tilt rotor aircraft in conversion mode based on embedded grid and actuator model

A method combining rotor actuator disk model and embedded grid technique is presented in this paper, aimed at predicting the flow fields and aerodynamic characteristics of tilt rotor aircraft in conversion mode more efficiently and effectively. In this method, rotor's influence is considered in terms of the momentum it impacts to the fluid around it; transformation matrixes among different coordinate systems are deduced to extend actuator method's utility to conversion mode flow fields' calculation. Meanwhile, an embedded grid system is designed, in which grids generated around fuselage and actuator disk are regarded as background grid and minor grid respectively, and a new method is presented for ‘donor searching' and ‘hole cutting' during grid assembling. Based on the above methods, flow fields of tilt rotor aircraft in conversion mode are simulated, with threedimensional Navier–Stokes equations discretized by a second-order upwind finite-volume scheme and an implicit lower–upper symmetric Gauss–Seidel(LU-SGS) time-stepping scheme. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed CFD method is very effective in simulating the conversion mode flow fields of tilt rotor aircraft.     

Application of a PCA-DBN-based surrogate model to robust aerodynamic design optimization

An efficient method employing a Principal Component Analysis(PCA)-Deep Belief Network(DBN)-based surrogate model is developed for robust aerodynamic design optimization in this study. In order to reduce the number of design variables for aerodynamic optimizations, the PCA technique is implemented to the geometric parameters obtained by parameterization method.For the purpose of predicting aerodynamic parameters, the DBN model is established with the reduced design variables as input and the aero...     

Numerical simulation of aerodynamic interaction for a tilt rotor aircraft in helicopter mode

A rotor CFD solver is developed for simulating the aerodynamic interaction phenomenon among rotor, wing and fuselage of a tilt rotor aircraft in its helicopter mode. The unsteady Navier–Stokes equations are discretized in inertial frame and embedded grid system is adopted for describing the relative motion among blades and nacelle/wing/fuselage. A combination of multi-layer embedded grid and ‘‘extended hole fringe" technique is complemented in original grid system to tackle grid assembly difficulties arising from the narrow space among different aerodynamic components, and to improve the interpolation precision by decreasing the cell volume discrepancy among different grid blocks. An overall donor cell searching and automatic hole cutting technique is used for grid assembly, and the solution processes are speeded up by introduction of Open MP parallel method. Based on this solver, flow fields and aerodynamics of a tilt rotor aircraft in hover are simulated with several rotor collective angles, and the corresponding states of an isolated rotor and rotor/wing/fuselage model are also computed to obtain reference solution.Aerodynamic interference influences among the rotor and wing/fuselage/nacelle are analyzed,and some meaningful conclusions are drawn.     

Aerodynamic optimization design of general parameters for cycloidal propeller in hover based on surrogate model

A surrogate-model-based aerodynamic optimization design method for cycloidal propeller in hover was proposed, in order to improve its aerodynamic efficiency, and analyze the basic criteria for its aerodynamic optimization design. The reliability and applicability of overset mesh method were verified. An optimization method based on Kriging surrogate model was proposed to optimize the geometric parameters for cycloidal propeller in hover with the use of genetic algorithm. The optimization results showed that the thrust coefficient was increased by 3.56%, the torque coefficient reduced by 12.05%, and the figure of merit (FM) increased by 19.93%. The optimization results verified the feasibility of this design idea. Although the optimization was only carried out at a single rotation speed, the aerodynamic efficiency was also significantly improved over a wide range of rotation speeds. The optimal configuration characteristics for micro and small-sized cycloidal propeller were: solidity of 0.2-0.22, maximum pitch angle of 25°-35°, pitch axis locating at 35%-45% of the blade chord length.      

Aerodynamic design optimization of nacelle/pylon position on an aircraft

The arbitrary space-shape free form deformation (FFD) method developed in this paper is based on non-uniform rational B-splines (NURBS) basis function and used for the integral parameterization of nacelle-pylon geometry. The multi-block structured grid deformation technique is established by Delaunay graph mapping method. The optimization objects of aerodynamic characteristics are evaluated by solving NavierStokes equations on the basis of multi-block structured grid. The advanced particle swarm optimization (PSO) is utilized as search algorithm, which com-bines the Kriging model as surrogate model during optimization. The optimization system is used for optimizing the nacelle location of DLR-F6 wing-body-pylon-nacelle. The results indicate that the aerodynamic interference between the parts is significantly reduced. The optimization design system established in this paper has extensive applications and engineering value.     

A gradient-based method assisted by surrogate model for robust optimization of turbomachinery blades

The design optimization taking into account the impact of uncertainties favors improving the robustness of the design. A Surrogate-Assisted Gradient-Based(SAGB) method for the robust aerodynamic design optimization of turbomachinery blades considering large-scale uncertainty is introduced, verified and validated in the study. The gradient-based method is employed due to its high optimization efficiency and any one surrogate model with sufficient response accuracy can be employed to quantify the ...     

Numerical analysis on noise of rotor with unconventional blade tips based on CFD/Kirchhoff method

A solver is developed aiming at efficiently predicting rotor noise in hover and forward flight. In this solver, the nonlinear near-field solutions are calculated by a hybrid approach which includes the Navier-Stokes and Euler equations based on a moving-embedded grid system and adaptive grid methodology. A combination of the third-order upwind scheme and flux-difference splitting scheme, instead of the second-order center-difference scheme which may cause larger wake dissipation, has been employed in the present computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method. The sound pressure data in the near field can be calculated directly by solving the Navier-Stokes equations, and the sound propagation can be predicted by the Kirchhoff method. A harmonic expansion approach is presented for rotor far-field noise prediction, which gives an analytical expression for the integral function in the Kirchhoff formula. As a result, the interpolation process is simplified and the efficiency and accuracy of the interpolation are improved. Then, the high-speed impulsive (HIS) noise of a helicopter rotor at different tip Mach numbers and on different observers is calculated and analyzed in hover and forward flight, which shows a highly directional characteristic of the rotor HIS noise with a maximum value in the rotor plane, and the HSI noise weakens rapidly with the increasing of the directivity angle. In order to investigate the effects of the rotor blade-tip shape on its aeroacoustic characteristics, four kinds of blade tips are designed and their noise characteristics have been simulated. At last, a new unconventional CLOR-II blade tip has been designed, and the noise characteristics of the presented CLOR-II model rotor have been simulated and measured compared to the reference rotors with a rectangular or swept-back platform blade tip. The results demonstrate that the unconventional CLOR-II blade tip can significantly reduce the HSI noise of a rotor.     

A coupling VWM/CFD/CSD method for rotor airload prediction

A coupling fluid-structure method with a combination of viscous wake model(VWM),computational fluid dynamics(CFD) and comprehensive structural dynamics(CSD) modules is developed in this paper for rotor unsteady airload prediction. The hybrid VWM/CFD solver is employed to model the nonlinear aerodynamic phenomena and complicated rotor wake dynamics;the moderate deflection beam theory is implemented to predict the blade structural deformation; the loose coupling strategy based on the ‘delt method' is used to couple the fluid and structure solvers.Several cases of Helishape 7A rotor are performed first to investigate the effect of elastic deformation on airloads. Then, two challenging forward flight conditions of UH-60 A helicopter rotor are investigated, and the simulated results of wake geometry, chordwise pressure distribution and sectional normal force show excellent agreement with available test data; a comparison with traditional CFD/CSD method is also presented to illustrate the efficiency of the developed method.     

一种可变形跨介质航行器气动/水动特性分析

由于海水和空气物理性质存在巨大差异,航行器很难以单一外形满足在两种环境下的航行要求.为此,提出一种通过改变外形来实现水空介质跨越的航行器,并通过计算流体力学对其空中和水中两种外形的气动/水动特性进行研究.仿真结果表明,通过改变外形,航行器能够同时满足水下航行和空中飞行的要求.水下航行时,航行器在较小的仰角范围内通过收缩机翼减小阻力;空中飞行时,通过展开机翼增大升力.     

火焰射流在横向气流中喷射特性的试验

研究了火焰射流垂直喷射到横向气流中的喷射特性.试验在常温常压下进行,研究了横向主流和射流流动参数对火焰射流穿透深度和温度特性的影响规律,得到了火焰射流温度分布随主流速度的变化规律及射流透入深度与动量比之间的经验关系式.研究结果表明,沿着射流轨迹方向射流温度逐渐降低,射流边界变宽.火焰射流的穿透深度随动量比的增大而增大.在相同的动量比下,火焰射流的穿透深度比常温射流的穿透深度大.      

水/一氧化二氮组合式SteamJet发动机性能研究

为研究水/一氧化二氮组合式射流预冷却涡轮（SteamJet）发动机性能,在建立了射流预冷却的热交换系统计算、物性修正计算、发动机部件特性修正计算和含一氧化二氮的燃烧室计算的数学模型的基础上,建立了基于双轴混排加力式涡扇发动机的水/一氧化二氮组合式SteamJet发动机性能计算模型。在最大加力状态控制规律下,计算分析了SteamJet发动机在水与一氧化二氮不同配比下沿飞行轨道的特性,以及水/一氧化二氮组合式SteamJet发动机的高度速度特性;计算分析了进气系统特性对SteamJet发动机特性的影响。结果表明：与单喷水预冷却的SteamJet发动机相比,水/一氧化二氮组合式SteamJet发动机具有更好的燃烧稳定性和推力特性,能够满足高超声速飞行的需求。     

交流伺服系统特性分析与测试

分析了交流伺服系统的基本原理和电气性能特点。介绍了交流伺服系统主要性能评价指标和测试方法。据此,根据GB/T 16439—2009《交流伺服系统通用技术条件》中交流伺服系统试验测试的要求和特点,设计和搭建了用于交流伺服系统测试用的平台,并且介绍了在该平台实现交流伺服系统性能试验的方法。测试系统的设计实现为类似试验站的研制提供了重要参考。     

数据采集系统动态特性的总体评价

数据采集系统动态特性的辨识和评价,是其总体性能评价中至关重要的一个目标。本文通过选取几个相互比较独立的指标来总体描述数据采集系统的动态特性,然后通过几个特殊的模型化方法将其动态特性分别以动态有效位数、传递函数、阶跃响应曲线和幅频特性、相频特性的方式给出,从而解决了数据采集系统动态特性的总体评价问题。     

基于 Maxwell的高压直流接触器静态和动态特性仿真

为了对某直流接触器的动作性能进行更加深入地了解和优化,对其静态、动态特性进行了分析。首先,论述了直流接触器的静态特性,根据该接触器的动作过程建立了反力方程,通过 Maxwell软件分析了静态特性的吸反力曲线;然后,对接触器的动态特性进行理论分析,并通过 Maxwell软件计算了动态特性的吸反力曲线、速度特性、位移特性及电流特性;最后,通过试验验证仿真结果。     

某型高级教练机尾旋特性预测研究

首先,利用各种判据分析了某型高级教练机的失速偏离特性和尾旋敏感性,建立了尾旋运动的动力学模型;其次,分析比较了两种尾旋运动的分解方法,并在此基础上建立了气动力数学模型;最后,对某型高级教练机尾旋时间历程进行了数值仿真,结果表明,基于Kalviste运动分解并结合大迎角静态、旋转天平及强迫振荡试验数据,可以较准确地预测飞...     

燃气轮机空气雾化喷嘴工作特性研究及火焰筒头部数值模拟

对某燃气轮机空气雾化喷嘴的工作特性进行了试验研究,得到了该喷嘴的供油特性、喷雾锥角的变化特点和液滴尺寸及分布规律;模拟了地面中间工作状态下该喷嘴的火焰筒,计算了火焰筒中油滴的轨迹、头部的空气流场和浓度场。     

阻旋栅对密封静力与动力特性影响的数值分析与实验研究

密封动力特性对旋转机械转子系统稳定性影响较大,在密封入口端部设置阻旋栅是提高密封稳定性的有效方法。设计加工了无/有阻旋栅共5种密封结构,从数值分析与实验研究两个方面研究阻旋栅对密封静力与动力特性的影响规律。建立阻旋栅密封静力特性CFD理论模型,数值分析阻旋栅对密封泄漏量、切向速度以及周向压力分布的影响;应用不平衡同频激励法实验研究阻旋栅对密封动力特性的影响。研究结果表明:阻旋栅可降低密封的泄漏量,减小密封内流体的切向速度,进而降低密封内流体的周向压力差,且随着阻旋栅周向稠度与径向长度的增加,这种作用逐渐增大,这是阻旋栅抑制气流激振力的主要原因;预旋是密封产生交叉刚度的重要因素,密封的交叉刚度随进出口压比与转速的增加而增大;阻旋栅可有效降低密封的交叉刚度,增加密封的主阻尼,提高密封的稳定性。本文研究揭示了阻旋栅抑制密封气流激振力的机理,为设计阻旋栅密封提供理论依据。     

冲压翼伞流场与气动操纵特性的数值模拟

采用有限体积法求解shear stress transport(SST) k-ω二方程湍流模型下的Navier-Stokes(N-S)控制方程,对冲压翼伞的气动特性进行数值模拟,分析翼伞的流场机理和气动操纵特性.模拟得到的升阻特性与试验数据较吻合,在此基础上分析前缘切口、弧形下反以及稳定幅对升阻特性的影响.通过软件Fluent实现了非定常流动模拟,研究了翼伞的非定常升力特性,其升力系数的脉动受脱体涡的非定常过程影响,当迎角为16°时,翼伞升力变化周期为0.36s.最后分析了翼伞稳定滑翔阶段的纵向静稳定性,相比于单边后缘下拉方式,通过闭合翼伞一侧进气口实现航向操纵更稳定有效.