器件串联电阻对脉冲电流结温测试方法影响研究

半导体器件电学法结温测试过程中,校温过程同测温过程的热分布状态存在差异,导致串联电阻阻值不一致,是影响脉冲电流方法结温测试准确性的重要原因.以功率二极管为研究对象,通过搭建脉冲电流结温测量装置,对器件整体及主要串联电阻温升进行了电学测试,并利用红外测试手段进行了验证.结果显示,键合线同芯片存在显著温度差异,其串联电阻的...     

热反射测温系统测温准确度验证方法研究

针对热反射测温系统测温准确度验证结果不准确的问题,提出了一种热反射测温系统测温准确度的验证方法.采用以Si为衬底,利用半导体工艺制备金薄膜电阻,通过制作夹具,键合薄膜电阻与夹具的方式研制出验证电阻件.使用温控平台在30～100℃温度下对其进行温度系数考核,结果表明电阻件的阻值与温度有良好的线性关系.通过热电法计算出电阻...     

空间多层打孔隔热材料热分析数值方法研究

分析了空间多层打孔隔热材料中导热和辐射换热的复合传热问题,建立了关于反射屏的能量方程。结合有限差分法,提出了空间多层打孔隔热材料反射屏瞬态温度计算的模型以及内部辐射数值分析模型,空间环境作为整个模拟中的一个屏,使模型的边界条件方便处理。将该模型的预测结果与文献中相似工况下的预测值和实验值进行比较,说明了该模型在工程中应用的可行性。另一算例的计算结果说明了空间多层打孔隔热材料的瞬态温度、漏热热流变化特点以及反射屏温度分布特点。该模型为多层打孔隔热材料热结构性能研究以及优化设计提供了理论基础。     

瞬态平面热源法热物理性能测量准确度和适用范围的标定——常温下标准Pyroceram 9606材料热物理性能测量

瞬态平面热源法作为一种非稳态热物理性能测试技术,其测量范围、测量准确度和试验参数的确定是正确评价和应用这种测试技术的前提条件。详细介绍了瞬态平面热源法的测量原理以及常温下的测量装置,描述了采用Pyroceram 9606热物理性能标准材料研究瞬态平面热源法在实际测试中各种试验参数对测量准确度的影响,并由此考察这种测试方法和测试装置的测量准确度。     

瞬态平面热源法热物理性能测量准确度和适用范围的标定——常温下标准材料Vespel^TM SP1的热物理性能对比测试

瞬态平面热源法作为一种非稳态热物理性能测试技术,其测量范围、测量准确度和试验参数的确定是正确评价和应用这种测试技术的前提条件.详细描述了采用瞬态平面热源法测量装置对热物理性能标准材料VespelTM SP1所进行的比对测试,并由此考察这种测试方法和测试装置的测量准确度和适用范围.     

吸热碳氢燃料热沉测量实验装置的设计与性能测试

为了测定吸热碳氢燃料在不同温度条件下的总吸热量(热沉),以便于对吸热碳氢燃料进行筛选,研制了一套适合于高温下热沉测量的实验装置。该装置主要由进样计量、载气输送、加热控温、反应量热和产物分析五部分组成。对反应管轴向温度分布进行了测定,实验装置的工作温度范围在500℃-900℃,各温度下恒温区域长达440 mm,恒温区内温度梯度不大于3℃;利用电能标定的方法测定了装置的量热常数,并用纯物质(N2)作为样品对装置的准确度进行了校准,求解仪器量热常数的工作曲线的线性相关系数在0.999 7以上,氮气热沉测定值与理论值基本吻合,表明该装置测定结果可靠、测量准确度高,装置的设计符合T ian’s方程,可用于吸热碳氢燃料热沉的实验测定,为吸热碳氢燃料的研究提供了较可靠的热化学数据。     

星载铷钟组件的热设计与热仿真

为保证在相应运行环境下星载铷钟的可靠性,对其关键组件热支撑结构、大功率器件分布等方面进行了热设计,并利用ANSYS进行了仿真分析。通过热设计和热仿真分析,避免了热流密度迅速升高,确保了大功率器件可以在正常的工作范围内工作,实现了整机的热可靠性。     

小卫星瞬态热分析模型修正方法

为解决参数分类和构建最小误差目标函数中瞬态温度时域过程的表达问题,分别定义了瞬态温度时均量和波动量对修正参数敏感度和分析值与试验值间瞬态温度均方差。利用蒙特卡洛混合方法对敏感参数进行分层修正的结果表明,修正前后瞬态温度分析值与试验值间误差由8%~16%降低至5%以下,分析值的时均量及波动量均有明显改善,且该结果被修正中未使用的试验数据所验证。这说明了修正中瞬态温度描述方式对改善瞬态热分析精度有效,蒙特卡洛混合法分层修正合理可行。     

引脚式表面贴装元件的数值热分析

建立了四边引线塑料扁平封装(PQFP, Plastic Quad Flat Package)数值热模拟的详细模型和简化模型,实验验证了这两种模型的模拟精度.对PQFP在机载恶劣环境下的稳态热性能进行了研究,分析了影响元件内、外热阻的各种因素.结果表明,内部采用多层结构设计是改善PQFP元件热性能的最佳方案,而在采用强迫空气冷却时,空气速度不应大于5m/s.对承受脉冲形式热载荷和环境温度随时间变化两种情况下的PQFP元件进行了瞬态热特性研究,获得了芯片结点温度随时间变化的曲线,可用于研究元件因过热引起的热应变、热损坏和电信号失真,为改进和优化元件热设计提供科学依据.      

高空高速无人飞行器热控制系统设计

针对飞行时间短、速度和高度变化快、表面温度波动大的无人飞行器UAV(Unmanned Aerial Vehicles)热控制系统设计难题,提出了一种可解决实际工程问题的热分析计算方法.即把热天工况、冷天工况和标准天工况作为设计/试验工况;采用参考温度法、高超音速工程预测法或计算流体动力学CFD(Computational Fluid Dynamics)数值模拟法,确定了飞行器表面温度分布,并把其作为后续热分析数学模型的外边界条件;分析结构热容量对瞬态热载荷的影响,建立与之相应的边值问题方程,并采用有限差分法求解;根据高空高速飞行特点及瞬态热载荷值,确定仪器设备舱调温系统方案.     

瞬态传热问题的微分求积和精细积分求解方法

给出了瞬态传热问题的高效高精度求解方法,该方法分别用微分求积法(DQM)和精细积分法(PIM)离散空间域和时间域.微分求积方法除了精度高、效率高之外,处理复杂边界条件的灵活性也优于有限元法(FEM).用精细积分法处理一阶瞬态传热微分控制方程,不需要增加额外自由度,还可以达到计算机精度.给出了隔热结构4种边界条件下的数值结果.并就上表面恒温、其他面绝热边界条件计算结果与有限元分析结果进行了对比,算例分析表明,采用微分求积和精细积分法布置少量的节点就可以达到较高的精度.      

Thermal structure of the Martian atmosphere retrieved from the IR spectrometry in the 15 μm CO2 band: input to MIRA

This paper describes one of the sources of the data concerning the thermal structure of the Martian atmosphere, based on the thermal IR spectrometry method. It allows to investigate the Martian atmosphere below 55 km by retrieving the temperature profiles from the 15 μm CO₂ band. This approach enables to reach the vertical resolution of several kilometers and the temperature accuracy of several Kelvins. An aerosol abundance, which influences the temperature profile, is obtained from the continuum of the same spectrum parallel with the temperature profile and is taken into account in the temperature retrieval procedure in a self consistent way. Although this method has the limited vertical resolution, it possesses a significant advantage: the thermal IR spectrometry allows to monitor the temperature profiles with a good coverage both in space and local time. The Planetary Fourier spectrometer on board of Mars Express has the spectral range from 250 to 8000 cm⁻¹ and a high spectral resolution of about 2 cm⁻¹. Vertical temperature profiles retrieval is one of the main scientific goals of the experiment. The important data are expected to be obtained on the vertical thermal structure of the atmosphere, and its dependence on latitude, longitude, season, local time, clouds and dust loadings. These results should give a significant input in the future MIRA, being included in the Chapter “Structure of the atmosphere from the surface to 100 km”.     

同步轨道遥感器热设计和热分析

为解决遥感器在同步轨道环境温度场分析中热传导与热辐射的综合处理问题,热传导模型温度计算采用控制容积方法建立有限差分方程;热辐射模型采用奥本海姆方法计算设备表面单元之间辐射换热;根据是否被遮挡,辐射换热中表面单元角系数的计算分别采用积分和数值方法。计算结果表明,采用上述方法进行温度场分析能够有效解决热传导模型与热辐射模型的耦合,求解精度较高,遥感器设备部件稳态分析温度分布和在轨瞬态分析温度曲线变化清楚,可作为进一步精密热控设计的依据。     

适用于月面高温环境的嫦娥三号地形地貌相机热设计

“嫦娥三号暠月面探测器上安装的地形地貌相机工作时直接暴露在月面高温环境下,受月表红外辐射影响很大,给热控设计带来很大难题。为解决设备工作时的高温问题,在外热流分析的基础上提出了以“最佳散热位置暠为核心的热控方案,设备处于“最佳散热位置暠时能够获得较好的初始温度和最快的降温速率;另外通过把散热面布置在月表红外辐射热流最小的位置并在除散热面以外的其他表面包覆多层隔热组件这两个措施,可以最大程度减小月表红外辐射的影响。地形地貌相机在轨开机工作前的各飞行阶段遥测数据均满足存储温度指标要求并且有较大余量;开机工作环拍一周的遥测数据满足工作温度指标要求并且与热分析结果符合较好,初始温度与遥测温度数据偏差为-1灡7曟,温升速率和降温速率偏差分别为14灡9%和16灡9%。这表明该热控方案正确可行,可为后续中国深空探测类似热控问题参考。     

A method in near-surface estimation of air temperature (NEAT) in times following the satellite passing time using MODIS images

Air temperature is one of the most important parameters in environmental, agricultural and water resources studies. This information is not usually always available at the required temporal and spatial resolution. The air temperature is measured at a fixed point in the meteorological stations which are dispersed and may not have the appropriate spatial resolution needed for many applications. On the other hand, MODIS satellite images have relatively acceptable spatial resolution specially for use in environmental studies. There is a methodology with which the near surface air temperature can be extracted from MODIS images at the satellite passing time with an acceptable accuracy. The goal in this study is to find a way to predict the air temperature in times after/before the satellite passing time. The procedure consists of two steps. In the first step, the relationship between the air temperature at a time in a synoptic station and the air temperature in other times up to 5 h later were modeled. In the second step, using these built up relationships, the air temperature extracted from the satellite image at the passing time was extrapolated to the next hours. Finally, the results of this extrapolation method were evaluated using the air temperatures measured at those hours and in the pixels containing some other meteorological stations. The error of the method when applied to a relatively homogeneous surface cover was about 1.5 °C. This error when applied to the next hours, was below 2 °C up to 5 h after satellite passing time. This method can be useful in some agricultural and horticultural applications in which both the spatial and temporal resolution are needed simultaneously. This product is a useful tool for frost prediction, a phenomenon that usually happens at night or early in the morning.     

真空条件下多孔平板发汗冷却试验研究

发汗冷却是解决高速飞行器关键部位热防护问题的有效途径。以不同材料的多孔平板为研究对象,以水为冷却剂,利用自行设计搭建的试验平台对多孔平板发汗冷却过程进行瞬态试验测量,得到了不同热流加热环境下不同材料多孔平板内外壁温度变化,并分析冷却剂对不同材料的冷却效果。结果表明:发汗冷却极大降低了多孔平板内外壁温度,起到了有效的主动热防护作用。对于镍、铜金属多孔平板,保持冷却剂水流量约3.5 g/s,在热流密度小于120 kW/m2的条件下,多孔平板内外壁温度稳定在30~50℃。对于陶瓷多孔平板,保持冷却剂水流量约0.32 g/s,在热流密度小于220 kW/m2的条件下,多孔平板内外壁温度基本稳定在30~40℃。在高热流密度315 kW/m2的条件下,对于镍、铜金属和陶瓷多孔平板,发汗冷却时平板内壁温度变化不大,外壁温度分别稳定在约260℃、110℃和130℃。外壁冷却剂处于完全汽化状态,且冷却剂汽化相变位置在多孔平板内部。若无发汗冷却,多孔平板内外壁温度快速升高,其平衡温度较有发汗冷却时大幅提高,进一步表明发汗冷却的巨大应用潜力。      

Upwards migration phenomenon on molten lunar regolith: New challenges and prospects for ISRU

As part of our research on the feasibility of producing commodities from lunar regolith by thermal-driven processes with minimal terrestrial precursors we need to characterize, reproduce, and understand thermophysical properties of the molten regolith still unforeseen under the lunar vacuum conditions at a scalable sample size. Two unanticipated phenomena, apparently caused by lunar melt’s surface tension under vacuum, have been revealed in our research work, vacuum void formation and upwards migration. In this paper we present our findings and thinkable explanation on the upwards migration phenomenon experimentally observed and consistently replicated as JSC-1A lunar regolith simulant melted at high vacuum. Upwards migration of molten lunar regolith will make future lunar ISRU’s melting processes both challenging as molten bulk material would migrate upwards along the container’s walls, and also promising on new opportunities for alternative ISRU’s sustainable processes as regolith’s upwards migration takes place in uniformed thin-film pattern. Among the potential ISRU’s processes that might use controlled thermal thin-film-based migration without the necessity of terrestrial precursors are production of feedstock for 3D printing, fractional separation of regolith’s component’s (O₂, metals, and alloys) via pyrolysis, film coating, purification of valuables solid crystals including silicon, and fabrication of key elements for microfluidic, and MEMS devices. Thermal upwards migration phenomenon on JSC-1A’s melt is formulated and explained by the authors as due to thermal Marangoni effect (also known as thermo-capillarity) in which temperature gradients within the melt’s bulk and along the crucible’s wall yield the surface tension large enough to supersede the gravitational force and yield the experimentally observed upwards thin-film migration. As far as the authors know, upwards thermal migration of molten JSC-1A (or other lunar simulant regolith) under vacuum has not been reported in the literature. A thermal mathematical model accounting for thermal Marangoni effect on molten JSC-1A agrees with what experimentally was observed, the formation of the meniscus on the melt-wall surface interface along with an incipient upwards migration in thin-film pattern along the crucible wall that, according to the model, experiences large temperature gradient, an important factor to trigger the thermal Marangoni effect along with the fact that surface tension of the molten lunar regolith material is temperature dependent.     

A comparison of different regression models for downscaling Landsat and MODIS land surface temperature images over heterogeneous landscape

Remotely sensed high spatial resolution thermal images are required for various applications in natural resource management. At present, availability of high spatial resolution (<200 m) thermal images are limited. The temporal resolution of such images is also low. Whereas, coarser spatial resolution (∼1000 m) thermal images with high revisiting capability (∼1 day) are freely available. To bridge this gap, present study attempts to downscale coarser spatial resolution thermal image to finer spatial resolution using relationships between land surface temperature (LST) and vegetation indices over a heterogeneous landscape of India. Five regression based models namely (i) Disaggregation of Radiometric Temperature (DisTrad), (ii) Temperature Sharpening (TsHARP), (iii) TsHARP with local variant, (iv) Least median square regression downscaling (LMS_DS) and (v) Pace regression downscaling (PR_DS) are applied to downscale LST of Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and Terra MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) images. All the five models are first evaluated on Landsat image aggregated to 960 m resolution and downscaled to 480 m and 240 m resolution. The downscale accuracy is achieved using LMS_DS and PR_DS models at 240 m resolution at 0.61 °C and 0.75 °C respectively. MODIS data downscaled from 1000 m to 250 m spatial resolution results root mean square error (RMSE) of 1.43 °C and 1.62 °C for LMS_DS and PR_DS models, respectively. The LMS_DS model is less sensitive to outliers in heterogeneous landscape and provides higher accuracy when compared to other models. Downscaling model is found to be suitable for agricultural and vegetated landscapes up to a spatial resolution of 250 m but not applicable to water bodies, dry river bed sand sandy open areas.     

Substitution of satellite-based land surface temperature defective data using GSP method

Land surface temperature (LST) as an important environmental variable provides valuable information for earth environmental system modelling. Currently, LST is obtained through satellite thermal sensors at various spatial and temporal resolutions. Although spatially continuous satellite-based LST measurements are intended to overcome the shortcomings of sparse ground-based LST measurements, LST images often contain anomalous values due to the existence of clouds or sensor malfunctioning. The problem becomes more serious where the users deal with high spatial resolution characterized by low temporal resolution. This study examines the capability of a newly developed graph signal processing (GSP) method using two-dimensional single-date thermal data. For this purpose, four Landsat/TIRS datasets are analyzed. The data of five elliptical regions on thermal images are eliminated and then reconstructed through the GSP method and using the LST values of the enclosing rectangles containing the ellipsoids. The results indicate that the temperature variation determined by the GSP method generally conforms to the original image LST values. According to a correlation test conducted on the original image LST and those obtained through the GSP method, the values vary from 58% to 95%, which is an above-the-average rate (RMSE from 0.69 to 2.27). The statistical analysis of the original image LST in both the elliptical regions and the enclosing rectangles containing the ellipsoids indicates that an increase in the variance of LST data causes an increased error in the calculation of temperature by the GSP method, and vice versa. The results of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan test indicated that an increase in the number of the non-zero spectral bins would result in increased RMSE values for all the dates and the regions. Moreover, the model errors were significant at the 0.05 level across all the image date and five elliptical study regions. Based on the results, the use of this method is recommended for the reconstruction of LST missing values, where dissimilarity of atmospheric conditions limits the use of other methods that depend on the time series data of various dates and a great deal of data calculation.     

铝合金2A12在热冲击条件下的力学性能

测试并确定航空航天材料在复杂高速热冲击条件下的强度极限等关键参数,对于航空航天材料和结构的可靠性评定、寿命预测以及高速飞行器的安全设计具有重要的意义.针对强度设计手册中没有航空航天材料在高速热冲击环境下的强度极限等表征参数的现状,使用自行研制的高速飞行器瞬态气动热试验模拟系统,对铝合金材料2A12在多种不同的瞬态热冲击条件下,进行气动加热模拟与热载联合试验研究,得到在瞬态热、力学环境的共同作用下铝合金2A12材料的强度极限等力学性能变化状况.为研究分析航空航天材料和结构在高速热冲击环境下的承载能力和结构减重提供可靠依据.