A Geometrical Model for Glide Path Measurement and Site Evaluation

A geometrical model has been developed to permit accurate and detailed characterization of the instrument landing system (ILS) null reference glide path. The model utilizes a simplified CW measuring system operating at a frequency of 9.375 GHz, which corresponds to a wavelength scaling factor of approximately 30:1. An overall accuracy of 0.01° has been demonstrated for the model facility with an "ideal" ground surface, and satisfactory agreement has been obtained between model and flight test measurements for an existing nonflat glide path site. Geometrical modelling has potential advantages over other approaches in accuracy, economy, measuring convenience, and ability to assess proposed terrain modifications.     

霜状冰结冰数值模拟研究

提出了一种三维霜冰结冰的数值模拟方法。基于欧拉-拉格朗日法计算空气-水滴两相流流场,获得了表面水滴撞击特性以及撞击量,求解质量守恒和能量守恒方程获得网格单元内的结冰量,三维霜冰的结冰计算程序采用用户自定义（UDF）编写,FLUENT提供的动网格功能实现了结冰后的网格重构。计算了4°攻角,液态水含量为1 g/m3,水滴直径20μm,结冰时间6 min,温度分别为-19.4°和-28.3°时NACA0012翼型的结冰,并与相关文献结果进行了对比,计算结果与文献实验结果吻合较好,验证了方法的合理性和可靠性。分析了不同的粒径、液态水含量、来流速度等对撞击特性以及结冰的影响,随着粒径、来流速度的增加,水滴收集系数、撞击区和结冰厚度增大,随着液态水含量的增加,水滴收集系数和撞击区是不变的,但是结冰厚度增加。     

直升机旋翼涂敷吸波材料减缩RCS试验研究

翼面类部件的RCS减缩始终是飞行器隐身研究的重要课题,在微波暗室对某直升机旋翼金属模型和涂敷吸波材料模型进行测试研究。在金属旋翼模型表面涂敷1 mm厚吸波材料,可以在8~18 GHz、HH极化下,将其RCS的峰值减缩5~8 dB,360°周向算术均值减缩约5 dB,充分利用了所用吸波材料平板试件法向减缩量8~11 dB...     

The Jet Fighter Radar Cross Section

Two jet fighter models, 1/8th of original size, have been measured in the "radar range" installed in the anechoic chamber of the Armament Technology and Procurement Group in Berne. The measurements have been made at a frequency of 40 GHz (5 GHz for full scale), with an accuracy of ± 2 dB and a dynamic range of 80 dB. The statistical distribution of the radar cross section has been calculated with the help of a computer, based on the measured data. The detection probability has been calculated with the help of a correlation procedure. This procedure allows explanation of the symmetry relation between the detection probability and the cumulative distribution of the radar cross section, and of a well-known characteristic of the median value of the radar cross section. A statistical model is proposed for the distribution of the radar cross section of jet fighters, consisting of the distribution of a spheroid in which each element itself exhibits a Rayleigh fluctuation. This model presents a certain number of interesting characteristics, and there is an acceptable degree of coincidence with the measured values.     

8m×6m风洞特大迎角试验设备研制

8m×6m风洞特大迎角试验设备是该风洞最新配套的多用途支撑系统,其主要用途包括3个方面：（1）支撑战斗机模型完成特大迎角状态测力、测压试验任务,迎角连续变化范围0°～120°,侧滑角变化范围达±300;（2）支撑大尺度模型（最大翼展达6m）完成常规测力、测压、地效试验任务,此时迎角连续变化范围-10°～30°,在特定条件下,迎角可扩展到70°以上;（3）支撑特殊模型进行特种试验,包括细长体模型、车辆模型、螺旋桨模型、动力模拟试验模型等。该设备主要特点有：模型支撑方式多样,可满足常规和大量特种模型支撑和姿态变化需要;系统刚性强,模型支撑牢固,变形小;机构运行灵活,模型姿态变化定位精确。     

基于DES模型的超燃气动斜坡/燃气发生器方案仿真研究

采用基于剪切应力输运(SST)k-ω两方程湍流模型的分离涡(DES)方法和雷诺时均Navier-Stokes(RANS)方法对超燃气动斜坡结合燃气发生器增进掺混方案进行数值仿真研究。通过对比DES仿真结果、RANS仿真结果与试验结果,发现DES仿真结果对流场内涡结构的捕捉和分辨能力强于RANS方法获得的结果。选取燃气发生器喷流形成的壁面涡流特征角为比较标准, DES仿真结果显示该角度为48°,RANS仿真结果为37°,而试验测得该角度为47°。可见DES仿真结果与试验结果更为接近,说明对于气动斜坡结合燃气发生器的超燃掺混方案,DES方法仿真结果是合理的。     

冰雪条件下机场跑道摩擦系数建模与仿真研究

机场跑道摩擦系数是评价机场跑道道面质量的重要参数。在考虑冬季跑道道面压实雪厚度和摩擦热形成的润滑水膜作用下建立了冰雪道面半融状态摩擦系数计算模型。使用Matlab数值仿真软件对所建模型进行了仿真。数值仿真结果表明,摩擦系数模型建模合理,摩擦系数计算数据与实测数据比较吻合。对摩擦系数的测试实践有一定的理论指导意义。     

复合角对涡轮叶片旋转气膜冷却效果的影响

对某小型燃气轮机设计工况下的涡轮动叶,采用标准k-ε湍流模型,数值模拟了复合角气膜孔对冷却效果的影响.主流雷诺数为670 000,比较了吹风比分别为0.5,1.0,1.5和2.0时,采用60°,30,°0°,-30°和-60°复合角气膜孔的气膜流动情况和冷却效果.结果表明:在旋转状态下,压力面上复合角可以有效地提高气膜冷却效果,受哥氏力的影响,朝向低半径的复合角的气膜冷却效果要好于朝向高半径;吸力面上复合角对气膜冷却效果的影响不大.      

安装角对压气机叶栅气动噪声特性的影响

 基于大涡模拟(LES)和边界元方法对轴流压气机叶栅湍流流场以及流场诱导的噪声进行计算,在不同叶栅安装角下研究来流攻角和来流雷诺数对叶栅气动噪声产生、辐射的影响。研究表明:来流雷诺数不变时,同一安装角下,随着来流攻角从-5°~20°变化,叶栅监测曲线上的声压级先减小后增大,在0°来流攻角下声压级达到最小。安装角为45°时,外场总声压级随来流攻角的分布与30°安装角变化趋势相近。但安装角为60°时,总声压级的变化则明显变缓。在0°来流攻角下,总声压级比安装角为30°和45°时增加了近6 dB,但在其他正来流攻角下,变化并不明显。叶栅的最小声压值出现在弦线方向附近,安装角改变时,最小声压级出现的位置也不同。安装角不变,随着来流雷诺数的增大,叶栅表面的分离减小,损失降低。但叶栅表面的压力脉动随着来流雷诺数的增大而增大,使外场辐射噪声增加。     

基于改进A*算法的UUV冰下避障航迹规划算法

针对冰下避障航迹规划问题,提出了一种基于改进A*算法的三维冰下避障航迹规划算法.不同于传统的A*航迹规划算法,该算法结合了人工势场航迹规划算法的思想,将水下地形碰撞约束、海冰碰撞约束以及UUV巡航高度约束重新编排.算法分析表明,该避障航迹规划算法能够有效增强UUV冰下避障能力与定深巡航高度控制能力.基于改进的A*冰下避障航迹规划算法,给出了上述约束的设计方法并进行了仿真验证.仿真结果表明,基于上述约束的航迹规划算法具有良好的避障能力、巡航高度控制能力以及航行距离控制能力.     

桨扇后掠降噪规律及声学机理数值研究

结合三维流场数值模拟方法和声学Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings方程声类比方法,对对转桨扇流动及声学特征进行仿真分析,研究了桨叶后掠角对对转桨扇的气动性能和气动噪声的影响规律。结果表明：对转桨扇桨叶后掠角从0°增加至40°,高速巡航状态推进效率可提高接近1.5个百分点,起飞状态推进效率提升不大;桨扇噪声大小与后排桨叶吸力面压力脉动强度有直接关系,增大桨扇桨叶后掠角可明显降低压力脉动强度,从而降低起飞状态下对转桨扇整个角向范围内的噪声大小;在噪声最大的75°角向位置,后掠角从0°增至40°声压级降低达3 dB以上。     

临近空间螺旋桨低雷诺数高效翼型数值分析

针对临近空间翼型边界层变厚更容易发生分离的特点,在修正了湍流模型后,通过分析比较13种低雷诺数翼型的升阻系数得到了比较适合用于临近空间螺旋桨叶素的高效翼型。结果显示,攻角在-6°～8°、8°～14°、14°～22°三种工况下,分别采用SST k-ω、RNG k-ε、Realizable k-ε湍流模型,可以得到与国外实验比较接近的合理结果;工况条件对翼型气动性能好坏的影响很大,翼型S-1223和FX63-137在所研究的工况内都具有较好的气动性能;因此可以选择这两种翼型作为临近空间螺旋桨用高效翼型。     

Arctic sea ice mapping with satellite radars

The drastic reduction of Arctic sea ice in recent years demands ice monitoring over various spatial and temporal scales. Sea ice backscatter signatures from field measurements and from model analyses are obtained at L-band and C-band frequencies. Based on these signatures, capabilities for Arctic sea ice mapping are determined for current and future satellite active microwave sensors including synthetic aperture radars (SAR) and scatterometers. This study includes L-band and C-band radars such as the ERS (European Remote Sensing), Envisat (Environmental Satellite), RADARSAT-1 and 2, ALOS (Advanced Land Observing Satellite), and DESDnyl (Deformation, Ecosystem Structure, and Dynamics of Ice). SARs with resolutions from 10 to 100 m, and the SMAP (Soil Moisture Active-Passive) scatterometer with resolutions from 1 to 10 km.     

尾喷管构型对类乘波飞行器性能影响

采用二维耦合隐式欧拉方程和标准k-ε湍流模型对类乘波飞行器内外流场进行了数值仿真研究,离散采用二阶迎风格式,在考虑粘性影响的前提下,分析了倾角为8,°11,°13°和15°的尾喷管对类乘波飞行器分别处于进气道关闭、发动机通流以及发动机点火三种不同的工作状态下性能的影响。结果表明当尾喷管倾角为11°时,飞行器的升力特性、阻力特性和俯仰力矩性能得到了权衡,性能得到了提高,为下一步的改进工作提供了参考。     

后加载正弯静叶栅气动性能试验研究

在环形叶栅低速风洞中采用扇形叶栅对某型超临界汽轮机高压级静叶栅进行了吹风试验。在0°、±10°冲角下测量气动参数沿叶高和节距的分布以及静压系数沿叶型的分布。试验结果表明：在叶片设计中采用“后部加载”叶型并与正弯叶片合理匹配,显著降低了叶型与二次流损失,获得了沿叶高气动参数分布比较均匀的出口气流。     

带迎角钨杆斜侵彻铝板数值仿真研究

为研究迎角对钨杆斜侵过程的影响,开展了带迎角钨杆斜侵彻铝板数值仿真研究。仿真中采用SPH方法,Shock状态方程和Steinberg本构模型。钨杆共有两种尺寸,分别为Φ10mm×23mm和Φ10mm×46mm。铝板厚10mm,撞击速度为2km/s,撞击角度为60°。为简化分析,将迎角分解为俯仰角和偏航角,其中俯仰角范围为-90°～90°,偏航角范围为0°～90°。对钨杆侵彻过程的分析结果表明：斜侵彻存在临界迎角,在临界迎角范围内钨杆所受力矩可忽略不计;在临界迎角范围外,钨杆将发生弯曲甚至折断。对钨杆的剩余质量分析结果表明：当偏航角为0°且钨杆未折断时,剩余质量只在较小的范围内变化;当俯仰角为0°时,剩余质量随迎角增加线性减小。对钨杆的剩余速度分析结果表明：偏航角对剩余速度的影响与俯仰角对剩余速度的影响基本一致,剩余速度曲线关于0°迎角基本对称。根据仿真结果,采用曲线拟合的方法给出了钨杆斜侵彻铝板的剩余速度经验公式。     

Studies of Electromagnetic Properties of MWCNTs after Electroless Plating with Co-Fe Alloy

A method of electroless plating is utilized to deposit Co-Fe alloy on the surface of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), and electromagnetic parameters of MWCNTs with and without electroless plating are discussed. The MWCNTs covered by Co-Fe is a desirable light absorbent in wide wave band by utilizing electroless plating process in experiments. Field-emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and field-emission transmission electron microscope (FETEM) images as well as energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) results are presented to show the morphology, components and electromagnetic parameters of MWCNTs. Electromagnetic properties of MWCNTs are enhanced after electroless plating observed from contrast of results between MWCNTs with and without plating. In conclusion, the covering Co-Fe on the surface of MWCNTs in 2-18 GHz frequency range has better electromagnetic properties. When the material is in the 6.5 GHz electromagnetic waves, the reflection loss is up to ?10 dB, and the bandwidth more than ?4 dB is 5 GHz. The excellent electromagnetic properties make it probable for MWCNTs to be utilized as absorbent in electromagnetic shielding materials.     

GTD Terrain Reflection Model Applied to ILS Glide Scope

The capability of calculating the reflection of electromagnetic signals from uneven terrain has many applications. One of these is the determination of instrument landing system (ILS) glide slope performance. For this application the wavelength is approximately 1 m, incidence angles are usually near grazing, and the fields are horizontally polarized, so that gross irregularities such as dropoffs and hills are more important than surface roughness. Past approaches used to calculate the ground reflections for this application have been three-dimensional physical optics models which were very cumbersome and time consuming and which neglected important diffraction and shadowing phenomenon; a two-dimensional physical optics model which was faster than the three-dimensional models but ignored many shadowing and transverse terrain variation effects; and a half-plane diffraction model which is applicable only to a specified type of terrain geometry. In this paper a terrain reflection model based on the geometrical theory of diffraction (GTD) is described which can accommodate any piecewise linear terrain profile, requires less computer time than the physical optics models, is capable of including transverse terrain effects, and determines the reflected fields with all important diffraction and blockage effects included.     

致密多孔壁冷流入射角对冷却效果影响的数值研究

采用数值模拟方法研究了冷气流的入射角对致密多孔壁冷却效果的影响 ,通过 9个算例分析比较入射角为 3 0°,60°和 90°情况下的冷却效果 ,在每个入射下吹风比M分别取为 0 .5 0 ,1 .0和 2 .0。结果表明 :随入射角的增大 ,冷却效果是降低的。无论M为何值 ,入射角为 3 0°和 60°时 ,整个平壁上冷却效果的分布都很相似 ;而入射角为 90°时冷却效果的分布则不然 ,虽然与前者比较起来其冷却效果最差 ,但与常规气膜冷却相比 ,入射角为 90°时的冷却效果值仍然很高      

肋角度对流量系数影响的数值模拟研究

利用有限体积法对三维不可压缩的N-S方程进行离散,对同时带肋和气膜孔出流的内流冷却通道在45°,60°,90°,120°肋的结构下进行了数值模拟。网格划分采用非结构化网格,湍流模型为Realizablek-ε模型,近壁处湍流采用壁面函数,采用SIMPLE算法求解速度与压力的耦合。计算获得了同时带肋和气膜孔出流的内流冷却通道在不同肋角度时的三维流场分布和气膜孔的流量系数值。结果表明同时带肋和气膜孔出流的通道流场结构比较复杂,肋在通道中诱发的二次流改变了气体在进入气膜孔时偏转角度,从而影响了流量系数值。通道中气膜孔的流量系数值随肋角度的增大而呈增大的趋势。计算结果与实验结果进行了比较,两者规律符合良好。