应用基于FEM的预成形最优化方法提高锻件变形均匀性

锻件变形分布不均匀将导致锻件各部位的组织和性能产生很大差异。应用基于正向有限元数值模拟和最优化方法进行坯料预成形设计的新方法,可显著提高锻件各部位的变形均匀性。首先介绍了以提高锻件变形分布均匀性为目的的坯料预成形最优化方法的基本原理,并针对典型的IN718合金涡轮盘锻件进行了坯料预成形设计。给出了预成形坯料与普通圆柱坯料的对比结果,并进行了相应的试验验证。结果表明,应用这种方法对IN718合金涡轮盘锻件进行坯料预成形设计,可使盘锻件各部位变形均匀性明显改善。     

Optimization on cooperative feed strategy for radial–axial ring rolling process of Inco718 alloy by RSM and FEM

During radial–axial ring rolling process,cooperative strategy of the radial–axial feed is critical for dimensional accuracy and thermo mechanical parameters distribution of the formed ring.In order to improve the comprehensive quality of the ring parts,response surface method(RSM) is employed for the first time to optimize the cooperative feed strategy for radial–axial ring rolling process by combining it with an improved and verified 3D coupled thermo-mechanical finite element model.The feed trajectory is put forward to describe cooperative relationship of the radial–axial feed and three variables are designed based on the feed trajectory.In order to achieve multiobjective optimization,four responses including thermo mechanical parameters distribution and rolling force are proposed.Based on the FEM results,RSM is used to establish a response model to depict the function relationship between the objective response and design variables.Through this approximate model,effects of different variables on ring rolling process are analyzed connectedly and optimal feed strategy is obtained by resorting to the optimal chart specific to a constraint condition.     

Shape Modification by Beam Model in FEM

Shape modification and deformation play an important role in the filed of geometry modeling, computer graphics, conceptual design and so on. A novel physically based shape modification approach is presented in this article, with beam model in finite element method (FEM). By means of interactively creating a beam with circle cross section based on pre-defined local coordinate system, the primitive geometry model is embedded in the beam globally or locally. After imposing external loads, such as concentrated force or couple, on selected nodes, their displacement can be computed. Moreover, deflection, axial deformation and twist angle of beam model can also be interpolated using shape function matrix. As a result, object is modified as a part of beam. The proposed approach is linear, simple and fast, by which stretch, bending, taping and twist deformation can be accomplished. Finally, some experimental results are given to demonstrate that the presented method is potentially useful in geometry modeling and shape design.     

基于近似技术的高亚声速运输机机翼气动/结构优化设计

探索基于近似技术的高亚声速运输机机翼气动/结构多学科设计优化方法,建立了基于近似技术的多学科设计优化框架。气动学科采用全速势方程加黏性修正进行翼身组合体跨声速流动的气动计算,结构学科采用有限元分析方法进行应力与变形计算。采用均匀设计法给出若干样本点,分别采用二次响应面、Kriging模型和径向基神经网络等多种近似技术,构造气动学科和结构学科的近似分析模型,并对几种近似模型精度进行了分析和比较。研究发现,Kriging模型和二次响应面具有几乎等同的较高的近似精度,神经网络的近似精度则较差,由于二次响应面计算量更小,故最终选定为机翼设计优化的近似方法。以升阻比和结构重量为目标,考虑升力、机翼面积以及应力和应变约束条件,对运输机机翼4个外形参数和4个结构参数进行多目标、多约束优化设计。优化后的机翼具有较好的气动/结构综合性能,表明本文方法是可行的。     

Effect of Variable Selection on Multidisciplinary Design Optimization： a Flight Vehicle Example

Different multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO) problems are formulated and compared. Two MDO formulations are applied to a sounding rocket in order to optimize the performance of the rocket. In the MDO of the referred vehicle, three disciplines have been considered,which are trajectory, propulsion and aerodynamics. A special design structure matrix is developed to assist data exchange between disciplines. This design process uses response surface method (RSM) for multidisciplinary optimization of the rocket. The RSM is applied to the design in two categories: the propulsion model and the system level. In the propulsion model, RSM deter-mines an approximate mathematical model of the engine output parameters as a function of design variables. In the system level, RSM fits a surface of objective function versus design variables. In the first MDO problem formulation, two design variables are selected to form propulsion discipline. In the second one, three new design variables from geometry are added and finally, an optimization method is applied to the response surface in the system level in order to find the best result. Application of the first developed multidisciplinary design optimization procedure increased accessible altitude (performance index) of the referred sounding rocket by twenty five percents and the second one twenty nine.     

基于响应面法的机翼气动/结构一体化优化设计研究

基于响应面法进行了机翼气动/结构一体化优化设计研究,流动控制方程为三维欧拉方程,采用有限体积法进行数值求解,应力和结构变形采用有限元方法计算,静气动弹性分析采用强耦合迭代方式,响应面模型采用二次多项式来构造。以跨音速M6机翼为初始机翼,进行了多目标、多约束情形下的气动/结构综合优化设计,优化后所得到的新机翼具有更佳的气动/结构综合性能,升阻比增加了9.25%,而重量减轻了4.84%;响应面模型精度满足设计要求,拟合误差均不超过1%;这说明本文所发展气动/结构综合优化设计方法是成功且有效的,具有广泛的应用前景。     

TC11钛合金整体叶盘锻件组织均匀性评价方法

根据锻件内热力参数分布情况建立了基于Taguchi方法的损失函数,探索盘类锻件组织均匀性数值评价方法。应用所建立的损失函数以及TC11钛合金整体叶盘的锻造过程有限元数值模拟结果,对TC11钛合金整体叶盘组织均匀性进行了数值评价,并进行了试验验证。结果表明,对于TC11钛合金整体叶盘锻件,应用本文建立的质量损失函数贡献因子得到的损失函数(情况2)的评价结果与实际生产得到的锻件内组织均匀性一致性好,且当质量损失函数值在0.33～0.44范围内时,锻件的组织均匀性能满足技术条件要求。     

ABCLS method for high-reliability aerospace mechanism with truncated random uncertainties

The random variables are always truncated in aerospace engineering and the truncated distribution is more feasible and effective for the random variables due to the limited samples available.For high-reliability aerospace mechanism with truncated random variables, a method based on artificial bee colony(ABC) algorithm and line sampling(LS) is proposed.The artificial bee colony-based line sampling(ABCLS) method presents a multi-constrained optimization model to solve the potential non-convergence problem when calculating design point(is also as most probable point, MPP) of performance function with truncated variables; by implementing ABC algorithm to search for MPP in the standard normal space, the optimization efficiency and global searching ability are increased with this method dramatically.When calculating the reliability of aerospace mechanism with too small failure probability, the Monte Carlo simulation method needs too large sample size.The ABCLS method could overcome this drawback.For reliability problems with implicit functions, this paper combines the ABCLS with Kriging response surface method,therefore could alleviate computational burden of calculating the reliability of complex aerospace mechanism.A numerical example and an engineering example are carried out to verify this method and prove the applicability.     

基于工程师经验的结构优化设计研究

借鉴结构工程师的设计经验与直觉判断 ,在一定条件下 ,通过一次有限元分析给出结构的传力路线 ,并由此确定拓扑结构 ,利用MATLAB优化工具箱进行形状与尺寸的优化 ,以达到结构优化设计之目的。算例结果表明 :本文方法思路简单、力学概念明确、算法简洁有效 ,易于被结构工程设计人员所接受。     

高性能计算支持的静气弹优化设计方法

为扩大国产超级计算机在国内航空航天工业领域的应用,面向大展弦比机翼气动结构综合优化设计的实际问题,基于具有大量工业应用和自主知识产权的CFD软件TRIP和CSD软件SiPESC,应用改进的三维类别/形状变换（CST）参数化方法、差分敏度并行计算策略和移动渐近线（MMA）等大规模优化算法,通过TRIP+SiPESC耦合气弹分析软件预测气动载荷,发展了一套机翼型架外形的优化设计方法。以CRM标模内插机翼为例,针对无弯扭的初始型架构型,以气动外形展向几何扭转分布和结构有限元模型一万个壳单元厚度为设计变量,实现1 g载荷气动优化和2.5 g载荷结构优化的综合;在不降升阻比、满足最大应力/位移的约束下,俯仰力矩系数改善近40%,针对本文假设材料和初定的尺寸参数,机翼减重近9%,验证了方法和软件的有效性。该方法直接采用产品级高保真的自主静气弹分析软件预测气动力/载荷,将计算资源耗费大的静气弹优化和设计变量/约束规模大的结构优化分治,有较好工程应用前景。     

Assembly Variation Identification of High Pressure Spool by Response Surface Based Model Updating Using IV-optimal Designs

This article, in order to improve the assembly of the high-pressure spool, presents an assembly variation identification method achieved by response surface method (RSM)-based model updating using IV-optimal designs. The method involves screening out non-relevant assembly parameters using IV-optimal designs and the preload of the joints is chosen as the input features and modal frequency is the only response feature. Emphasis is placed on the construction of response surface models including the interactions between the bolted joints by which the non-linear relationship between the assembly variation caused by the changes of preload and the output frequency variation is established. By achieving an optimal process of selected variables in the model, assembly variation can be identified. With a case study of the laboratory bolted disks as an example, the proposed method is verified and it gives enough accuracy in variation identification. It has been observed that the first-order response surface models considering the interactions between the bolted joints based on the IV-optimal criterion are adequate for assembly purposes.     

基于DFFD技术的翼型气动优化设计

开展了直接操作自由变形（DFFD）技术在翼型参数化及翼型气动外形优化设计中的应用研究,应用该方法可以对翼型形状进行直接操纵和精细的局部修型,从而在一定程度上克服了自由变形（FFD）技术无法直接指定几何外形变形量的局限性。通过最小二乘模式根据翼型表面直接操作点的位移求解各个FFD控制点相应的位移,将翼型设计参数从FFD控制点转化为翼型表面的直接操作点,从而有效地减少了高阶FFD控制体进行翼型参数化时的设计参数个数。算例表明,相比于FFD方法,DFFD方法不仅具备直接操纵翼型几何外形的能力,更具物理直观性,并且比FFD方法具有更好的局部变形特性。运用该技术结合遗传算法对RAE2822翼型进行了气动减阻设计,显著减小了设计状态下翼型的阻力,并且可以有效施加如前后梁位置翼型厚度等工程实用的几何约束,证明了该方法的有效性。     

基于任意空间属性FFD技术的融合式翼稍小翼稳健型气动优化设计

 以非均匀有理B样条基函数为空间控制体属性,建立了任意空间形状自由变形(FFD)技术参数化方法。所建立的气动外形参数化系统通过FFD控制体的分布以及控制顶点的合理选取,能够对任意复杂外形进行参数化设计。首先采用FFD控制体对某型客机翼稍小翼进行空间属性构建;然后结合基于Delaunay图映射技术建立了结构对接网格变形模式,采用分群粒子群算法以及误差反向传播训练算法(BP)神经网络进行稳健型气动优化系统的构建;最后对某型客机融合式翼稍小翼的后掠角、倾斜角和高度等参数进行稳健型气动优化设计,分析对比了优化前后翼梢小翼表面压力云图、截面压力分布及载荷分布。优化设计结果表明:设计后的翼稍小翼的升阻比与阻力发散特性明显提高。     

机翼气动载荷向结构节点等效分配的三点分法

气动载荷是结构强度设计的重要输人,然而气动专业给出的气动载荷数据往往是基于气动模型的数据,并不能直接应用于结构专业的强度分析模型,需要一定的方法将其转换。为了提高气动载荷向结构节点转换的效率,并保证准确性,文中采用线性插值的方法,分别考虑结构节点在气动节点构成的三角形内部和外部的情况,推导了结构节点上气动载荷的计算方法,并通过无人机翼盒段的气动载荷和结构数模对该方法的准确性和高效性进行了验证。结果表明,提出的方法既可以提高工程实践的效率,又具备较高的准确性。     

非线性偏最小二乘回归法在均匀设计响应面法中的应用

 针对目前多维变量可靠度分析中广泛应用的均匀设计响应面法(RSM),指出了使用最小二乘(LS)法拟合拟线性回归模型时存在的局限性,并提出采用拟线性偏最小二乘(PLS)法来回归响应面系数。由于拟线性回归法限制了模型的形式,精度提高有限,结果也很不稳定,因此又提出用基于样条变换的偏最小二乘回归模型代替拟线性回归模型并用于结构失效概率的计算,既能处理最小二乘法无法解决的变量间多重相关性的问题,又能避开拟线性回归中预先对模型形式的假定。通过算例验证了基于样条变换的偏最小二乘法的适用性和有效性,尤其对于多维变量非线性程度较高的可靠度分析,与普通最小二乘法拟合的响应面相比,其模型更加精确,失效概率精度更高。     

Direct dynamic-simulation approach to trajectory optimization

This paper proposes a new direct method for an efficient trajectory optimization using the point that the dynamics of a deterministic system are uniquely determined by initial states and controls imposed over the time horizon of interest. To effectively implement this concept, the Hermite spline is adopted to interpolate the continuous controls and the system dynamics are integrated with corresponding control parameters in prior. As a result, the optimal control problem can be transcribed into a nonlinear programming problem which has no dynamic equality constraints and no intermediate states in its design variables. In addition, the paper proposes an efficient recursive Jacobian estimation technique and introduces a Jacobian transformation matrix to straightforwardly handle the general state constraints. Important properties of the present method are thoroughly investigated through its applications to the trajectory optimization for a soft lunar landing from a parking orbit, including the detailed analyses for the de-orbiting phase. The computed results are compared with those using the pseudo-spectral method to demonstrate an extreme outperformance of the proposed method in the aerospace applications over the traditional direct method.     

Ti-1023合金桨毂锻件变形过程有限元法模拟和分析

对三种不同毛坯的Ti-1023合金桨毂锻件的变形过程进行了有限元法模拟计算,分析和讨论了变形体流动充填模具的过程和等效应变、温度场分布、载荷变化及模具的表面应力等模拟计算结果,讨论了产生航空锻件有限元法模拟计算误差的原因,提出我国航空锻件变形过程模拟研究的主要方向包括集中在复杂形状的锻件变形过程模拟和晶粒生长、性能的预测上.     

先进航空发动机涡轮盘合金及涡轮盘制造

涡轮盘是航空发动机的心脏.涡轮盘的可靠性主要取决于其坯件的冶金质量,涡轮盘的完整性、均匀性和性能水平,还取决于所用合金及其坯件的热加工和热处理工艺的优化.本文对先进涡轮盘坯件,即纯洁、均匀、细晶组织的高温合金坯件制备三种工艺,以及涡轮盘零件锻压成形技术进行综合评述.     

部件级多组件结构系统的整体式拓扑布局优化

基于多组件结构系统整体式拓扑布局优化设计方法,研究了同时含有部件布局、组件布局、主结构框架构型和部件结构构型4类设计变量的复杂系统协同优化设计问题,是整体式拓扑布局优化设计面向复杂飞行器结构系统设计的拓展。采用多点约束(MPC)模拟组件、部件及支撑结构之间的刚性连接,采用有限包络圆方法(FCM)解决组件之间、组件与设计域边界之间的几何干涉问题。通过整体式拓扑布局的刚度优化设计,部件和组件均可以获得优化的布局位置,同时主结构框架构型和部件结构构型获得优化的结构样式,充分体现了整体式拓扑布局优化设计方法应用于复杂结构系统设计的能力。     

金属次加筋结构的单轴压载稳定性优化

针对在新型制造技术背景下的航空轻量化结构发展,提出了次级加筋结构3种可能的形式,并对金属次加筋结构的稳定性问题进行了数值计算与优化研究。基于多学科优化软件ModelCenter与有限元(FEM)软件ABAQUS建立了金属次加筋结构优化设计的软件框架,利用粒子群优化(PSO)算法对各形式下次加筋结构的参数配置进行优化。分析了各形式的优化结构在单轴压载作用下,次加筋板对传统加筋板临界屈曲载荷以及极限承载能力的增益效果。结果表明,引入次加筋结构使传统加筋板的稳定性能与极限承载能力提升明显,对于适应新制造技术的航空轻量化结构设计有一定参考价值。