Integrated precision SAR targeting: a SAR targeting simulation

Operational deficiencies exist in the current ability to perform high resolution synthetic aperture radar (SAR) targeting for precision strike missions in difficult electronic countermeasure (ECM) and anti-aircraft environments. Increasingly sophisticated enemy defenses require that fire control information be derived from highly maneuverable aircraft trajectories rather than traditional straight-and-level flight. In addition, target area aspect information is needed to determine optimal attack approaches. These imaging and targeting conditions impose severe performance requirements on the sensor aircraft motion compensation system (MCS), and dictate the need for sophisticated algorithms to counteract ECM threats. This paper describes the development of a user friendly “Design Tool” for modeling and analysis of airborne radar system performance for SAR imaging and Precision SAR Targeting     

飞机航路爬升航迹的计算分析

精确的航迹预测能力是空中交通管制软件的开发基础。对飞机航路爬升的飞行轨迹进行了二维模拟,并绘制出了飞机航路爬升时的飞行轨迹曲线和其他分析曲线。用航迹角来代替性能计算中常用的爬升率概念,对飞机爬升各项参数的变化及其影响因素进行了研究。     

舰载机人工进场着舰精确轨迹控制技术

进场着舰精确轨迹控制是舰载机设计的难点和关键技术之一。首先，对舰载机人工进场着舰轨迹及精确轨迹控制的应用需求进行了讨论，指出其必要性和直观的有益效果；随后，讨论了舰载机进场着舰精确轨迹控制的演变过程、发展趋势及涉及的等角下滑航迹率控制技术、进场动力补偿技术、直接力控制技术、DP（Delta flight Path）控制技术等关键技术；最后，讨论了舰载机进场着舰精确轨迹控制对减轻驾驶员操纵负担、降低触舰点分散度、减小触舰载荷等方面的收益。研究工作对舰载机的精确轨迹着舰控制系统设计具有一定的工程指导价值。     

Testing the precision lightweight GPS receiver

Innovative field testing techniques are employed at Holloman Air Force Base to help the Global Positioning System (GPS) NAVSTAR Joint Program Office (JPO) test the Precision Lightweight GPS Receiver (PLGR). Characterizing the PLGR's accuracy in dynamic environments is of prime importance but testing also prescribes the evaluation of its ability to receive differential GPS corrections, real time, and its Electronic Counter Counter Measures. To meet these goals, the 46th Test Group provides the C-12 cargo aircraft for flight testing, an instrumented test van for mobile testing, the High Speed Test Track for high velocity testing, a UH-1 helicopter for rotor blade modulation testing, and special PC laptops for ground troop testing. All of these test capabilities utilize Holloman's well instrumented test environments with thousands of surveyed sites validated by the Defense Mapping Agency. This paper emphasizes the testing techniques that are helping to define Test & Evaluation methodologies for the changing world where Global Positioning with NAVSTAR is becoming a reality     

不同地面条件重装空投气囊着陆缓冲过程数值分析

刚性地面假设的重型装备空投的数值结果无法准确模拟空投的着陆姿态,需使用土壤地面对空投的缓冲性能进行研究。使用LS-DYNA有限元仿真软件对土壤地面和刚性地面下空投的着陆缓冲性能进行对比,研究刚性地面的适用条件;并研究土壤地面下不同横向风速对空投着陆缓冲性能的影响。结果表明:空投竖直冲击地面时,两种地面下货物的最大过载差异很小,而在横风条件下前倾冲击时过载差异很大,故在横风条件下需采用土壤地面进行数值分析;土壤地面下横向风速、初始竖向速度越大,竖向峰值过载越大。     

考虑杆臂效应与挠曲变形的全自动着舰技术

联合精确进近和着陆系统（JPALS）舰载组件旨在为最终进近阶段的舰载机提供自动着舰能力。针对由于舰船杆臂效应与挠曲变形的存在导致舰载机着舰定位精度下降的问题,开发了一种基于卫星引导的全自动着舰非线性化参数误差模型,结合舰船甲板运动及舰载机纵向飞行控制模型,评估舰船结构挠曲和姿态不确定性对着舰落点精度的影响。结果表明,杆臂效应与挠曲变形对着舰落点精度有显著影响,利用建立的误差模型以及飞行控制模型,能够将着舰落点精度有效控制在着舰标准之内。     

低空突防实时航迹规划计算机方案设计研究

地形跟踪/地形回避、威胁回避(TF/TA2)实时航迹规划计算机是综合TF/TA2低空突防系统的控制核心.系统按照由它产生的最优航迹产生制导指令,并控制飞行器按此最优航迹完成突防任务.本文提出了一种实时航迹规划计算机的设计方案.该方案采用由共享存储器耦合的三个智能模块(即智能总线接口、航迹规划处理机和数据处理机)并行运行的结构,以提高系统的运行速度,满足低空突防对航迹规划计算机的实时性要求.其中,航迹规划处理机和数据处理机的双机互备份降级运行方式提高了系统的可靠性.此外,以闪存为存储介质的内存数据库使系统检索和读取机载数据的速度大大提高,且闪存的非易失性保证了机载数据的可靠性.     

基于超燃冲压发动机的HIFiRE项目飞行试验研究进展

飞行器在临近空间内的气动特性及发动机性能一直是各国高超声速项目研究的重点,为探索边界层转捩、激波边界层相互作用以及气动加热效应,美澳牵头于2006年联合启动了HIFiRE项目,采用探空火箭发射进行重点技术验证的模式开展了系列创新性研究。项目重点关注20~38km空域,4~8速域飞行马赫数,试验方案通过单项验证、系统集成的思路逐步深入,将一体化设计的乘波体从无动力滑翔推进到有动力巡航,最终完成带超燃冲压发动机高升阻比飞行器的总体性能测试。研究结果表明:①试验飞行器的边界层转捩高度在35~25km;②乘波体飞行器在飞行马赫数为7时最大升阻比为5.6;③超燃冲压发动机的飞行试验中,在86.2kPa的恒定动压下,飞行马赫数从5.5加速到8.5,试验中发动机实现了从亚燃到超燃的模态转换。      

Measuring Aircraft Carrier Flexure in Support of Autonomous Aircraft Landings

This paper quantifies the experimental measurements of aircraft carrier flexure (deformation) at sea in support of the United States Department of Defense sea-based Joint Precision Approach and Landing System (JPALS) that aims to deliver automatic landing capabilities to inbound aircraft aboard aircraft carriers. The methodology for measuring ship flexure using the Global Positioning System (GPS) and inertial sensors is described. Results indicate that flexure on the aircraft carrier used for testing has a standard deviation of approximately 1–2 cm. For the ship tested, the most significant flexure effects are in the port/starboard direction and correlate best with roll or lateral acceleration.     

2 μm LIDAR for laser-based remote sensing: flight demonstrationand application survey

A flight test of a diode-pumped solid-state 2 μm Doppler Light Detection And Ranging (LIDAR) system was conducted on-board the NASA Ames DC-8 Airborne Laboratory. This was the first ever airborne demonstration of a 2 μm diode-pumped solid-state Doppler LIDAR. The LIDAR performance was verified by comparing the true-airspeed (TAS) estimate with that found using the pneumatic air data system; excellent agreement was found. The capabilities of this pulsed 2 μm Doppler LIDAR system include high bandwidth air data determination without the need for extensive forebody calibration, remote wind profiling as far as several kilometers away from the aircraft, eye-safe laser transmission at 2 μm, and diode-pumped solid-state design for compact construction and reliable performance     

用于喷气客机概念设计的气动特性分析程序

针对喷气客机概念设计需求,在确定了升阻特性的估算方法后,应用MATLAB开发气动特性分析程序。以典型喷气客机为例,验证了气动分析模型和计算程序的精度。所开发气动特性估算程序能快速对喷气客机初步方案气动特性进行评估。设计人员只需通过用户界面给出飞机外形参数和飞行条件,就可快速获得巡航构型曲线、升阻比曲线、巡航效率曲线、抖振边界曲线,以及起降构型升力线和升阻比曲线。     

大型航空运输企业航班恢复系统(RM)应用研究

随着航空公司机队规模和运营航线的不断扩大,在发生大面积航班延误时,航空公司需要快速计算出最优的航班恢复方案。为了提高运行控制效率,探索一种优化控制的方法,根据经济效益、航班正常等不同的目标要求,计算出最优的运行方案,最终达到快速、高效地调配航班。分析了大型航空运输企业不正常航班恢复的主要场景,在此基础上筛选了制约航班恢复的关键约束条件,设计了航班恢复和校验的基本逻辑,通过应对台风处置的实际案例,验证了某大型航司和美国世博公司的航班恢复系统(RM)在实际案例应用中的效果,总结了该航班恢复系统的优点和存在的风险及短板。实践表明,该系统可缩短2 h航班运行恢复时间,平均每个受影响航班减少延误30 min,减少相应的成本2万元,提升整体航班正常率3%~5%。     

Review on bio-inspired flight systems and bionic aerodynamics

Humans' initial desire for flight stems from the imitation of flying creatures in nature. The excellent flight performance of flying animals will inevitably become a source of inspiration for researchers. Bio-inspired flight systems have become one of the most exciting disruptive aviation technologies. This review is focused on the recent progresses in bio-inspired flight systems and bionic aerodynamics. First, the development path of Biomimetic Air Vehicles (BAVs) for bio-inspired flight systems and the latest mimetic progress are summarized. The advances of the flight principles of several natural creatures are then introduced, from the perspective of bionic aerodynamics. Finally, several new challenges of bionic aerodynamics are proposed for the autonomy and intelligent development trend of the bio-inspired smart aircraft. This review will provide an important insight in designing new biomimetic air vehicles.     

指点信标结合试飞研究

民用飞机航电系统复杂,试飞科目和架次繁多,为提高试飞效率,结合试飞是一个重要途径。深入研究了指点信标系统和FAA咨询通告(AC)对于指点信标建议的试飞方法,在此基础上,提出了一种新的结合试飞方案——从飞机正常着陆中获取需要的参数作为指点信标符合性分析,相比于独立的指点信标试飞,这样不仅获得的数据量大,试飞效率也更高。     

H∞控制在飞行/推进综合控制系统中的应用

研究了多变量控制技术应用于飞行/推进一体化控制器的设计问题。对于耦合的飞行子系统和推进子系统,建立了飞行/推进综合模型,分析了对模型输出端乘性不确定性和对跟踪误差性能不确定性的飞行/推进综合多变量反馈控制系统转化为混合灵敏度函数整形问题设计的途径,提出了一种按时间加权的误差平方积分(ITAE)准则选择加权灵敏度函数的方法,应用混合加权灵敏度H∞控制器的设计方法对飞行/推进一体化模型进行了设计,并对所求的最优控制器进行了控制系统性能仿真验证。     

通用飞行动力学模型库的开发及应用

飞行动力学模型是飞行仿真技术的基础,以往动力学模型的研究集中在数值解算方法上,忽略了模型本身的重用性、互操作性问题。采用面向对象方法构建飞行动力学模型框架,使用XML语言将飞行器各种特性数据组织起来,开发了一个通用的飞行动力学模型库,并实现了与飞控系统模型的一体化设计与开发。     

高高原起飞推力限制参数验证飞行航迹研究

起飞推力限制参数验证试飞(lapse-rate take off,简称LRTO)是飞机高高原动力试飞的核心科目之一。该科目在高高原试飞时,需要在高高原机场的最低安全高度(minimum safety altitude,简称MSA)以下飞行。针对高高原起飞推力限制参数验证试飞的飞行航迹设计进行了研究。介绍了扇区最低安全高度的定义和CCAR91部对低高度飞行的适用条款。阐述了航迹设计的基本要求,包括保护区的定义和要求、航迹精度的构成。详细描述了低于扇区最低安全高度飞行航迹的设计方法,包括试飞区域地形数据的获取、航迹绘制的经验总结、航迹的性能校核、模拟机校核和真机飞行时的逐步逼近。以稻城亚丁机场为例介绍了设计完成的飞行航迹在稻城机场应用的情况,包括航迹在实际应用中的超障余度和应用时的气象要求。     

Flight testing of a rate saturation compensation scheme on the ATTAS aircraft

This paper presents the application of a rate saturation compensation scheme to the DLR Advanced Technologies Testing Aircraft (ATTAS) and the results of the subsequent flight tests. Details of the design philosophy and the flight tests, termed SAIFE (Saturation Alleviation In-Flight Experiment), which employed the HQDT (Handling Qualities During Tracking) test technique, are presented, as well as pilot flight test reports (PFRs). The rate saturation compensators were designed based on the anti-windup (AW) control philosophy, with the aim to reduce the deleterious effects of rate saturation on the piloted aircraft dynamics, and hence provide an increased flight envelope (operating envelope) for acceptable aircraft handling qualities and reduced PIO (Pilot-in-the-Loop/Pilot-involved Oscillation) tendencies. The achievement of this goal was primarily determined by subjective pilot handling qualities ratings and PIO ratings, and secondly by supporting flight test data. The results show that the compensation scheme greatly reduced the level of rate saturation in all instances (flight conditions), making the aircraft less PIO prone in almost all investigated cases, while exhibiting either unchanged or improved handling qualities. Most notably, the flight tests demonstrated the definite potential for well designed AW compensators to improve the safety and handling qualities of aircraft during rate saturation, with some flight conditions exhibiting dramatic improvements.     

地形跟随适应角控制方法

(1)综述了国内外地形跟随技术的发展与应用概况;(2)详细介绍了地形跟随适应角控制方法的原理、技术改进及其控制指令算法;(3)将适应角法与另一经典控制方法——样板法进行了比较。通过一条零指令线,说明了两者本质上的一致性;(4)从航迹优化的角度,给出三次样条肮迹的基本模型,讨论了适应角法的参数优化设计问题,给出了一种可行的设计方法;(5)以适应角法为基础构成地形跟随控制系统,分析了系统的基本要求和系统基本组成,研究了其飞行控制系统的设计原则与方法;(6)以某型飞机作为研究对象,进行了地形跟随系统的数字仿真,给出了框图及仿真结果。最后通过分析比较,说明适应角法地形跟随系统的控制方案是可行的。