Modelling of Spall in an Anisotropic Aluminium Alloy

Spall caused by hypervelocity impacts at the lower range of velocities could result in significant damage to spacecraft. A number of polycrystalline alloys, used in spacecraft manufacturing, exhibit a pronounced anisotropy in their mechanical properties. The aluminium alloy AA 7010, whose orthotropy is a consequence of the meso-scale phase distribution or grain morphology, has been chosen for this investigation. The material failure observed in plate impact was simulated using a number of spall models. The Hugoniot elastic limit and spall strength have been studied as a function of orientation, and compared to experimental results.     

锂离子电池单离子导体聚合物电解质研究进展

锂离子电池在3C电子产品和动力汽车电池行业广泛应用,在航天电源领域也展现出一定的前景。单离子导体是基本仅由参与电化学反应的锂离子迁移的电解质体系,解决传统锂离子电池液态电解质存在的副反应和阴离子的浓差极化等问题,改善电池的库伦效率和循环寿命。研究者们发展了多种类型的单离子导体电解质。本文总结了近5年来不同阴离子类型的单离子导体聚合物电解质合成策略以及分子动力学模拟计算的最新进展。     

惯导系统可观性的全面分析研究

应用线性控制系统的结构分解理论及奇异值分解法对惯导系统 (INS)初始对准过程中的可观测性进行了全面分析 ,深入研究和详细分析了各种状态组合对系统可观测性的影响 ,定量地得出了惯导系统最佳观测状态组合时的结构分解过程及最佳可观测的子系统 ,为进一步研究INS的快速精确对准方法奠定了理论基础。     

Blasting methods to improve rock fragmentation

A method to improve rock fragmentation with explosives is based on a new way of explosion energy transfer to the solid media. It provides a considerably higher efficiency of the explosion energy by changing the gas dynamic processes of the expansion of detonation products in the charge chamber.In practice this method has been instrumental in developing two new types of charges: the air-spaced charge for rock fragmentation and the air-cavity charge for heaving blasts.The basic idea underlying charge construction in both types consists of a most efficient transfer of explosion energy into rock fragmentation or heaving process by reducing the initial peak pressure and increasing the time of explosive action upon the rock mass. When exploding such charges, shock waves and gas streams undergo gas dynamic interactions in air cavities causing the rock to be repeatedly loaded with a system of shock compressions. This makes it possible to reduce energy losses due to too fine rock fragmentation in the zone next to the charge, as well as to increase the amount of energy directed for a more even breakage of the entire rock material.An application of the new types of charges in both construction and mining industry increased the excavator efficiency by 20–40%, reduced the specific consumption of explosives by more than 20%, diminished seismic influence of explosions, etc.The new method of rock fragmentation described here paves the way for further development of the theory and practice of blasting operations yielding a higher efficiency of the use of explosions.     

Fine structure of interplanetary shock fronts from the data of the BMSW instrument of the PLASMA-F experiment

The paper is concerned with studying the thickness of fronts of 38 interplanetary shocks detected by the BMSW instrument, which is a part of the scientific payload of the SPEKTR-R spacecraft, which was launched into a highly elliptical orbit in 2011. The main parameters of the interplanetary shocks have been calculated as follows: the ratio of thermal pressure to magnetic pressure before the front β, the angle between the shock front normal and the undisturbed magnetic field θ_Bn, the ratio of the shock propagation velocity to the magnetosonic velocity in the undisturbed region M_ms, and the shock front velocity relative to the Earth. It has been shown that the front thickness determined from the plasma parameters approximately matches the front thickness obtained from the magnetic field measurements and lies between 0.5 and 5 proton inertial lengths. In some events, the oscillations have been observed (upstream and downstream of the shock) in plasma parameters and in the magnetic field data. The length has been found to be between 0.5 and 6 proton inertial lengths for the preceding oscillations and between 0.5 and 10 proton inertial lengths for the following oscillations. The average value of the proton inertial length is 62 km.     

Design and implementation of the flight dynamics system for COMS satellite mission operations

The first Korean multi-mission geostationary Earth orbit satellite, Communications, Ocean, and Meteorological Satellite (COMS) was launched by an Ariane 5 launch vehicle in June 26, 2010. The COMS satellite has three payloads including Ka-band communications, Geostationary Ocean Color Imager, and Meteorological Imager. Although the COMS spacecraft bus is based on the Astrium Eurostar 3000 series, it has only one solar array to the south panel because all of the imaging sensors are located on the north panel. In order to maintain the spacecraft attitude with 5 wheels and 7 thrusters, COMS should perform twice a day wheel off-loading thruster firing operations, which affect on the satellite orbit. COMS flight dynamics system provides the general on-station functions such as orbit determination, orbit prediction, event prediction, station-keeping maneuver planning, station-relocation maneuver planning, and fuel accounting. All orbit related functions in flight dynamics system consider the orbital perturbations due to wheel off-loading operations. There are some specific flight dynamics functions to operate the spacecraft bus such as wheel off-loading management, oscillator updating management, and on-station attitude reacquisition management. In this paper, the design and implementation of the COMS flight dynamics system is presented. An object oriented analysis and design methodology is applied to the flight dynamics system design. Programming language C# within Microsoft .NET framework is used for the implementation of COMS flight dynamics system on Windows based personal computer.     

Kapton抗原子氧侵蚀的Al2O3涂层研究

在原子氧侵蚀地面模拟设备中对Kapton和利用反应溅射制备的Al2O3涂层进行了原子氧暴露实验，并采用XPS和SEM等分析手段对暴露前后试样表面的物理和化学变化进行了研究。结果表明，Kapton试样遭受了严重的侵蚀，质量损失较大；Al2O3涂层质量变化很小，对基体提供了良好的保护作用。XPS分析结果表明，Kapton的羰基与原子氧作用时形成CO2，随后CO2气体脱附。反应溅射的Al2O3涂层是富Al的，初始暴露时由于氧化反应而质量有少许增加，随时间延长，涂层变得完全符合化学计量。     

美国火星表面探测使命述评（下）

从1975年8月发射（1976年7月着陆火星）的海盗-1探测器以来,美国已成功执行了6次火星表面探测使命,即海盗-1与海盗-2轨道器/着陆器,＂火星探路者＂（MPF）着陆器/巡游车,＂勇气＂与＂机遇＂火星探测巡游车（MER）,以及＂凤凰＂着陆器;而推迟到2011年发射的火星科学实验室（MSL）将火星着陆技术与表面巡游车技术推向一个新的高度。从＂海盗＂着陆器到MSL＂好奇心＂巡游车、美国历经三种火星着陆系统与三代火星表面巡游车技术的发展。三种着陆系统为着陆腿着陆系统（＂海盗＂与＂凤凰＂）,气囊着陆系统（MPF与MER）,以及空中吊机着陆系统（MSL）。三代巡游车为MPF＂旅居者＂巡游车、MER＂勇气＂与＂机遇＂巡游车,以及MSL＂好奇心＂巡游车。现在,美国在火星进入、降落与着陆（EDL）运作与表面避障移动方面,已达到技术成熟与先进的水平,满足安全着陆与表面移动探测的要求。文章阐述美国上述七项火星表面探测使命的立项背景、科学目标与有效载荷、飞行系统组成,以及飞行运作程序;分析美国火星着陆技术与表面巡游车技术的发展。     

星载激光测高地面数据处理设计研究

星载激光测高技术是对地观测系统中最为核心和前沿的信息获取技术之一,因其具有探测方向性好、测距精度高等特点,在地球科学领域中体现出了巨大的应用潜力。在ICESat/GLAS测高地面数据处理系统的基础上,针对将于今年发射的高分七号卫星的载荷特点,设计了一套星载激光测高地面数据处理系统软件。该软件可实现对星载激光测高数据的地面处理并生成3级数据产品,包含激光能量计算、波形分解和激光脚点定位等,以及相应各级产品的数据质量控制处理。利用高分七号仿真数据对该软件进行相应的性能测试,测试结果表明:该系统软件基本满足需求,已初步具备星载激光测高地面数据处理能力。     

Three dimensional investigation of the shock train structure in a convergent–divergent nozzle

Three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics analyses have been employed to study the compressible and turbulent flow of the shock train in a convergent–divergent nozzle. The primary goal is to determine the behavior, location, and number of shocks. In this context, full multi-grid initialization, Reynolds stress turbulence model (RSM), and the grid adaption techniques in the Fluent software are utilized under the 3D investigation. The results showed that RSM solution matches with the experimental data suitably. The effects of applying heat generation sources and changing inlet flow total temperature have been investigated. Our simulations showed that changes in the heat generation rate and total temperature of the intake flow influence on the starting point of shock, shock strength, minimum pressure, as well as the maximum flow Mach number.     

Numerical investigation of the impact of asymmetric fuel injection on shock train characteristics

Numerical simulations are carried out to investigate the impact of asymmetric fuel injection on shock train characteristics using the commercial-code FLUENT. The asymmetry of fuel injection is examined by changing the fuel flow rates of the upper and lower wall fuel injectors. The numerical approach solves the two-dimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations, supplemented with a k-ω model of turbulence. As a result, different ways of fuel injections will always lead to shock train transitions, with the variations of shock train structure, strength and leading edge position. For symmetric fuel injection, the flowfield of the isolator is quite asymmetric with the boundary layer of the upper wall side developing much stronger than that of the lower wall, which is due to the heterogeneity of the incoming flow. Regarding to asymmetric fuel injection with more of lower wall side, though the pressures in the combustor are nearly the same, the first shock of the shock train converts between ‘Distinct symmetric X type shock’ and ‘Obscure and weaker asymmetric shock’ and the shock train leading edge moves upstream with the increase of the asymmetry level. With regard to asymmetric fuel injection with more of upper wall side, ‘incomplete asymmetric X type shock’ occurs and the shock train structures keep nearly the same with low level of fuel injection asymmetry. Unexpected results like unstart will happen when increasing the level of fuel injection asymmetry. And the isolator will come back to normal state by decreasing the differential of upper and lower wall sides fuel injections.     

天梯动力学与控制研究进展

简要介绍了天梯系统的组成和初始部署形式。在此基础上，针对天梯初始部署和运行中存在的复杂动力学与控制问题，分别从天梯动力学建模、天梯稳定性、天梯绳索振荡、攀爬器运动引起的绳索振荡及振荡抑制、天梯初始部署动力学五个方面分析归纳了天梯动力学与控制的发展状况，最后对天梯动力学与控制的发展方向进行了总结及展望。     

ANPyO Bi(III)含能配合物的合成、表征、热分解行为及其对高氯酸铵热分解的催化作用

合成了2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡啶-1-氧化物(ANPyO) Bi(III)含能配合物,采用FTIR、元素分析和XPS光电子能谱表征了含能配合物的结构.根据结构表征结果推测,ANPyO Bi(III)含能配合物的分子式为Bi(C5H4N5O5)3,金属离子与配体的配比为1∶3.其中,可能的配位方式为:每个配体ANPyO 2-位的氨基脱去一个氢原子,分别以NH和N→O结构单元中N原子和O原子与Bi(III)形成配位键.ANPyO Bi(III)含能配合物的撞击感度、摩擦感度和冲击波感分别为220 cm、36 kg和5.8 mm.采用TG-DTG和DSC测试考察了ANPyO Bi(III)含能配合物的热分解行为,配合物在50～450 ℃范围内热分解过程由一个吸热熔融峰和分解放热峰组成,相应的峰温分别为320.6 ℃和346.5 ℃,配合物热分解剩余残渣量为31.2％.同时,考察了配合物对高氯酸铵热分解的催化作用,并采用Kissinger法对纯AP和AP混合物热分解过程低温分解阶段和高温分解阶段的表观活化能和指前因子进行了计算.结果表明,ANPyO Bi(III)含能配合物可使高氯酸铵高温分解阶段和低温分解阶段的峰温提前63.6 ℃和63.1 ℃,表观活化能降低23.1 kJ/mol和61.5 kJ/mol,表观分解热增加339.3 J/g.可发现,ANPyO Bi(III)含能配合物对AP的热分解具有显著的催化作用.     

火星进入器作强迫震荡运动壁面脉动压力数值模拟

为研究超声速阶段进入器作强迫震荡运动对壁面脉动压力环境的影响规律,本文耦合进入器刚体运动方程与流体力学方程,采用动网格技术,对火星进入器模型开展非定常数值模拟,获取壁面不同位置处的脉动压力信息。研究表明：在超声速阶段,进入器作强迫震荡运动诱导的脉动压力远大于进入器保持相对静止时仅由非定常流动诱导的脉动压力。来流马赫数为1.2时,进入器作强迫震荡运动对脱体激波影响较小,脱体激波强度较弱且形态变化较小,攻角的震荡导致同一测点距离脱体激波的位置发生周期性改变,舱体迎风面及配平翼迎风面的脉动压力环境主要受攻角变化的影响;来流马赫数为3时,进入器作强迫震荡运动对脱体激波的影响较大,脱体激波震荡剧烈,诱导舱体迎风面及配平翼迎风面产生极其恶劣的脉动压力环境,功率谱分析表明激波震荡诱导的脉动压力能量主要集中在30 Hz左右。     

月球探测器软着陆机构着陆腿模型与仿真分析

给出了着陆动力学分析的数学模型,并在分析铝蜂窝材料缓冲特性的基础上,建立了 铝蜂窝缓冲器模型,将其应用于软着陆机构单条着陆腿冲击仿真。仿真结果表明,该模型在 缓冲行程、能量吸收及缓冲后加速度响应峰值等方面与试验结果基本一致。为软着陆机构着 陆冲击动力学分析时铝蜂窝建模提供参考。     

Gravity-oriented satellite dynamics subject to gravitational and active damping torques

The dynamics of the rotational motion of a satellite moving in the central Newtonian field of force over a circular orbit under the effect of gravitational and active damping torques, which depend on the satellite angular velocity projections, has been investigated. The paper proposes a method of determining all equilibrium positions (equilibrium orientations) of a satellite in the orbital coordinate system for specified values of damping coefficients and principal central moments of inertia. The conditions of their existence have been obtained. For a zero equilibrium position where the axes of the satellite-centered coordinate system coincide with the axes of the orbital coordinate system, the necessary and sufficient conditions for asymptotic stability are obtained using the Routh–Hurwitz criterion. A detailed analysis of the regions where the conditions of the asymptotic stability of a zero equilibrium position are fulfilled have been obtained depending on three dimensionless parameters of the problem, and the numerical study of the process of attenuation of satellite’s spatial oscillations for various damping coefficients has been carried out. It has been shown that there is a wide range of damping parameters from which, by choosing the necessary values, one can provide the asymptotic stability of satellite’s zero equilibrium position in the orbital coordinate system.     

Study on passive momentum exchange landing gear using two-dimensional analysis

This paper discusses a landing response control system based on the momentum exchange principle for planetary exploration spacecraft. In the past, landing gear systems with cantilever designs that incorporate honeycomb materials to dissipate shock energy through plastic deformation have been used, but once tested before launch, the system cannot be used in a real mission. The sky crane system used for the Mars Science Laboratory by NASA can achieve a safe and precise landing, but it is highly complex. This paper introduces a momentum exchange impact damper (MEID) that absorbs the controlled object׳s momentum with extra masses called damper masses. The MEID is reusable, which makes it easy to ensure the landing gear׳s reliability. In this system, only passive elements such as springs are needed. A single-axis (SA) model has already been used to verify the effectiveness of MEIDs through simulations and experiments measuring the rebound height of the spacecraft. However, the SA model cannot address the rotational motion and tipping of the spacecraft. This paper presents a two-landing-gear-system (TLGS) model in which multiple MEIDs are equipped for two-dimensional analysis. Unlike in the authors׳ previous studies, in this study each MEID is launched when the corresponding landing gear lands and the MEIDs do not contain active actuators. This mechanism can be used to realize advanced control specifications, and it is simply compared with previous mechanisms including actuators, in which all of the MEIDs are launched simultaneously. If each MEID works when the corresponding gear lands, the rebound height of each gear can be minimized, and tipping can be prevented, as demonstrated by the results of our simulations.     

On the origin of satellite swarms

For a species to develop in nature basically two things are needed: an enabling technology and a “niche”. In spacecraft design the story is the same. Both a suitable technology and a niche application need to be there before a new generation of spacecraft can be developed. In the last century two technologies have emerged which had and still have a huge impact on the development of technical systems: Micro-Electronics (ME) and Micro-Systems Technology (MST). Many different terrestrial systems have changed dramatically since the introduction of ME and MST and many new systems have emerged. In the same period many nano-satellites have been built and launched and shown that they can perform in space. Still it is not clear what the specific role of these small satellites will be. Where will they go? What will they do? In this paper the authors will try to answer these questions and will refer to the OLFAR space born radio telescope as one of the niche applications for a nano-satellite swarm.     

Optimal thrust program for deviating an Earth-pointing asteroid

The purpose of this study is to investigate the optimal thrust program for deviating an asteroid when it is flying directly toward or crossing the Earth. Under some assumptions, the problem can be considered as a two-body problem of Earth-asteroid system. The initial relative speed and distance are specified to be 10 km/s and 150 times of Earth's radius, respectively. We have about 1 day (or, 93681 seconds exactly) to take action. If a single impulse is applied to the asteroid at the specified initial point, the required impulse to obtain a miss distance of 2 times of Earth's radius is 169.5 m/s per kg mass. For an asteroid of 10 m in diameter, the total impulse required is 3.02 × 10⁸ m/s. It needs a typical large launching rocket to provide the total impulse. When the asteroid is larger or the initial distance is shorter, the number of launching rockets required increases rapidly. For further analysis with physical and engineering constraints imposed, we shall have to use the variational formulation method.     

数据中继卫星系统的研制与分析

在简述数据中继卫星系统发展历史的基础上,论述了它的突出优点和相应的对用．户航天器的要求,重点剖析了研制中继卫星带来的共性难点和在总体设计上的特殊性,介绍了中国数据中继卫星的发展历程、应用范围,并对我国数据中继卫星的发展进行了展望。