基于激光干涉星间测距原理的下一代月球卫星重力测量计划需求论证

月球卫星重力测量是21世纪国际开展深空探测的发展趋势和追逐热点。月球重力场的精密测量是国际探月计划的重要组成部分,它决定着月球探测器的轨道优化设计和载人登月飞船月面理想着陆点的合适选取。本文首先介绍未来国际GRAIL（Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory）月球重力场探测双星计划的总体概述、关键载荷以及科学目标和研究方向。其次,重点阐述月球卫星观测模式可行性论证、月球卫星关键载荷的优化选取、卫星轨道参数的优化设计、仿真模拟研究的先期开展等我国将来月球卫星重力测量计划的实施建议。第一,由于高低/低低卫星跟踪卫星结合多普勒和甚长基线干涉系统观测模式（SST-HL/LL-Doppler-VLBI）对中长波月球重力场的探测精度较高,技术要求相对较低,月球重力场测定速度快、代价低和效益高,可借鉴地球重力卫星GRACE（Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment）系统的成功经验,对定轨精度的要求较低,而且可有效探测远月面区域的月球重力场信号,因此我国将来首期月球卫星重力测量计划采用SST-HL/LL-Doppler-VLBI观测模式较优。第二,我国应先期开展高精度的月球重力卫星关键载荷（激光干涉星间测距仪、非保守力补偿系统等）和地面Doppler\|VLBI系统的研制工作。第三,月球卫星轨道高度（50~100 km）和星间距离（100±50 km）的优化设计是成功实施将来我国月球卫星重力测量计划的重要保证。第四,建议我国将仿真技术应用于月球重力卫星的方案论证、系统设计、部件研制、产品检验、实际应用、故障分析等研制和运行的全过程。本文的研究不仅对我国将来首期月球卫星重力测量计划的成功实施具有重要的参考价值,同时对未来国际太阳系行星重力探测的发展方向具有广泛的指导意义。
     

Economic rhythms,Maslow Windows and the new space frontier

This paper explores the possible relationship between space exploration and long swings in the economy and socio-technical systems. We posit that the early phases of long upswings are characterized by periods of optimism and the spirit of adventure that provided a motivation for large-scale explorations and other great infrastructure projects in the past. These Maslow Windows help us understand prior eras of exploration and cultural dynamism, and offer a hopeful scenario for space exploration in the next two decades. We offer some observations as to what the exploratory thrust might look like, including a return to the lunar surface combined with other activities. Of course, we also point out that the next great wave of space exploration will almost certainly have a much more international flavor than has heretofore been the case.     

A forward looking space policy for the USA

The 1958 Space Act created separate but related military and civilian space exploration and exploitation efforts for the USA. This Viewpoint reexamines the assumptions of the act, and questions how they might be modified to fit with technical and political developments since 1958. Should separate civilian and military programmes continue? How should launch vehicles be developed and operated? What should be the major goals of the space exploration programmes? A well defined and forward looking space policy is proposed, including a lunar base programme, which will take the initiative away from the USSR.     

Rationale and systems architecture for a near-term human lunar return

Early human missions to the Moon have landed on six different sites on the lunar surface. These have all been in the low-latitude regions of the near side of the Moon. Early missions were designed primarily to assure crew safety rather than for scientific value. While the later missions added increasingly more challenging science, they remained restricted to near-side, low-latitude sites. Since the 1970s, we have learned considerably more about lunar planetology and resources. A return within the next five to ten years can greatly stimulate future human space exploration activities. We can learn much more about the distribution of lunar resources, especially about hydrogen, hydrated minerals, and water ice because they appear to be abundant near the lunar poles. The presence of hydrogen opens the possibility of industrial use of lunar resources to provide fuel for space transportation throughout the solar system.This paper discusses the rationale for near-term return of human crews to the Moon, and the advantages to be gained by selecting the Moon as the next target for human missions beyond low-Earth orbit. It describes a systems architecture for early missions, including transportation and habitation aspects. Specifically, we describe a primary transportation architecture that emphasizes existing Earth-to-orbit transportation systems, using expendable launch vehicles for cargo delivery and the Space Shuttle and its derivatives for human transportation. Transfer nodes should be located at the International Space Station (ISS) and at the Earth-Moon L1 (libration point).Each of the major systems is described, and the requisite technology readiness is assessed. These systems include Earth-to-orbit transportation, lunar transfer, lunar descent and landing, surface habitation and mobility, and return to Earth. With optimum reliance on currently existing space systems and a technology readiness assessment, we estimate the minimum development time required and perform order-of-magnitude cost estimates of a near-term human lunar mission.     

A new paradigm for international cooperation in space exploration

In announcing a new Vision for the US space program, President George Bush committed the USA to “a long-term human and robotic program to explore the solar system”, via a return to the Moon, leading to exploration of Mars and other destinations. He also stated that other nations would be invited to join the vision. Many other nations have, or are developing, ‘exploration visions’ of their own. The potential for international cooperation therefore exists, both at the vision and program/project levels. This paper, based on Working Group discussions as part of an AIAA space cooperation workshop,¹ presents an approach for maximizing the return on all global investments in space exploration. It proposes an international coordination mechanism through which all these various national activities could be integrated into an inherently global enterprise for space exploration, a ‘virtual program of programs’. Within the context of the coordination, individual activities would utilize the full range of cooperative mechanisms for implementation. A significant benefit of this mode of conducting cooperation is that it would not require the negotiation of complex overarching international agreements as a precondition for initiating international activity.     

利用地月间空间站的载人登月飞行模式分析

为提高空间站利用率,降低载人登月任务成本,有效开发地月空间,研究了基于地月空间不同轨道空间站的载人登月飞行模式。首先对比直接往返登月飞行模式,对基于空间站的载人登月飞行模式进行任务分析,通过空间站将载人登月任务解耦为载人天地往返任务和登月任务两部分;其次通过轨道设计和稳定性分析提出考虑登月任务需求的地月间空间站可运行轨道和停泊点;最后建立一套飞行模式评价模型,从速度增量需求、飞行时间、空间环境、登月任务窗口、测控条件、交会对接技术难度、后续任务支持性和任务可靠性方面对6种不同位置空间站的登月飞行模式进行分析和定量评价。评价结果表明基于L2点Halo轨道空间站的载人登月飞行模式为更优飞行模式。     

A new setting for international space cooperation?

The year 2004 could be seen as the turning point for the realignment of international space cooperation for the 21st century. At the very core of this readjustment, the US space exploration initiative strives to define a new scheme for such a broad array of aspects as international scientific cooperation, the role of the space industry and the organizational framework for international space applications. This paper argues that the success of this new outline of international space cooperation depends on several conditions. First, the US initiative needs to demonstrate its long-term continuity and reliability for international partners, which will depend to no small degree on the future of the ISS and its utilization for international research. Second, international cooperation between industrial partners will continue to need political frameworks and depend on a balanced handling of know-how partnerships. Third, cooperation in space applications will need a truly international structure to further its global acceptance and outreach.     

嫦娥五号探测器供配电系统设计与验证

结合嫦娥五号探测器主要任务特点,简要介绍了多器供配电系统的功能需求、多器联合供电方案设计,并通过能量平衡仿真分析、多母线融合控制等关键技术,解决了嫦娥五号探测器在复杂空间环境下多任务、多模式的高可靠轻小型化供配电系统设计难题。在轨飞行试验结果表明:供配电系统功能正常、工作可靠、性能优良。提出的嫦娥五号探测器多器组合一体化供配电系统分析与设计方法,满足并确保了月面无人自动采样返回任务可靠实现,可为未来探月工程及其它深空探测领域供配电系统设计提供参考和借鉴。     

月球无人采样返回探测器一体化热管理方案

针对我国首个月球无人采样返回探测器"嫦娥五号"所面临的散热难题,在调研国外月球采样返回探测器热控方案的基础上,通过论证提出一种"泵驱小型单相流体回路热总线+水升华器"的一体化热管理方案。该方案能够实现"嫦娥五号"着陆器、上升器热量与热沉的综合管理与利用;同时在国内首次将高适应能力主动热控体系结构应用到深空探测航天器中,推动了我国深空探测航天器热控技术的跨越式发展。     

Modeling international cooperation in human space exploration for the twenty-first century.

The policy process of international cooperation in space exploration. including optimistic and pessimistic scenarios for the twenty-first century, is modeled and examined in this study. In the optimistic scenario, international cooperation involves a balanced and interdependent distribution of capabilities between states, their respective national space agencies and communities of space scientists and space engineers. Cooperation is characterized by interstate participation in critical path components and joint research and development. In the pessimistic scenario, international cooperation is structured and dominated politically and economically by powerful states vis-a-vis weaker states. Cooperation is limited to coordination of separate nationally approved projects and augmentation of capabilities in noncritical path components. On the basis of these two scenarios, policy predictions and implications relevant to exploration missions in the twenty-first century, such as a human-tended lunar base and human missions to Mars, are presented and discussed.     

月球着陆器着陆稳定性仿真分析

随着中国深空探测的发展,在月球表面进行着陆探测成为新的关注热点,因此月球着陆器的着陆稳定性研究成为一项重要课题。文章利用ADAMS软件及其用户子程序,对一种可展开四腿式月球着陆器的着陆稳定性进行了研究,研究结论为着陆器的着陆缓冲机构及总体设计提供参考。     

环月飞行器返回轨道设计与优化

针对传统月地返回轨道设计方法在从初始轨道直接转移的局限性,提出一种基于Lambert问题的月地转移轨道设计方法。该方法重新选取了轨道约束参数,并在笛卡尔坐标系下建立了返回轨道动力学模型,并基于该模型全面分析了返回轨道关于约束参数的变化特性。此外,针对带有约束条件的返回轨道优化设计问题,提出了快速收敛的函数构造法,并给出了有效的目标函数形式。以某一在轨环月飞行器的轨道参数作为初始轨道进行返回轨道计算,结果验证了所提出返回轨道设计方法以及函数构造法的有效性。     

光电技术在中国深空探测中的应用

文章简单回顾了中国深空探测已走过的历程和正在进行的项目,展望了今后的发展;分析了深空探测器及其有效栽荷对光电技术的需求;重点对中国已发射的月球探测器"嫦娥一号"、"嫦娥二号"中应用的光电技术和获取的成果,正在研制的"嫦娥三号"探测器中所应用的光电技术,月球探测三期和今后可能发展的深空探测项目中预计采用的光电技术的研制工...     

同波束VLBI技术用于月球双探测器精密定轨及重力场解算

同波束VLBI通过同时观测两个探测器的多点频信号,可以得到两个探测器之间高精度的差分相位时延,日本月球探测计划SELENE充分体现了这一技术在月球探测器精密定轨中的贡献。本文针对采样返回的月球探测任务中,轨道器和返回器同时绕月飞行期间,研究利用同波束VLBI跟踪数据在探测器精密定轨和月球重力场仿真解算中的贡献。结果表明,加入同波束VLBI跟踪数据之后,探测器定轨精度有显著提高,改进超过一个量级。综合同波束VLBI跟踪数据解算得到的重力场模型相比于传统的USB双程测距测速数据,中低阶次位系数精度有明显改进,并且定轨精度有望能达到米级。
     

月球基地结构形式设想

月球基地建设是载人航天、深空探测技术发展的一个重要方面。根据月面环境特点和航天工程需要,对充气式结构和硬式结构的月球基地结构形式进行了分析,讨论了两种结构形式的优势和不足,并提出了基于两种结构形式的组合型月球基地的设想,为将来月球基地的建设提供参考。     

载人月球极地探测地月转移轨道设计

针对载人月球极地探测任务,采用一种自由返回轨道与三脉冲机动轨道相结合的地月转移轨道方案。关于自由返回轨道部分的设计,建立了基于近月点伪参数的两段拼接模型,采用一种考虑地球扁率修正的改进多圆锥截线法进行求解,仿真结果显示改进的多圆锥截线法具有更高的求解精度,可为精确设计提供更好的初值;关于三脉冲机动轨道部分的设计,基于混合轨道模型,采用特殊点变轨和Lambert算法相结合的方法进行计算,仿真结果显示该方法能够有效地降低速度增量的消耗。最后,通过大量的仿真计算,对轨道的速度增量特性进行了分析。研究结论可为未来载人月球极地探测地月转移轨道方案的设计提供重要参考。     

有人月球基地构建方案设想

有人月球基地的建设能将人类的活动区域扩展到月球,实现月球资源的深度开发和利用,服务于人类社会发展。中国开展月球基地建设,在技术上是空间站工程和载人登月工程的有效结合,也有利于其载人航天工程的可持续发展。文章针对有人月球基地的构建,将有人月球基地构建的基本途径分为刚性舱组装、柔性舱组装和月面建筑式三大类,并指出在月球基地发展的不同阶段构建途径的选择原则,再结合中国国情,提出了中国在有人月球基地发展初期的构建方案,最后对有人月球基地构建中的一些关键问题进行了分析总结。     

一种三元结构的火星采样返回任务方案分析

介绍了目前国外提出的一种三元结构的火星采样返回任务方案,整个方案分3次发射,分别发射漫游车、着陆器和轨道器,每次发射间隔为4年,最终目的是将火星样品带回地球。该方案的优势在于,通过3次发射分别完成漫游车巡视勘察、着陆器现场探测、轨道器数据中继和在轨探测,最终综合完成火星采样返回,能够极大地缓解项目进度和资金压力,充分利用每次发射窗口分步骤完成探测任务。文章重点对方案涉及的关键技术进行了分析,包括样品获取与封装、行星保护、精准着陆、漫游车的危险规避能力和移动性、火星上升器、交会与样品捕获、地球再入器技术等;对方案的前景和优势进行了探讨,并给出几点启示,如精准着陆或成为今后行星探测着陆方式的新趋势,火星采样返回任务将是人类火星探测的里程碑,今后的深空探测任务趋向国际合作模式等。     

Creating a productive international partnership in the Vision for Space Exploration

When US President George W. Bush on 14 January 2004 announced a new US “Vision for Space Exploration”, he called for international participation in “a journey, not a race”, a call received with skepticism and concern elsewhere. But, after a slow start in implementing this directive, during 2006 NASA has increased the forward momentum of action on the program and of discussions on international cooperation in exploring “the Moon, Mars, and beyond”. There are nevertheless a number of significant top-level issues that must be addressed if a cooperative approach to human space exploration is to be pursued. These include the relationship between utilization of the ISS and the lunar exploration plans, integration of potential partners’ current and future capabilities into the exploration plans, and the evolving space-related intentions of other countries.     

深空样品密封技术综述

文章首先介绍了美国"阿波罗"计划中月球样品密封所使用的密封结构与材料,以及火星采样返回任务中对样品密封的技术方案和研究情况。然后,针对我国探月工程三期的样品密封要求,分析了多种密封材料和结构,包括铟银合金作为软金属用于刀口挤压的密封结构、自动钎焊密封装置和爆炸焊接密封装置;同时,简单地介绍了目前国内深空样品密封技术研究与试验工作。最后,针对上述密封结构和密封材料,结合我国探月工程的要求,提出了优化研究方向。这些跟踪研究结果可为我国深空样品密封技术的发展提供参考。