Subsurface Water Oceans on Icy Satellites: Chemical Composition and Exchange Processes

The state of knowledge about the structure and composition of icy satellite interiors has been significantly extended by combining direct measurements from spacecraft, laboratory experiments, and theoretical modeling. The existence of potentially habitable liquid water reservoirs on icy satellites is dependent on the radiogenic heating of the rock component, additional contributions such as the dissipation of tidal energy, the efficiency of heat transfer to the surface, and the presence of substances that deplete the freezing point of liquid water. This review summarizes the chemical evolution of subsurface liquid water oceans, taking into account a number of chemical processes occuring in aqueous environments and partly related to material exchange with the deep interior. Of interest are processes occuring at the transitions from the liquid water layer to the ice layers above and below, involving the possible formation of clathrate hydrates and high-pressure ices on large icy satellites. In contrast, water-rock exchange is important for the chemical evolution of the liquid water layer if the latter is in contact with ocean floor rock on small satellites. The composition of oceanic floor deposits depends on ambient physical conditions and ocean chemistry, and their evolutions through time. In turn, physical properties of the ocean floor affect the circulation of oceanic water and related thermal effects due to tidally-induced porous flow and aqueous alteration of ocean floor rock.     

Integral-projection method and singularities of its application in mating shells with inconsistent parameters of approximation

We describe a numerical integral-projection method used by the authors for the approximate solution of systems of interrelated two-dimensional linear boundary-value problems in mechanics of composite shell systems. The method is based on discretization in each shell substructure of a two-dimensional problem along one of coordinates using a projection-grid variant of the Galerkin-Petrov method and its subsequent transformation to a system of ordinary differential equations; by integration and introduction of sought functions as unknown derivatives, the system is reduced to a system of integral equations being solved by the method of mechanical quadratures. The method is characterized by the fact that its application requires no additional conditions of conformity with discretization parameters of substructures being mated.     

激光增材制造过程数值仿真技术综述

数值仿真是研究激光增材制造过程中各类物理现象、揭示零件缺陷形成机理、优化增材制造工艺参数的重要手段,该领域学者针对增材制造过程中的热分析、金属粉末颗粒性质分析、微观结构分析、质量缺陷成因分析等方面,开展了大量研究,提出了相应的数学模型和方法。激光增材制造过程的数值仿真是一个在空间和时间上均跨越多个尺度的复杂问题,微观、介观、宏观尺度下数值仿真所关注的对象和所使用的方法各不相同;多数研究聚焦于某一尺度下的过程仿真,另一部分研究则基于不同模型的数据关系建立模型间的耦合关系,实现热-相、热-力的综合分析。对现阶段激光增材制造数值仿真领域的主要技术进行了综述,在梳理数值仿真基本流程的基础上,对其中涉及的热源模型,粉末模型,力学模型以及微观结构模型进行了介绍,讨论了其特点和适用性;结合相关技术领域的发展,探讨了激光增材制造数值仿真技术的发展方向,旨在为本领域的技术研究与发展提供参考。     

III: OCEAN CIRCULATION: Global Ocean Data Assimilation and Geoid Measurements

Parts of geodesy and physical oceanography are about to mature into a single modeling problem involving the simultaneous estimation of the marine geoid and the general circulation. Both fields will benefit. To this end, we present an ocean state estimation (data assimilation) framework which is designed to obtain a dynamically consistent picture of the changing ocean circulation by combining global ocean data sets of arbitrary type with a general circulation model (GCM). The impact of geoid measurements on such estimates of the ocean circulation are numerous. For the mean circulation, a precise geoid describes the reference frame for dynamical signals in altimetric sea surface height observations. For the time-varying ocean signal, changing geoid information might be a valuable new information about correcting the changing flow field on time scales from a few month to a year, but the quantitative utility of such information has not yet been demonstrated. For a consistent estimate, some knowledge of the prior error covariances of all data fields is required. The final result must be consistent with prior error estimates for the data. State estimation is thus one of the few quantitative consistency checks for new geoid measurements anticipated from forthcoming space missions. Practical quantitative methods will yield a best possible estimate of the dynamical sea surface which, when combined with satellite altimetric surfaces, will produce a best-estimate marine geoid. The anticipated accuracy and precision of such estimates raises some novel modeling error issues which have not conventionally been of concern (the Boussinesq approximation, self-attraction and loading). Model skill at very high frequencies is a major concern because of the need to de-alias the data obtained by the inevitable oceanic temporal undersampling dictated by realistic satellite orbit configurations. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

时间依赖边界条件在亚声速自由射流数值模拟中的应用

对亚声速自由射流进行数值模拟时，无法预先给定远场边界和无反射入流边界上的速度值。以往采用的黎曼不变量在自由边界上给定无反射条件的处理方法，只给出了这些边界法线方向上的一维特征关系。时间依赖边界条件是一种高精度的边界处理方法，可以很方便地处理计算中遇到的各种边界，广泛地应用于DNS中。我们将这种边界条件用于定常流动的计算中，计算了出口马赫数为0．4和0．7的轴对称自由射流，获得了与实验结果吻合的数值模拟结果。     

Climate Observations - The Instrumental Record

A survey is given of the available instrumental data for monitoring and analysis of climatic variations. We focus on temperature measurements, both over land and ocean, at the surface and aloft.Over land, the older observations were subject to exposure changes which may not have been fully compensated. The effects of urbanization have been largely avoided in studies of climatic change over the last 150 years. There are few records for pre-1850 outside Europe and eastern North America, and the global network shows a recent decline. Over the ocean, sea surface temperature (SST) has been measured using buckets, engine intakes, hull sensors, buoys, and satellites. Many of these data have been effectively homogenized, but new challenges arise as observing systems evolve. Available SST and marine air temperature datasets begin in the 1850s. The data are concentrated in shipping lanes especially before 1900, and very sparse during the world wars, but additional historical data are being digitized.The radiosonde record is short (40 years) and has major gaps over the oceans, tropics and Southern Hemisphere. Instrumental heterogeneities are beginning to be assessed and removed using physical and statistical techniques. The MSU record is complete but only began in 1979, and is not highly resolved in the vertical: major biases, mainly affecting the lower-tropospheric retrieval, have been reduced as a result of recent analyses.Advanced interpolation or data-assimilation techniques are being applied to these data, but the results must be interpreted with care.     

Adaptive variable structure tracking control for constrained robots

The problem of controller design for constrained robots with the consideration of computational efficiency is addressed. An efficient adaptive variable structure control algorithm based on a reduced dynamics formulation, is presented for trajectory tracking of an end-effector on a constrained surface with specified constraint forces. It is shown that the objective can be achieved without exact knowledge of robot dynamics and on-line calculation of nonlinear dynamic functions. The control algorithm is constructed with at most three control parameters to be adjusted adaptively, and that number is determined independently of the number of degrees of freedom of the robotic manipulators. A numerical example is presented to illustrate the developed method     

大范围收敛的摄动Lambert问题新型解法:拟线性化-局部变分迭代法

研究实时、高效、稳定性强的高性能空间轨道计算方法对于中国未来航天工程具有重大应用价值。针对强非线性系统的多维两点边值问题,提出了一种拟线性化-局部变分迭代法（QL-LVIM）,通过拟线性化（QL）思想,将非线性两点边值问题转化为一系列具有一定迭代格式,并且成对出现的初值问题,进而通过局部变分迭代法（LVIM）对其进行求解。利用拟线性化的大范围收敛特性和局部变分迭代法的快收敛、高精度特性,该方法能够在较大的时间和空间尺度下快速精确获得摄动Lambert问题的初速度和转移轨道,其收敛域远大于传统的牛顿打靶法,为航天器轨道转移提供了一种简便高效、稳定性强的新型计算方法。在不同轨道情形下,与几类参考方法对比,结果表明本方法能够在计算效率方面实现大幅提升,并且能够在大范围内实现快速收敛。方法的有效性在地-月系三体问题中得到了进一步验证。     

Potential Effects of Surface Temperature Variations and Disturbances and Thermal Convection on the Mars InSight HP<Superscript>3</Superscript> Heat-Flow Determination

The HP³ instrument on the InSight lander mission will measure subsurface temperatures and thermal conductivities from which heat flow in the upper few meters of the regolith at the landing site will be calculated. The parameter to be determined is steady-state conductive heat flow, but temperatures may have transient perturbations resulting from surface temperature changes and there could be a component of thermal convection associated with heat transport by vertical flow of atmospheric gases over the depth interval of measurement. The experiment is designed so that it should penetrate to a depth below which surface temperature perturbations are smaller than the required measurement precision by the time the measurements are made. However, if the measurements are delayed after landing, and/or the probe does not penetrate to the desired depth, corrections may be necessary for the transient perturbations. Thermal convection is calculated to be negligible, but these calculations are based on unknown physical properties of the Mars regolith. The effects of thermal convection should be apparent at shallow depths where transient thermal perturbations would be observed to deviate from conductive theory. These calculations were required during proposal review and their probability of predicting a successful measurement a prerequisite for mission approval. However, their uncertainties lies in unmeasured physical parameters of the Mars regolith.     

Statistically Optimum Optical Data Processing with Automatic Focus Estimation

The problem of optimally processing data with unknown focus is investigated. Optimum data processors are found by the method of maximum likelihood under a variety of assumptions that apply to most of the situations arising in practice. The unknown focus may be either an unknown parameter or an unknown random variable; the signal may be of known form or a random function; it is further assumed that the signal is received in additive, white, Gaussian noise. The problems of jointly estimating other unknown parameters and, in the case of a random signal, jointly estimating the signal, are also treated. The asymptotic variance and correlation of the estimators is discussed. Electrooptical realizations of the maximum likelihood computers are given. An iterative method of solution of the likelihood equation is also discussed. The discussion and results are directly applicable to the processing of synthetic aperture radar data.     

Radar target classification using doppler signatures of human locomotion models

The problem of target classification for ground surveillance Doppler radars is addressed. Two sources of knowledge are presented and incorporated within the classification algorithms: 1) statistical knowledge on radar target echo features, and 2) physical knowledge, represented via the locomotion models for different targets. The statistical knowledge is represented by distribution models whose parameters are estimated using a collected database. The physical knowledge is represented by target locomotion and radar measurements models. Various concepts to incorporate these sources of knowledge are presented. These concepts are tested using real data of radar echo records, which include three target classes: one person, two persons and vehicle. A combined approach, which implements both statistical and physical prior knowledge provides the best classification performance, and it achieves a classification rate of 99% in the three-class problem in high signal-to-noise conditions.     

基于本体的航空发动机设计知识组织模型构建与分析

为实现航空发动机设计知识的集中组织与管理, 进行知识组织模型技术研究, 提出基于知识本体的知识组织模型构建方法.研究了面向航空发动机设计的知识本体的结构、设计准则、构建方法以及映射技术, 并分析了基于本体的知识组织模型的特征, 给出了基于知识本体的面向航空发动机设计的知识组织模型的实施框架.此框架对航空发动机设计知识管理的应用研究有参考价值.      

导弹到期火工品处理方法

国内外对导弹到期火工品的处理方法大多是直接销毁,没有使军费使用的效费比达到最大.文章结合导弹火工品特点,分别针对已知与未知结构和技术参数的火工品提出了寿命期内检测与到服役期后的处理方法,给出了延寿的具体措施和参考年限.这些工作既可以积累火工品的基本数据,又可以为其他类型导弹火工品到期处理方法提供依据,具有重要的参考意义...     

Identification of Rotating Assembly Inertial and Bearing Parameters

The problem of estimating the state of a turbopump rotating assembly and identifying unknown products of inertia and unknown bearing parameters is considered. A linearized, extended Kalman filtering approach has been used and found to be successful for both state estimation and parameter identification in an inherently nonlinear problem. The input data was simulated Bently test data which was obtained from a verified 12-dimensional state-space model and was compared with real Bently test data obtained from NASA. The results prove the feasibility of using this model and this type of test data to obtain the hidden parameters of a typical turbopump rotating assembly. This method should lead to improved performance by allowing improved balancing of the rotor and giving improved knowledge of the bearing reactions.     

金属增材制造数据处理与工艺规划研究综述

金属增材制造数据处理与工艺规划是金属增材制造软件系统的核心,涵盖了金属支撑结构设计、模型切片以及路径规划等内容,决定着最终金属零部件的产品性能.从金属增材制造模型前处理出发,较为全面地概述了与之相关的多类型支撑设计和新型支撑优化等数据处理内容,针对金属增材制造数据处理中模型切片这一关键环节,分别从平面切片、自适应切片和...     

Singularity problem of control moment gyro cluster with vibration isolators

As powerful torque amplification actuators, control moment gyros (CMGs) are often used in the attitude control of many state-of-the-art high resolution satellites. However, the distur-bance generated by the CMGs can not only reduce the attitude stability of a satellite but also dete-riorate the performance of optic payloads. Currently, CMG vibration isolators are widely used to target this problem. The isolators can affect the singularity of the CMG system as they are placed between the CMGs and the satellite bus and provide additional freedoms to the CMG system due to their flexibility. The formulation of the output torque of a CMG is studied first considering the dynamic imbalance of its spin rotor and then the deformation angle as a result of the isolator’s flex-ibility is calculated. With the additional freedoms, the influence of isolator on the singularity problem is studied and a new steering logic to escape from the singular states is proposed.     

Maximization of the lift coefficient of airfoils equipped with active flow control devices

We state and solve an optimization problem of finding a shape of airfoils with a separation-free flow about them that are characterized by the external flow part extraction and propulsive jet ejection to achieve the maximum lift coefficient. An approach to this problem solution is based on the theory of inverse boundary-value problems of aerohydrodynamics. The initial problem with limitations is reduced by the penalty function method to a problem of unconditional optimization, the solution of which is obtained by the conjugate gradient method. The examples of constructing such airfoils with a separation-free flow about them are presented and the conclusions are made that it is rational to use the flow control devices to increase the lift coefficient. The results of numerical calculations are compared with data obtained in the Fluent CFD software.     

Radar target identification using the bispectrum: a comparativestudy

Radar target identification is performed using time-domain bispectral features. The classification performance is compared with the performance of other classifiers that use either the impulse response or frequency domain response of the unknown target. The classification algorithms developed here are based on the spectral or the bispectral energy of the received backscatter signal. Classification results are obtained using simulated radar returns derived from measured scattering data from real radar targets. The performance of classifiers in the presence of additive Gaussian (colored or white), exponential noise, and Weibull noise are considered, along with cases where the azimuth position of the target is unknown. Finally, the effect on classification performance of responses horn extraneous point scatterers is investigated     

Aeroacoustic integral methods,formulation and efficient numerical implementation

The paper makes a contribution to the clearer understanding of the physical meaning and domain of applicability of the Ffowcs Williams–Hawkings (FW-H) and Kirchhoff aeroacoustic integral methods. The analytical relationship between the two approaches, and the physical implications involved in the use of the Kirchhoff approach are discussed. In particular, where the Kirchhoff surface cuts into a domain where non-negligible volume sources of Lighthill's Acoustic Analogy are present (domain crossed by a shock, non-uniform flow or vortices for instance), the Kirchhoff integral must be complemented by additional surface integrals to recover the FW-H surface integral. The paper goes on to describe a fast, robust integration technique for computing FW-H or Kirchhoff surface integrals. This integration technique starts from emission time, and treats each integration surface element as non-compact. It obviates the need to build retarded acoustic surfaces and avoids some of the drawbacks of current methods, such as the Doppler singularity when using supersonically rotating grids. The paper then recalls formulas for calculations in the aircraft reference frame, and the computational efficiency of the proposed integration method is demonstrated by its application to the prediction of helicopter rotor noise directivity contours.     

Geomagnetic Core Field Secular Variation Models

We analyse models describing time changes of the Earth’s core magnetic field (secular variation) covering the historical period (several centuries) and the more recent satellite era (previous decade), and we illustrate how both the information contained in the data and the a priori information (regularisation) affect the result of the ill-posed geomagnetic inverse problem. We show how data quality, frequency and selection procedures govern part of the temporal changes in the secular variation norms and spectra, which are sometimes difficult to dissociate from true changes of the core state. We highlight the difficulty of resolving the time variability of the high degree secular variation coefficients (i.e. the secular acceleration), arising for instance from the challenge to properly separate sources of internal and of external origin. In addition, the regularisation process may also result in artificial changes in the model norms and spectra. Model users should keep in mind that such features can be mis-interpreted as the signature of physical mechanisms (e.g. diffusion). Finally, we present perspectives concerning core field modelling: imposing dynamical constraints (e.g. by means of data assimilation) reduces the non-uniqueness of the geomagnetic inverse problem.