Diviner红外温度与嫦娥卫星微波探测仪月表亮温的比较分析

提出使用高分辨率的Diviner辐射计红外温度作为月壤热传导的边界输入条件,使得月壤物理温度廓线的模拟更接近月表真实情况. 利用Diviner物理温度廓线模拟的微波亮温与嫦娥二号卫星微波探测仪（CELMS2）的实测亮温匹配,来分析CELMS2数据的有效性和稳定性,为月壤微波特性的反演奠定基础. 以哥白尼坑区域为例,对比分析了Diviner辐射计红外通道温度与CELMS1实测微波亮温的变化趋势. 选择月球虹湾地区内一位置点（45.1°-45.5°N,33.1°-33.5°W）,分析了CELMS2在该位置点内5个月球时刻的亮温数据. 通过对实测亮温与模拟亮温在经纬度和太阳高度角的匹配分析得到,在高频微波通道内两者的相关性达到96%以上,表明嫦娥二号微波探测仪亮温数据具有较高的稳定性,可以为月壤特性反演研究提供可靠数据来源.      

Microwave Brightness Temperature and Lunar Son Dielectric Property Retrieve

Among many scientific objectives of lunar exploration, investigations on lunar soil become more and more attractive to the scientists duo to the existence of abundant 3He and ilmenite in the lunar soil and their possible utilization. Although the soil composition determination on the lunar surface is available by visible light spectrometer, γ/X-ray spectrometer etc, the evaluations on the total reserves of 3He and ilmenite in the lunar deep and on the thickness of the lunar soil are still impossible so far. In this paper, the authors first give a rough analysis of the microwave brightness temperature images of the lunar disc observed using the NRAO 12 Meter Telescope and Siberian Solar Radio Telescope; then introduce our researches on the microwave dielectric properties of lunar soil simulators; finally, discuss some basic relations between the microwave brightness temperature and lunar soil properties.     

三层月壤模型的多通道微波辐射模拟与月壤厚度的反演

由月球表面数字高程试验性地构造了整个月球表面月壤厚度的分布.根据Clementine探月卫星的紫外-可见光光学数据,计算了整个月球表面月壤中FeO+TiO2含量分布,给出了整个月球表面月壤介电常数分布.由月球表层温度的观测结果以及月壤的导热特性,给出了月尘层与月壤层温度随纬度分布的经验公式.在这些条件的基础上,建立了月尘、月壤、月岩三层微波热辐射模型.由起伏逸散定理,模拟计算了该月球模型多通道辐射亮度温度.然后,以此辐射亮度温度模拟加随机噪声为理论观测值,按三层模型提出了月壤层厚度反演方法.由于高频通道穿透深度小,由高频通道的辐射亮度温度按照两层月尘-月壤微波热辐射模型反演月尘层与月壤层的物理温度,再由穿透深度较大的低频通道辐射亮度温度反演月壤层厚度.对于反演的相对误差也进行了讨论.      

Analysis of the brightness temperature features of the lunar surface using 37 GHz channel data from the Chang'E-2 microwave radiometer

Compared with other remote observations, brightness temperatures (T_B) derived from microwave emission measurements provide a unique means to characterize the physical properties of the lunar surface. Using Chang’E-2 microwave radiometer data, we produced 12 global T_B images of the lunar surface during a diurnal cycle with different local times separated by approximately 2?h. There are two types of remarkable T_B units on the lunar surface, the “hot regions” occurring during the lunar day in the lunar Maria regions and the “microwave cold spots” occurring during the nighttime typically related to young craters. Compared with their surroundings, the hot regions are much warmer during the lunar day and slightly colder at night, while the microwave cold spots are much colder during the lunar night and slightly warmer in the daytime. Moreover, the T_B heating and cooling rates of these two units are larger than others at the same average latitude where they are located during the lunar day, especially after sunrise and before sunset. The hot regions have a good agreement with the mare regions with high TiO₂ abundance. Besides, brightness temperatures in the lunar Maria correlate closely with their TiO₂ abundance. For most microwave cold spots, they agree with the young craters, and their brightness temperature distributions have a significant negative correlation with the lunar surface nighttime temperature and rock abundance.     

行星大气1~3000GHz微波-亚毫米波辐射模拟

为模拟行星大气在微波elax-elax亚毫米波波段的辐射传输特性,利用逐线积分方法计算行星大气中各气体成分在1~3000GHz的吸收系数.基于HITRAN数据库中各气体分子的跃迁频率及线强等参数,有效模拟了各气体分子在此频段内的吸收特征,并与常用的微波elax-elax亚毫米波大气辐射传输模式进行对比.分析地球大气的组成及特性,利用辐射传输方程模拟临边探测方式下不同频段的大气辐射亮温.研究结果可为后续地球乃至行星大气成分探测模拟、频带选择以及大气成分廓线反演提供模型及理论依据.      

粗糙度对涡轮叶片流动转捩及传热特性的影响

为研究表面粗糙度对涡轮叶片流动转捩以及传热特性的影响,在自行开发的CFD程序平台上提出了对γ-Re_θ转捩模型的粗糙度修正方法,并参考平板绕流和涡轮叶栅的实验数据对该方法进行验证。考虑粗糙度效应的影响,对Mark Ⅱ涡轮导叶5411工况进行数值模拟,得到如下结论:表面粗糙度对层流边界层换热系数影响不大,而对湍流边界层则有较大影响,进而显著改变壁面温度分布;与光滑壁面相比,5μm的等效沙粒粗糙度使吸力面湍流区域壁面温度升高约5.7K,100μm粗糙度使壁面温度升高28.4 K,增幅达5%左右;当壁面粗糙度较低时,激波干涉对吸力面边界层的转捩起主导作用,而当粗糙度大于某临界值时,其作用会使转捩位置突然变化,本算例中该临界值近似为150μm。      

Influence of lunar topography on simulated surface temperature

The surface temperature of the Moon is one of the essential parameters for the lunar exploration, especially to evaluate the Moon thermophysical features. The distribution of the temperature is heavily influenced by the Moon topography, which, however, is rarely studied in the state-of-art surface temperature models. Therefore, this paper takes the Moon topography into account to improve the surface temperature model, Racca model. The main parameters, such as slopes along the longitude and latitude directions, are estimated with the topography data from Chang’E-1 satellite and the Horn algorithm. Then the effective solar illumination model is then constructed with the slopes and the relative position to the subsolar point. Finally, the temperature distribution over the Moon surface is obtained with the effective illumination model and the improved Racca model. The results indicate that the distribution of the temperature is very sensitive to the fluctuation of the Moon surface. The change of the surface temperature is up to 150 K in some places compared to the result without considering the topography. In addition, the variation of the surface temperature increases with the distance from the subsolar point and the elevation, along both latitude and longitude directions. Furthermore, the simulated surface temperature coincides well with the brightness temperature in 37 GHz observed by the microwave sounder onboard Chang’E-2 satellite. The corresponded emissivity map not only eliminates the influence of the topography, but also hints the inherent properties of the lunar regolith just below the surface. Last but not the least, the distribution of the permanently shadowed regions (PSRs) in the lunar pole area is also evaluated with the simulated surface temperature result.     

随机粗糙微通道中的流动和传热特性

对水在随机粗糙微通道中的单相液体层流流动和传热特性进行了数值模拟研究.构造了两条随机粗糙微通道和一条规则粗糙微通道,计算Re范围100~2 000.结果发现:3条计算通道的Poiseuille数(Po)和Nusselt数(Nu)均大于光滑通道的分析解,并随Re缓慢增大.规则粗糙微通道中的Po和Nu都明显大于随机粗糙微通道的结果.最后,认为粗糙度对当地Nusselt数的影响,是粗糙元引起的流速变化与协同角变化共同决定的.      

利用6S进行月光条件下遥感器信号模拟研究

以太阳为光源的卫星遥感器,可以采用6S或MODTRAN等辐射传输计算软件对其入瞳处的辐亮度进行计算。而在微光或月光条件下,遥感器是对观测目标反射的月亮辐射进行遥感观测,因此在进行辐射传输计算时需要代入月球的辐照度数据。可以利用已公布的月球表面反射率和已知的大气层外太阳辐照度来计算月球辐照度,并对6S辐射传输计算进行适当的修改进行计算。通过对月球辐照度计算原理进行了详细的描述并计算得到了波长在0.250μm~1.500μm范围内的月球表面辐照度,并给出了一个宽波段遥感器的微光动态范围。     

On the influence of rough water surfaces on polarimetric investigations of aerosols from space

The equation of radiative transfer is solved for the complete Stokes' vector in order to study the polarization of solar radiation on top of a turbid atmosphere.The surface characteristics (bidirectional anisotropy and polarization properties of randomly oriented water surface elements) are contained in the lower boundary condition of the integro-differential equation. Results of surface model calculations are compared with polarimeter measurements of a natural scenario.On top of the atmosphere the degree of polarization is found to depend generally on the turbidity of the atmosphere. The degree of polarization reaches its maximum in the vicinity of the angle of specular reflection on the water surface, if the sun's zenith distance is about the Brewster's angle.According to the model calculations observation angles can be found where the degree of polarization does not depend on the surface roughness. Apparently these angles have to be preferred for determination of the atmospheric turbidity.     

杯形陶瓷CBN砂轮修整工艺及参数优化

针对金刚石滚轮修整杯形CBN砂轮时各修整工艺参数对砂轮修整后磨削TC 4时的磨削温度、磨削力和表面粗糙度的影响进行实验研究,并对磨削温度和表面粗糙度进行了多因素回归分析.在回归分析得到的数学模型基础上,进一步对磨削温度和表面粗糙度进行双目标加权优化,得到了粗磨和精磨钛合金时砂轮的最佳修整参数,并通过磨削实验对优化结果进行了验证.     

利用月面链路的月球车定位体制

提出一种利用月面月球车-着陆器UHF(Ultra High Frequency)近程通信链路的高精度测距、测角的新方法,实现月球车的精密定位.该体制采用直序扩频和CCSDS(Consultative Committee for Space Date Systems) Proximity-1协议实现月球车-着陆器之间的数据交互,利用双向异步传输帧非相干扩频测距方法实现精密测距,利用着陆器双天线形成短基线实现对月球车方位角的精密测量.讨论了用于测距的CCSDS Proximity-1协议帧结构、双向异步传输帧测距原理、方位角的载波相位差分干涉测量原理,以及建立月面着陆参考系并给出月球车精确定位的方法.研究表明,所提出的方法功能集成度高、信道资源利用率高、设备简单、性能指标满足月球探测二期月球车的月面定位、通信任务需求.      

Detection of X-ray fluorescence line feature from the lunar surface

We present the results of an analysis by ASCA (Japanese X-ray astronomy satellite) observation of the lunar surface on July 10th – 11th, 1993. In spite of the fact that the X-ray surface brightness is estimated to be at nearly CXB (Cosmic X-ray Background) level, the X-ray spectrum shows significant deviations in relation to Al-Kα and Si-Kα fluorescence X-rays. According to the intensity ratios of Al/Si (1–2) and Mg/Si(<0.4), the properties of the X-ray spectrum is consistent with an intermediate abundance ratio between highlands and mares (or relatively similar to highland values). However, the X-ray illuminated region on the lunar surface are mainly covered with mare regions and the emission of AlK and SiK fluorescence arises from both day side and night side region of the moon. These facts indicate the existence of X-ray production due to bremsstrahlung, with high energy particles impacting even on the night side.     

模块化月球表层采样力学模型

因不受作业空间的限制，月球表层采样机具设计形式多样，为建模分析带来较大难度。为避免不同结构机具分析时重复建模，建立了一种模块化的月球表层采样力学模型。该模型将复杂的采样机具拆分成若干个基本面单元，基于朗肯土压力理论、最大抗剪强度理论和地基极限承载力理论对面单元在采样过程中的受力进行分析，组合各个面单元所受到的力获得复杂机具的力学模型。基于不同机具形式与贯入角度的模拟月壤贯入试验，对理论模型进行了试验验证，通过引入月壤密度沿深度的影响修正公式，将理论模型的误差率降低至8.2%。结果证明该力学模型和模块化理论可行，为后期月球表层采样机具的设计研发提供了参考。     

月球表面粗糙度的分形表征

文中采用"嫦娥一号"卫星探测器返回的激光高程计的数据,从研究月球表面的分形特征出发,选取月球表面的湿海区域进行研究,通过对激光高度计的原始数据进行处理,并利用SPSS统计软件对这两组数据进行拟合得到最佳的拟合模型。结果指出:1)分维可以作为一个独立的表征参量来表征粗糙表面的平缓程度。2)由拟合结果图可知,对于月球表面的湿海区域,分维与粗糙度存在单调递增关系,即分维值越大,区域表面越粗糙,表面起伏变化也越剧烈;并通过分析得出湿海区域的地形起伏较大。3)通过分维值D与粗糙度之间的关系式,对于某区域的任意一段轮廓,可以通过计算分维值D得出该轮廓的粗糙度值。同样的,对任一粗糙度值,可以求出相应的分维值以及该轮廓的具体纬度值位置。4)对于月球表面的其他区域,同样可以得出他们之间的相关性,从而达到研究月表地貌演化过程的目的。     

基于场理论的“嫦娥4号”着陆区亮温时空分布特征研究

“嫦娥4号”（Chang’e-4）将首次实现在月球背面软着陆,而着陆区初步定为月球背面南极–艾肯（South Pole-Aitken,SPA）盆地内的冯·卡门（Von Kármán）撞击坑。利用“嫦娥”微波辐射计穿透性强的特点,针对微波辐射亮温缺乏场分析的问题,从场观点出发利用SVD方法分析冯·卡门撞击坑的亮温时空分布特征。结果表明冯·卡门撞击坑的3 GHz昼夜亮温场和37 GHz昼夜亮温场之间存在显著的耦合模态,同时在撞击坑内的亮温变化趋势相对一致;FeO+TiO₂（FTA）含量高的区域其相关性较高,也是亮温变化的关键区域,但是其等值线密度和FTA含量没有明显相关关系,主要和月表粗糙度相关。最后通过分析冯·卡门撞击坑的亮温时空分布特征综合地形特征、地层单元和物质化学成分等因素,为Chang’e-4着陆区的选择提供了参考。     

极月轨道上太阳电池阵外热流规律分析

准确的月球表面温度分布模型对于开展月球探测具有重要意义. 目前有关月球表面温 度模型还缺乏对完整月球表面温度分布的计算方法研究. 本文建立了一套计算完整月球表面温度的方法, 其中月球阳面温度采用Racca模型直接计算得到; 对于月球阴面, 将其沿纬度方向划分为若干区域, 每个区域的地表土壤采用一维非稳态热传导模型, 根据嫦娥三号着陆器太阳电池阵在轨环月阶段的温度数据, 修正得到月球表面土壤导热系数、密度及比热容, 通过数值计算求解一维非稳态热传导方程, 得出任意时刻月球阴面表面温度随时间的变化. 嫦娥三号着陆器太阳电池阵环月阶段热分析结果与在轨温度符合较好, 初步说明本文建立的完整月球表面温度计算方法正确可行. 基于本文方法计算得到整个月球表面温度分布, 进一步研究了极月轨道太阳电池阵外热流变化规律.      

嫦娥三号着陆器有效载荷

嫦娥三号着陆器配置了地形地貌相机、月基光学望远镜、极紫外相机、降落相机等四种科学探测有效载荷.介绍了有效载荷的科学探测任务、系统设计方案和系统组成,描述了各有效载荷的方案设计和主要技术指标等.      

Influence of look-angle on the water surface temperature observed with an IR radiometer

The analysis of the data of sea surface temperature observed with a portable infrared radiometer from the fixed point on the seashore indicates a significant effect of observation(look) angle when it becomes larger than 70 degrees. An attempt is made to explain the effect by applying Fresnel's reflection law. A verification indicates a good agreement between the sea surface temperature observed with a portable thermal IR radiometer at large observation angles and that computed from Fresnel's reflection equation.