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1.
月尘的静电悬浮和迁移是Apollo时期留下的最有争议的问题之一. 其既是研 究月球表面物质演化历史的重要线索, 也是探月工程必须考虑的重要因素. 月尘在月表环境下易因电子附着、光电效应、二次电子发射等过程带电, 并 在月球全球性静电场作用下发生迁移运动. 但目前对月尘静电迁移过程的认 识还不全面, 其主要原因在于对月尘静电特性的了解不够准确, 对静电迁移 过程的地面模拟不够充分以及对月球尘埃环境的探测较为缺乏. 未来需进一 步开展模拟月尘的研制, 月尘静电特性的分析, 静电迁移过程模拟以及尘埃 环境的探测等工作.  相似文献   

2.
针对可移动非接触式月球表面电位探测器的电位无扰动测量单元对低能远焦电子束的需求,设计了低能远焦电子枪。以平板二极管电子枪为电子源,匹配两个静电聚焦透镜,将电子源引出的发散电子束聚焦为需要的形状,并加速至所需能量。优化电子枪的几何参数以及施加在电极上的电位,电子枪引出的电子束能量在5~500 eV内,并且具有良好的电子光路特性。电子束能量为5 eV时,初始半径r为5 mm,束腰至电子枪出口的距离p约为133 mm。随着能量增加,r逐渐减小至500 eV时的3 mm左右,p逐渐减小至105 mm。电子束经月球表面电场反射被电子收集平极接收,仿真数据和理论分析结果均表明,电子枪的工作距离为400~600 mm,平板接收的电子占发射电子比例在96%以上。电子枪结构质量仅408 g,满足探测器对电子枪的质量需求。  相似文献   

3.
    
Lunar grains accumulate charges due to solar-based ionizing radiations, and the repelling action of like-charged particles causes the levitation of lunar dust. The lunar dust deposit on sensitive and costly surfaces of investigative equipment is a serious concern in lunar explorations. Inspired by electrostatic precipitators (ESPs), the Electrostatic Lunar Dust Collector (ELDC) was proposed for collecting already charged lunar dust particles to prevent the lunar dust threat. As the conditions for terrestrial counterparts are not valid in the lunar environment, equations developed for terrestrial devices yield incorrect predictions in lunar application. Hence, a mathematical model was developed for the ELDC operating in vacuum to determine its collection efficiency. The ratios of electrical energy over potential energy, kinetic energy over potential energy and the ratio of ELDC dimensions were identified to be the key dimensionless parameters. Sensitivity analyses of the relevant parameters showed that depending on ELDC orientation, smaller particles would be collected more easily at vertical orientation, whereas larger particles were easier to collect in a horizontal ELDC configuration. In the worst case scenario, the electrostatic field needed to be 10 times stronger in the vertical mode in order to adequately collect larger particles. The collection efficiency was very sensitive to surface potential of lunar dust and it reached the maximum when surface potential was between 30 and 120 V.  相似文献   

4.
    
The Moon is immersed in plasma environment. The most interesting challenge of the lunar plasma– field environment is that it is alternatively dominated by the extended but variable outer atmosphere of the Earth – the magnetosphere – and by the extended but highly variable solar atmosphere – the solar wind. Understanding the plasma environment and its interaction with the lunar surface will be beneficial to both manned and robotic surface exploration activities and to scientific investigations. Presented is a preliminary map of variations of lunar surface electric potential over the day side and night side using probe equations and a discussion on dust dynamics in this E-field structure using the data from Electron Reflectometer in Lunar Prospector spacecraft during 1998–1999. On the day side, potential is around 5 V and on the night side it reaches up to −82 V. On the night side region, only highly energetic electrons can overcome this large negative potential. The variation at electron temperature (Te) strongly reflects in the surface potential. The potential reaches to a value of −82 V for Te = 58 eV. Surface charging causes the electrostatic transport of charged dust grains. Dust grain size of 0.1 μm shows a levitation height of 4.92 m on lunar day side, 748 m on terminator region and 3.7 km on the night side. The radius of maximum sized grain to be lofted, Rmax, peaks at the terminator region (Rmax = 0.83 μm). At the transition region dust levitation is almost absent. This region is most suited for exploration activities as the region is free from hazards caused by lunar dust.  相似文献   

5.
月尘环境效应及地面模拟技术   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
介绍了月球尘的特点及其对探月活动的影响。在分析月球尘环境及其对月面探测器污染、磨损、阻塞、静电效应的基础上,对月球尘环境模拟技术、月球尘扬尘及其运动学和动力学规律、月球尘效应防护及试验评价方法等研究方向和重点提出了一些初步看法。针对研究内容的需求,梳理出一台完整的月球尘地面模拟试验设备应具备真空、温度、太阳风、太阳紫外、月球尘、月面电场、月面磁场等环境因素。在此基础上,设计了一种月球尘地面模拟试验装置方案,并对月球尘环境效应试验方法进行了初步讨论。为月球探测后期任务条件保障建设及相关研究工作提供参考。  相似文献   

6.
    
One of the highest-priority issues for a future human or robotic lunar exploration is the lunar dust. This problem should be studied in depth in order to develop an environment model for a future lunar exploration. A future ESA lunar lander mission requires the measurement of dust transport phenomena above the lunar surface. Here, we describe an instrument design concept to measure slow and fast moving charged lunar dust which is based on the principle of charge induction. LDX has a low mass and measures the speed and trajectory of individual dust particles with sizes below one micrometer. Furthermore, LDX has an impact ionization target to monitor the interplanetary dust background. The sensor consists of three planes of segmented grid electrodes and each electrode is connected to an individual charge sensitive amplifier. Numerical signals were computed using the Coulomb software package. The LDX sensitive area is approximately 400 cm2. Our simulations reveal trajectory uncertainties of better than 2° with an absolute position accuracy of better than 2 mm.  相似文献   

7.
月尘/月壤环境效应地面模拟方法研究   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2  
月壤/月尘会附着并污染航天器、月球车的表面,如果不及时清除,还会进一步诱发部件过热、机械机构卡死、密封失效、材料磨损等一系列问题.本文综述了关于月尘特性、月尘与航天器系统的互相作用机理、月尘环境模拟方法等方面的研究成果,提出了一种小型月尘环境模拟系统的设计方案.该系统将使关于月尘特性的实验研究成为可能,并可作为登月飞船及月球车材料选择、机械机构可靠性试验、除尘策略试验的平台.  相似文献   

8.
Exposure to lunar dust during Apollo missions resulted in occasional reports of ocular, respiratory and dermal irritations which showed that lunar dust has a risk potential for human health. This is caused by its high reactivity as well as its small size, leading to a wide distribution also inside habitats. Hence, detailed information regarding effects of extraterrestrial lunar dusts on human health is required to best support future missions to moon, mars or other destinations. In this study, we used several methods to assess the specific effects of extraterrestrial dusts onto mammalian skin by exposing HaCaT keratinocytes and CHO-K1 fibroblasts to dusts simulating lunar or mars soils. These particular cell types were chosen because the skin protects the human body from potentially harmful substances and because a well orchestrated program ensures proper wound healing. Keratinocytes and fibroblasts were exposed to the dusts for different durations of time and their effects on morphology and viability of the cells were determined. Cytotoxicity was measured using the MTT assay and by monitoring culture impedance, while phalloidin staining of the actin cytoskeleton was performed to address structural integrity of the cells which was also investigated by propidium iodide intake. It was found that the effects of the two types of dust simulants on the different features of both cell lines varied to a considerable extent. Moreover, proliferation of HaCaT keratinocytes, as analyzed by Ki67 labeling, was suppressed in sub-confluent cultures exposed to lunar dust simulant. Furthermore, experimental evidence is provided for a delay in regeneration of keratinocyte monolayers from scratch-wounding when exposed to lunar dust simulant. The obtained results will facilitate further investigations of dust exposure during wound healing and will ease risk assessment studies e.g., for lunar lander approaches. The investigations will help to determine safety measures to be taken during extraterrestrial expeditions in order to minimize risks to human health associated with exposure of human skin to dust contaminants.  相似文献   

9.
嫦娥三号巡视器是中国首个地外天体表面巡视探测器, 其制导、导航及控制 (GNC)技术与地球卫星等航天器完全不同. 探测器实现月表巡视探测需要在地 外天体表面确定自身位置、航向及姿态, 识别周围地形环境并寻找安全路径, 控制巡视器沿规划路径安全行驶等. 本文针对嫦娥三号巡视器月面巡视对GNC系统的 任务要求及工作性能, 对月面自主导航定姿定位、协调运动控制、环境感知、 路径规划、激光探测避障以及地面试验等重要技术环节进行了分析, 研究月面制 导、导航与控制特性并进行实验验证, 进而对巡视器GNC技术进行了模拟仿真.  相似文献   

10.
彗星环境中尘埃等离子体的电荷涨落和静电波动   总被引:3,自引:1,他引:3  
本文分析了尘埃等离子体中尘埃颗粒的带电过程,给出了一套自洽的工流体方程组.运用这组方程研究了尘埃电荷的起伏涨落,得到了非磁化均匀尘埃等离子体中静电波动的色散关系.针对彗星空间环境中尘埃等离子体的特点,讨论了尘埃电荷的涨落对各种静电波动的影响.  相似文献   

11.
以太阳为光源的卫星遥感器,可以采用6S或MODTRAN等辐射传输计算软件对其入瞳处的辐亮度进行计算。而在微光或月光条件下,遥感器是对观测目标反射的月亮辐射进行遥感观测,因此在进行辐射传输计算时需要代入月球的辐照度数据。可以利用已公布的月球表面反射率和已知的大气层外太阳辐照度来计算月球辐照度,并对6S辐射传输计算进行适当的修改进行计算。通过对月球辐照度计算原理进行了详细的描述并计算得到了波长在0.250μm~1.500μm范围内的月球表面辐照度,并给出了一个宽波段遥感器的微光动态范围。  相似文献   

12.
月球表面的辐射剂量是影响航天员安全和月表驻留时间的重要参数,通过对月表的粒子辐射测量可以为航天员的辐射安全防护提供重要依据.利用嫦娥四号着陆器上搭载的月表中子与辐射剂量探测仪二年的观测数据得到:月表粒子辐射在硅中的平均总吸收剂量率为12.66±0.45μGy·h-1,中性粒子吸收剂量率为2.67±0.16μGy·h-1.辐射剂量率随时间出现缓慢的下降,LET谱的变化则很小.同时观测到了2020年12月太阳活动末期由于银河宇宙线福布斯下降导致的辐射剂量率降低.  相似文献   

13.
月球表面辐射特性研究是月球探索的一个重要领域,对于勘测月球表面形态及进行资源勘探等具有重要意义,但是目前在月球表面直接进行近距离测量的数据非常少.本文建立了基于嫦娥三号着陆器地形地貌相机和缓释电机在轨遥测数据研究月球表面辐射特性的方法,初步测算得到嫦娥三号着陆区月球表面的太阳辐射光谱反射率为0.105,发射率为0.866.所得结果能够为进一步空间探测任务提供原始测算数据,以降低设计难度及提高探测能力.  相似文献   

14.
准确的月球表面温度分布模型对于开展月球探测具有重要意义. 目前有关月球表面温 度模型还缺乏对完整月球表面温度分布的计算方法研究. 本文建立了一套计算完整月球表面温度的方法, 其中月球阳面温度采用Racca模型直接计算得到; 对于月球阴面, 将其沿纬度方向划分为若干区域, 每个区域的地表土壤采用一维非稳态热传导模型, 根据嫦娥三号着陆器太阳电池阵在轨环月阶段的温度数据, 修正得到月球表面土壤导热系数、密度及比热容, 通过数值计算求解一维非稳态热传导方程, 得出任意时刻月球阴面表面温度随时间的变化. 嫦娥三号着陆器太阳电池阵环月阶段热分析结果与在轨温度符合较好, 初步说明本文建立的完整月球表面温度计算方法正确可行. 基于本文方法计算得到整个月球表面温度分布, 进一步研究了极月轨道太阳电池阵外热流变化规律.  相似文献   

15.
“嫦娥三号暠月面探测器上安装的地形地貌相机工作时直接暴露在月面高温环境下,受月表红外辐射影响很大,给热控设计带来很大难题。为解决设备工作时的高温问题,在外热流分析的基础上提出了以“最佳散热位置暠为核心的热控方案,设备处于“最佳散热位置暠时能够获得较好的初始温度和最快的降温速率;另外通过把散热面布置在月表红外辐射热流最小的位置并在除散热面以外的其他表面包覆多层隔热组件这两个措施,可以最大程度减小月表红外辐射的影响。地形地貌相机在轨开机工作前的各飞行阶段遥测数据均满足存储温度指标要求并且有较大余量;开机工作环拍一周的遥测数据满足工作温度指标要求并且与热分析结果符合较好,初始温度与遥测温度数据偏差为-1灡7曟,温升速率和降温速率偏差分别为14灡9%和16灡9%。这表明该热控方案正确可行,可为后续中国深空探测类似热控问题参考。  相似文献   

16.
    
The measurement of the rotation of the Moon is one of the key techniques to get the information of the internal structure. For this purpose, we proposed a small telescope experiment on the surface of the Moon in which motion of stars are utilized for the estimation of the rotation parameter. This paper describes results of simulation of observation, in which star trajectories observed are decomposed to librations, polar motion, and the precession and the amplitude and phase of each component are estimated. The standard deviation of the parameter estimation becomes nearly 1 ms of arc, which will be better than the Lunar Laser Ranging observation. From the viewpoints of accuracy of observation, thermal condition, and electric power generation, the instrument should be placed where the much sunshine is achieved on the lunar polar region.  相似文献   

17.
提出了一种原位探测月表电场的新技术及相应计算方法, 以满足探测南极月面电场环境特性的需求. 根据仿真结果, 月表电场精细测量需要低能散、高电流的平行电子束发射能力, 设计的低能层流电子枪在10–8~10–5 A的发射电流下, 能散<0.4 eV, 且随发射电流减弱而降低; 通过控制发射电流、调整阳极孔径, 可对电流进行调控; 采用pierce电子枪的阴阳极结构和静电透镜对电子束的平行度进行进一步控制, 仿真显示10–7 A电子束的扩散效果较弱, 各方面性能符合探测需求. 此外, 构建通过电子束返回时间测量垂直电场的探测方式, 模拟验证月表光照区向上发射电子束时相应的电场计算结果可反映背景电场, 返回电子式月表电场探测技术达到了执行月表电场测量所需的要求.  相似文献   

18.
月球表面元素含量的定量分析方法   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
综述了月球元素定量研究在探测手段和定量方法等方面取得的最新进展.在探测手段方面,介绍了美国最近发射的克莱门汀和月球勘探者探测器使用的多谱段成像仪、中子探测仪以及γ谱仪的主要性能.在定量方法方面,讨论Fe、Ti以及稀土元素等在定量方法上的进展.  相似文献   

19.
人体静电是静电防护工程中主要危害源之一。本文采用接触式静电电位测量方法,提出了基于RS485总线的防静电工作区(简称EPA)内人体静电电位在线监测系统,开发了EPA内人员操作时防静电腕带的静电电位在线监测装置及其配套夹具,专门设计了监测装置和整个系统的测试方法。测试结果表明,该方案实现了静电电位连续监测、限值报警和记录可追溯,能够有效提高航天型号科研生产场所的静电防护在线计量保障能力。  相似文献   

20.
水冰作为月球的重要资源,是未来月球科研站以及月球基地建设和运行的基本保障,开展月球水冰资源综合开发技术研究是目前各航天大国的关注热点之一。本文调研了有关月球水冰的探测和研究成果,阐述了月球水冰的赋存状态与分布特征,详细分析了月球水冰资源在开采提取、分离纯化、储存运输和分解利用等环节的技术方案,并简要评述了各个方案的优缺点。结合中国未来国际月球科研站的建设规划与美国以建立月球基地为目标的阿尔忒弥斯(Artemis)计划,评价分析了适宜开展月球水冰资源综合开发的地区和可行的技术方案,为中国在月球两极地区的水冰资源开发利用方案提供参考。  相似文献   

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