基于Kalman滤波的高频CW电报信号自动识别

针对强噪声背景下高频CW电报信号检测算法性能严重下降、误码率较高的问题,文章提出一种基于卡尔曼滤波的高频CW电报信号同步检测识别算法。利用自同步法对CW电报信号实现位同步,进而利用卡尔曼滤波针对时变干扰噪声设置自适应阈值,对信号能量进行软判决,实现CW电报信号的自适应跟踪检测,提取有效信号进行识别。通过短波信道仿真软件和实际短波通信测试表明,该算法能够在强噪声背景下有效检测识别CW电报信号,且算法可由迭代实现。     

Radiometric detection of spread-spectrum signals in noise ofuncertain power

The standard analysis of the radiometric detectability of a spread-spectrum signal assumes a background of stationary, white Gaussian noise whose power spectral density can be measured very accurately. This assumption yields a fairly high probability of interception, even for signals of short duration. By explicitly considering the effect of uncertain knowledge of the noise power density, it is demonstrated that detection of these signals by a wideband radiometer can be considerably more difficult in practice than is indicated by the standard result. Worst-case performance bounds are provided as a function of input signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), time-bandwidth (TW) product and peak-to-peak noise uncertainty. The results are illustrated graphically for a number of situations of interest. It is also shown that asymptotically, as the TW product becomes large, the SNR required for detection becomes a function of noise uncertainty only and is independent of the detection parameters and the observation interval     

Output Signal-to-Noise Ratio for Amplitude and Intensity Modulated Laser

General expressions are obtained for output SNR for both amplitude- and intensity-modulated lasers, where bandlimited Gaussian noise has been chosen as a modulating signal, and in the presence of background light. Two types of modulating signals are considered: the baseband and bandpass modulating signals. Detailed calculations are made for output SNR when an ideal narrowband optical filter is used. The dependence of output SNR on several parameters, such as the center frequency of the modulating signal, the effective average quantum rate, and input SNR, are discussed. In addition, the difference in performance between amplitude and intensity modulation is discussed. The detection characteristics of the homodyne system are also considered.     

Multiple-Tone Signals and Detection Probabillities

An analysis technique is presented for multiple-tone signals insystems employing noncoherent integration of a square-law detectoroutput. It is shown how the characteristic function for the teststatistic can be found from the easily determined "coherent"characteristic function defined in the two-dimensional signal space.This result is applied to two detection problems, the detection of multiple-tone signals in Gaussian noise and the detection of a Gaussian signal in multiple-tone plus Gaussian noise interference.The detection curves are compared to an approximation that is often used in practice to estimate performance. It is found that detection performance in the presence of multiple-tone interferences can be significantly different from that in the presence of Gaussian noise alone.     

Now You See It, Now You Don't

The signal enhancement properties of a single-loop delayline integrator (DLI) are derived for operation in the presence of correlated noise. The signal is assumed periodic with a period equal to the delay of the DLI and present only for a finite time interval. The noise is assumed additive, zero mean, statistically independent from the signal, and present for an infinite time. The noise also is assumed covariance stationary with a specified auto correlation function. Enhancement is defined as the ratio of the increase in average signal power to the increase in average noise power due to integration. The results are general in that the enhancement is derived in terms of the autocorrelation coefficients of the input noise. Plots of enhancement versus number of signal observations and feedback gain are shown for uncorrelated and exponentially correlated noise. The plots show graphically the optimum choices of feedback gain and number of signal observations for a specified auto correlation function and signal observation time. When strongly correlated noise, characteristic of 10-GHz backscatter from salt flats at low incidence angles, rather than uncorrelated noise is assumed present at the input of the DLI, an example, using DLI parameters typical of modern airborne radars, shows a degradation in the maximum achievable enhancement of 9 dB.     

Narrowband interference suppression in impulsive channels

Suppression algorithms are developed first for a channel containing only impulsive background noise and then for a channel containing a spread-spectrum signal as well. These algorithms are based on nonlinear filters that produce predictions of the interfering signals that are then subtracted from the received signal to suppress the interference. Several such filters, including both fixed and adaptive ones, are proposed and compared using extensive computer simulations. The independence of the filtering procedures from the noise distribution shape, given constant second-order statistics, is shown     

基于相关与小波变换相结合的弱信号检测

针对强噪声背景中的弱信号检测问题,在传统的相关检测方法的基础上,利用小波良好的去噪性能,提出了相关检测与小波变换相结合的弱信号检测方法。仿真结果表明,该方法优于传统的相关检测方法,无须知道有用信号的先验知识和同步信号便可以有效的检测周期性弱信号,并获得更高的输出信噪比。     

Detection Performance of a Mean-Level Threshold

The problem of detecting signals in nonstationary clutter is met by presenting a mean-level or adaptive threshold which adjusts to the changing background level. Such a threshold performs better than a fixed threshold that must be set for the highest amplitude clutter. However, the mean-level threshold does not perform as well for stationary noise as a fixed threshold set at the proper value. One measure of effectiveness of an adaptive threshold is its performance in stationary noise (compared to the optimum fixed threshold) for a specified speed of response. For the mean-level threshold, a simple mathematical solution is found for the detection probability when the noise is stationary and the signal scintillates rapidly. The performance is evaluated for a wide range of mean-level-threshold time constants and for several false-alarm probabilities. The results are presented graphically. As an example, the mean-level threshold suffers 3 dB in detectability (equivalent signal-to-noise ratio) in the presence of stationary noise as compared to the optimum fixed threshold for 50-percent probability of detection, false-alarm probability of 10-8, and an adjustment time of 15 times the signal duration.     

An Adaptive Threshold System for Nonstationary Noise Backgrounds

The problem of detecting target signals in an ocean environment using active sonar is complicated by the nonstationary background which usually consists of both ambient ocean noise and reverberation. on. In this paper a signal processing system capable of detecting a signal in nonstationary noise is introduced. This system makes use of the mean and variance time functions of the nonstationary noise background in order to design estimation filters which will cope with the nonstationarity. Appropriate statistics of the noise and signal (tone burst) plus noise have been obtained and are used to determine the probabilities of false alarm and detection and the receiver operating characteristics.     

宽带信号角跟踪和四通道单脉冲方案

分析了宽带信号角跟踪的特殊问题及其实现方案。基于互相关函数的角误差检测方法,推导出了在非相关噪声及相关噪声背景下差路信号的输出信噪比及其角度随机误差的数学表达式,进而给出了带宽增益和最佳带宽的概念,以及提高输出信噪比的方法。为了在低载噪比（C/N）时获得角捕获所需要的和路信号以及差路的归一化信号,提出了四通道单脉冲方案。最后归纳出了低C/N时宽带信号角捕获和角跟踪的几种方法并提出了建议。     

Output Signal-to-Noise Ratios for Amplitude-Modulated Noise-Like Lasers

A general expression of the output SNR of a photodetector is derived for a noise-like laser amplitude-modulated by a stationary Gaussian random modulating signal in the presence of a background light. The electric field Vx(t) of the noise-like laser is assumed to be a stationary narrowband Gaussian random process with zero mean. Two types of modulating signal are considered, the baseband and bandpass modulating signals. More specifically, the effects of the center frequency of the modulating signal, the modulating degree, the bandwidth ration of the noise-like laser to the modulating signal, the effective average quantum rate, and input CNR on output SNR are studied. The detection characteristics of the noise-like laser are also made clear by comparison with the case of a coherent laser.     

Weak Signal Detection in Non-Gaussian Noise of Unknown Level

An adaptive threshold detector to test for the presence of a weak signal in additive non-Gaussian noise of unknown level is discussed. The detector consists of a locally optimum detector, a noise level estimator, and a decision device. The detection threshold is made adaptive according to the information provided by the noise level estimator in order to keep a fixed false-alarm probability. Asymptotic performance characteristics are obtained indicating relationships among the basic system parameters such as the reference noise sample size and the underlying noise statistics. It is shown that, as the reference noise sample size is made sufficiently large, the adaptive threshold detector attains the performance of a corresponding locally optimum detector for detecting the weak signal were the noise level known.     

A Superlimiting Phased-Array Receiving System in a Two-Source Environment

The performance of a uniformly spaced phased-steered line array with element channel superlimiting is studied for far-field sources consisting of 1) two sinusoidal signals with different frequencies and angular locations, and 2) a sinusoid and a noise signal at different angular locations. Attention is focused on the nonlinear case where internal noise is negligible compared to both input signals. The analysis for the two-sinusoid case gives the precise frequencies, positions, and amplitudes of all apparent sources. In addition to the two active sources, the array output has an array of images arranged symmetrically in sine space about the larger input, at intervals equal to the spacing between the two active sources. For the case of a separated sinusoid and a noise source, the analysis shows that the angular positions and average powers of the array outputs duplicate the double-sinusoid results, but the images have noise-like spectra. The analyses are confirmed by experimental results obtained with a 60-element superlimiting X-band array.     

基于卷积神经网络对磁异常信号的识别研究

航空磁探反潜作为航空反潜的重要手段,在其中发挥了重要作用。针对目前航空反潜作战中,磁干扰信号极大地影响对水下目标磁探测效果这个问题,文章先对输入信号进行预处理,并使用卷积神经网络实现对2种信号的识别。实验结果显示,卷积神经网络的方法对信号的识别率达到了85%,能够有效对信号进行准确地识别。     

时频展缩随机共振用于航空发动机转子故障检测

提出一种基于时频展缩的随机共振算法,用于检测转子早期故障信号,该方法充分利用了随机共振检测弱信号的优势,通过引入时频展缩,消除了随机共振系统对待测信号频率的限制,实现了在绝热近似理论下,从强噪声中提取出转子微弱早期故障信号.理论分析和实测结果表明:对埋在强噪声中的未知频率的早期故障信号,采用连续的压缩算法,以获得一个适...     

基于周期Wigner-Hough变换多相编码连续波雷达信号检测算法

为提高雷达侦察截获接收机对多相编码连续波弱信号截获能力,提出了一种基于周期Wigner-Hough变换（Periodic Wigner-Hough Transform,PWHT）的多相编码连续波信号检测算法。研究了线性调频连续波信号的PWHT及性质;分析了多相编码连续波信号时频主脊线的类似线性调频连续波特征;推导了高斯白噪声在PWHT域的统计分布特征,根据多相编码连续波信号与线性调频连续波的相似性,提出了基于PWHT的多相编码连续波信号检测算法,给出了实现流程,并计算出其检测性能和参数估计性能仿真的仿真结果。仿真结果表明：该算法较已有的其他多相编码信号检测算法有更好的弱信号检测能力,最小可检测信噪比至少可以降低3dB,并随着观测时间延长而进一步降低;其参数估计精度具有渐进最优的性质。     

Data-Adaptive Detection of a Weak Signal

Motivated by a form of the likelihood-ratio-tesf statistic for detection of a rank-one Gaussian signal in colored Gaussian noise, we apply our earlier technique for estimation of a low-rank signal to the problem of estimating and subtracting the waveform of a strong sinusoidal interference prior to detection of a weak sinusoidal signal. We consider the difficult case in which samples of data are taken over a short interval of time or space and the frequencies of the sinusoidal signal and sinusoidal interference are more closely spaced than the reciprocal of the extent of the aperture. The method can be applied to cases of nonsinusoidal and/or random signals and interference. The most important assumption is that when the samples of the interference are arranged in matrix form the matrix is approximately of low rank in the sense that, with high probability, the interference-only matrix can be well approximated by a matrix of low rank.     

白天激光漫反射测距中微弱信号检测的单开门多触发方法

白天激光漫反射测距因存在强背景噪声,导致微弱回波信号的检测十分困难,严重限制了激光漫反射测距的广泛应用。因此,提出了采用单开门多触发方法解决白天激光漫反射测距的微弱信号检测难题。首先,介绍了一种GM-APD (Geiger-ModeAvalanchePhotoDiode,盖革模式雪崩光电二极管)多触发概率分布函数的快速求解方法。接着,取激光漫反射测距系统典型参数,理论分析了多触发情况下的回波信号检测概率,分析结果表明单开门多触发方法可提高激光漫反射测距在白天情况下的回波信号检测概率。同时,通过对触发次数限制的优选,可以增加有效检测比,减少白天观测条件下回波信号的提取代价。最终,通过系统仿真验证了理论分析结果的正确性。因此,单开门多触发方法是解决白天激光漫反射测距微弱信号检测的可行途径之一。     

Performance of a Two-Sample Mann-Whitney Nonparametric Detector in a Radar Application

The detection of signals in an unknown, typically non-Gaussian noise environment, while attempting to maintain a constant false-alarm rate, is a common problem in radar and sonar. The raw receiver data is commonly processed initially by a bank of frequency filters. The further processing of the outputs from the filter bank by a two-sample Mann-Whitney detector is considered. When the noise statistics in all filters are identical, the Mann-Whitney detector is distribution free, i. e., the false-alarm probability may be prescribed in advance regardless of the precise form of the noise statistics. The primary purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the potential advantage of nonparametric detectors over conventional detectors. The signal detection performance of the Mann-Whitney detector is compared to that of an ordinary linear envelope detector plus integrator in the presence of Gaussian and several hypothetical forms of non-Gaussian noise. This comparison is made for both uniform and nonuniform distributions of noise power across the filter bank. Besides providing a much more constant false-alarm rate than the conventional detector, the Mann-Whitney detector's signal detection performance is found also to be much less sensitive to the form of the noise statistics. In one case, its detection sensitivity is found to be 11 dB better than that of the conventional detector. Even when the noise power density is made moderately nonuniform across the filter bank, the detection performance of the Mann-Whitney detector is found not to be significantly affected.     

On the Mean Frequency Measurement System Using Correlation Detection

This paper is concerned with the problem of measuring the mean frequency of the power spectrum of a zero-mean, stationary, narrowband Gaussian random signal in the presence of additive Gaussian noise. Signal-to-noise ratios at the output of the mean frequency measurement system using correlation detection are analyzed in terms of input signal-to-noise ratio, input signal and noise bandwidths, and integration time. The results obtained are verified experimentally, and a comparison with a conventional zero-crossing detector is also made.