Sco X-1

The physical properties of X-ray, optical and radio emissions from Sco X-1 are reviewed. Sco X-1 is a typical X-ray source which has an optically thick hot plasma. The observational spectra of X-ray and optical emissions are consistent with theoretical ones from the hot plasma, but the radio emission shows a non-thermal feature. The restrictive conditions for the model of Sco X-1 are discussed from the observational facts. In spite of numerous observational facts on Sco X-1 further detailed and elaborate studies are necessary to understand this object and general compact X-ray sources comprehensively.     

两种高超声速一体化构型的气动性能对比分析

高超声速飞行器目前已经成为世界各大国航空航天发展的主要目标之一。以美国X-43A和X-51两高超声速飞行器为研究对象,对两类飞行器气动性能进行了数值模拟,并以此为基础对比分析了两类高超声速飞行器的一体化气动特性。研究结果表明：燃料入射角对飞行器的稳定性（包括俯仰力矩、滚转力矩）和气动力影响剧烈,在相同的燃料入口条件下（...     

X-ray absorption in circinus X-1 in the low state

We report observations of Cir X-1 with the Ariel 5 spectrometer, showing that the hydrogen column density in the low state is comparable to that observed in the high state. The implications of this fact for the models of the source are discussed.     

X-33 redundancy management system

The X-33 is an unmanned advanced technology demonstrator with a mission to validate new technologies for the next generation of Reusable Launch Vehicles. Various system redundancies are designed in the X-33 to enhance the probability of successfully completing its mission in the event of faults and failures during flight. One such redundant system is the Vehicle and Mission Computer that controls the X-33 ea, and manages the avionics subsystems. Historically, redundancy management and applications such as flight control and vehicle management tended to be highly coupled. One of the technologies that the X-33 will demonstrate is the Redundancy Management System (RMS) that uncouples the applications from the redundancy management details, in the same way that real-time operating systems have uncoupled applications from task scheduling, communication and synchronization details     

LMC X-4: 13.5 s pulsations and an X-ray flare observed by EXOSAT

EXOSAT observed LMC X-4 on November 17/19, 1983 for one 1.4 day binary period during the high state of the 30.5 day cycle. An eclipse with sharp ingress and slow egress was detected with an eclipse angle of 27.1±1.0 dgr. In the medium energy experiment the source showed a hard power law spectrum. Outside eclipse the source was remarkably constant and only one flare was detected on November 17 at 19 UT lasting for about 1 h. The energy spectrum of the source softens considerably during that time and shows an emission line of cold iron. 13.5 sec pulsations are strongly present during the flare and have also been detected during the quiescent period and during several 1 min flares in another EXOSAT LMC X-4 observation on November 22, 1983. A pulse delay time analysis results in the determination of the pulse period (13.5019±0.0002) s and of the semimajor axis of the orbit of the X-ray star (26.0±0.6) It-sec. These results, together with other available information on LMC X-4, allowed to improve the binary parameters. The mass of the neutron star is found to be 1.34 _±0.44 ^0.48 M_o (95% confidence errors).     

X-38 integrated aero- and aerothermodynamic activities

The characterisation of the aeroshape selected for the X-38 [Crew Return Vehicle (CRV) demonstrator] is presently being performed as a co-operative endeavour between NASA, DLR (through its TETRA Program), and the European Space Agency (ESA) with Dassault Aviation integrating the aerodynamic and aerothermodynamic activities. The methodologies selected for characterizing the aerodynamic and aerothermodynamic environment of the X-38 are presented.     

Ariel VI soft X-ray observations of Cygnus X-1

Observations of Cygnus X-1 during the high-low transition of June–July 1980 reveal an intense flux between 0.5 and 1.5 keV. Although the intensity broadly follows the 1–12 keV flux through the transition, there is no evidence of variations in the shape of the energy spectrum. The implications of these results and derived limits on the minute-to-minute variability are discussed.     

可重复使用热防护材料应用与研究进展

可重复使用热防护系统是为高速重复使用飞行器而发展的关键性技术,涵盖了地球大气环境及非地球大气环境下的弹道式再入、高马赫数巡航等应用场景。根据现有高马赫数飞行器热防护现状,对高马赫数飞行器的主要热防护系统类型、特点和使用场景进行了简要介绍。在此基础上,结合国外里程碑式可重复使用飞行器（X-15、SR-71、航天飞机、X-33、X-37B、Spaceliner等）,梳理了可重复使用热防护材料的应用与研究进展,论述了代表性可重复使用热防护材料的发展、性能、研制进度、特点及应用前景。对国外在可重复使用热防护材料研制中的设计及发展思路,以及所存在的主要问题进行了总结归纳,为可重复使用热防护材料未来的发展提供了思路。     

Temporal intensity fluctuations of Her X-1 around 100 sec time scales

Her X-1 has been observed with EXOSAT for one 35^d cycle between March 1 and April 5, 1984 at about 4 day intervals. During three observations, absorption dips were encountered showing fluctuations with time scales in the several hundred seconds range. The data are interpreted with a model where random superposition of absorbing blobs or inhomogeneous structures within the accretion disk, in the line of sight, cause these intensity variations. The calculations give a measure of the extent of the disk both in vertical and radial directions.     

CygX-1/A candidate of the black hole

Among discrete galactic X-ray sources, Cyg X-1 has been noted for its peculiar features in several respects. It is one of the few sources with a hard power law spectrum extending beyond several hundred keV. Cyg X-1 also distinguishes itself by its profound time variability over a wide range of time scales. The most remarkable incident was that its optical identification with a spectroscopic binary HDE226868 has led to a presumption that it is a black hole. This possibility has induced continuous interests in the physical character of this source in conjunction with the nature of the black hole. The purpose of this paper is to summarize presently available pieces of knowledge on this source to help the design of future experimental and theoretical works, while the complexity of the source characteristics still has prevented us to construct a clear, coherent picture of this source in spite of the fact that numerous observational facts have been accumulated.     

EXOSAT medium energy observations of Cyg X-2

On July 5.–6. 1983, during the EXOSAT performance verification (PV) and calibration phase, a raster scan of Cygnus X-2 was performed. In contrast to the previously observed smooth intensity variations on timescales of hours, the source revealed a behaviour unknown until now: active periods with high energy flares recurring on time scales of 300–500 s were interrupted by quiet periods of several hours. At all intensity levels the source spectra clearly require a two component continuum (blackbody + thermal bremsstrahlung). In addition, a weak iron emission line with equivalent widths between 39 an 70 eV was detected. The source has a much harder spectrum during the flares than during quiet periods, indicating drastic temperature changes within the emission region, while the absolute iron line flux does not vary. From the spectral characteristics it becomes clear that self-comptonization of the thermal bremsstrahlung spectrum plays an important role. The time variability and spectral behaviour in this peculiar state allow Cyg X-2 to be classified as a Low Mass X-ray Binary System (LMXB) very similar to the prototype of this class, Sco X-1.     

The discovery of low-level iron line emission from Cyg X-1

Summary We present the results of seven observations of the X-ray spectrum of Cyg X-1, made with the GSPC on board the EXOSAT observatory. We report the discovery of an iron emission line in its spectrum. The likely origin of this feature is discussed.     

A high quality low state observation of Cir X-1

Cir X-1 was extremely faint when we observed it with EXOSAT. The light curve clearly shows the source in two states; a faint variable state and a very faint but more constant state. The spectrum is very complicated but clearly shows the existence of an iron line.     

The X-ray halo of Cygnus X-1

Four EINSTEIN HRI images of Cygnus X-1 were examined for the presence of a halo due to scattering of X-rays by interstellar grains. The analysis technique exploits the intrinsic aperiodic variability of the source to map the point response function of the optics. A residual, non-variable, component to the surface brightness distribution (comprising 12% of the source flux) is interpreted as a scattered halo. The halo flux does not reflect the short term time variability of the central source as it is smoothed by differential time delays of order days. The Cygnus X-1 halo is consistent with those of other sources derived in previous studies using different techniques. Comparison is made with a scattering model, and the sensitivity of the halo flux to maximal grain size is demonstrated.     

Periodic behaviour in three galactic bulge sources

Evidence for periodicities of several days in the three bright galactic bulge sources GX349+2, GX17+2 and Ser X-1 has been found in Ariel V RMC data collected over 4 years.     

X—114型地效飞机的纵向稳定性布局研究

本文分析了X－114型地效飞机的纵向气动布局的主要特点,即平底机翼翼型,倒三角平面形状,低置前外翼和高置大容量平尾,根据这些特点,说明X－114型地效飞机是如何获得纵向稳定性（包括俯稳定性和飞高稳定性）的。     

典型气动布局高超声速飞行的气动力数值评估

采用自主开发的数值软件SPACER对典型气动布局在Ma=6.0(Re=1×107)高超声速巡航时的气动力性能进行了数值评估。评估的气动布局包括类乘波体(仿X-51A)、翼身融合体(仿ISR)、传统升力体(仿X-33)和轴对称锥形体(仿Fasthawk导弹)。由于升力体范围较广,还对一种相对扁平的升力体模型进行了数值评估。评估结果表明:在考察条件下,类乘波体具有较大的升阻比和较小的阻力,是很有潜力的高超声速巡航气动布局;翼身融合体和传统升力体需一定的改进和进一步的研究,如扁平升力体的气动性能可得到大幅提升;轴对称锥形体以其总阻力小,也具有一定优势。     

The mass and helium discrepancy in massive stars: The case Vela X-1

A NLTE-analysis is presented of high S/N spectra of the optical component of the standard massive X-ray binary Vela X-1. In combination with the orbital parameters we conclude that the optical star is highly helium enriched and is significantly overluminous compared to standard evolutionary tracks of massive accretion stars. We then propose a new accretion model able to explain these features.     

Simulation of streamwise vortices at the flaps of re-entry vehicles

The present study investigates separated flows in the flap region of the X-38 re-entry demonstrator with respect to the heat loads downstream reattachment induced by streamwise vortices. In a first step generic numerical flow simulations of turbulent ramp configurations with artificially induced vortex disturbances are compared with wind tunnel data of the Ludwieg tube facility in Göttingen (RWG). The results allow insight into the perturbed flow field, the associated flow topology and the influence of different flow parameters that affect the perturbations. For numerical resolution of streamwise vortices in the boundary layer of re-entry vehicles local grids are generated around the flaps of the X-38 vehicle. Extensive studies of arranging and refining the local grids demonstrate good grid convergence. For laminar cases and cases with fixed transition vortex effects on the heat transfer are observed with and without artificial vortex excitation.

Zusammenfassung

Ziel der vorgelegten Studie ist die Untersuchung abgelöster Strömungen im Klappenbereich des X-38 Wiedereintrittsdemonstrators hinsichtlich der durch Längswirbel entstehenden thermischen Belastungen stromab der Anlegelinie. Im ersten Schritt werden turbulente generische Rampenkonfiguratiorien mit künstlich induzierten Wirbelstörungen mit Windkanaldaten des Ludwierohrkanals in Göttingen (RWG) verglichen. Die Ergebnisse erlauben einen Einblick in die Störströmung, der zugehörige Strömungstopologie und der Einflüsse verschiedener Parametervariationen auf die Störströmung. Zur numerischen Auflösung der Längswirbel in der Grenzschicht von Wiedereintrittsvehikeln wurden lokale Netze um die X-38 Klappen generiert. Ausführliche numerische Studien nach Umordnung und Verfeinerung der lokalen Netze zeigen eine gute Netzkonvergenz der Ergebnisse. In laminaren Fällen und solchen mit fester Transition wurden Wirbeleinflüsse auf den Wärmestrom mit und ohne künstliche Wirbelanregung beobachtet.     

Hard X-rays observation of her X-1

An hard X-Rays (15–170) KeV measurement of the spectrum of Her X-1, during a mid turn on is presented. The presence of an emission line at about 53 KeV during the mid-on state is confirmed by the present measure.