飞机射频隐身表征参量及其影响因素分析

 随着军事装备的不断发展,无源探测器（电子支援系统、雷达告警接收机和电子情报接收机）对飞机的探测能力大大提高。为了避免机载雷达设备辐射的射频(RF)信号被截获,要求飞机具有良好的射频隐身性能。综合考虑机载雷达探测距离和无源截获接收机截获距离之间的关系以及天线空域扫描方式发生捷变对飞机射频隐身性能的影响,指出了用施里海尔(Schleher)截获因子评价飞机射频隐身性能的不足,并提出用信号截获率来表征飞机射频隐身特性的方法。最后,对影响信号截获率的因素进行分析与计算,在此基础上给出飞机实现射频隐身的途径与方法。该评价方法综合了飞机在时域、频域和空域上的射频隐身特性,对飞机的射频隐身设计具有参考价值。     

基于DRFM技术的雷达标校器设计与实现

建立了基于数字射频存储器技术构建雷达标校器的方法.该雷达标校器可灵活实现目标运动模拟、多普勒频率加载、目标RCS模拟、多目标模拟等功能,较传统的基于光纤延迟实现的雷达标校器更具有应用价值.针对实际应用需求提出了解决频率捷变的方案,给出了典型模拟策略所需数学模型.应用研究表明,基于数字射频存储器技术的雷达标校器具有较强的...     

Flexible loop filter design for spacecraft phase-locked receivers

A flexible loop filter design for spacecraft phase-locked receivers is proposed. The loop filter is implemented as digital hardware with coefficients that are set by registers. Either a perfect or an imperfect integrating loop filter can be effected. This flexibility is important since not one type of loop filter is preferred for all circumstances. An imperfect integrator is preferred when, as is often the case for spacecraft receivers, it is important to minimize the best-lock frequency drift of an idling loop. A perfect integrator is preferred when the tracking performance of the loop is the most important consideration     

步进频雷达成像技术研究进展

步进频雷达发射窄带脉冲,利用多个脉冲合成宽带成像,对发射、接收分系统和信号处理平台的要求相对较低,是获得目标高分辨距离像的一种有效技术手段.从雷达系统设计和工程应用的角度出发,对目前国内外研究提出的具有代表性的几种步进频成像频域方法和时域方法进行了论述;介绍了不同处理方法在雷达波形和工作方式设计、合成宽带成像的性能、工程实现难度和适用任务场景等方面的优点和不足;探讨了各种方法工程应用的可能性.相对于其他方法,一种基于子脉冲去斜的步进频合成宽带方法在工程上更易于实施.     

Recent advances in analog signal processing

Analog signal processors which perform convolution, correlation, matched filtering, and Fourier transformation are considered. Specifically, the authors focus on one- and two-dimensional signal processors using charge-coupled-device, surface-acoustic-wave, acoustooptic, and superconductive components. The device performances are compared in terms of parameters such as signal bandwidth, time-bandwidth product, and dynamic range. These analog components are compared with existing and planned digital processor designs. Potential applications are highlighted in wideband spread-spectrum packet-radio communication, radar range-Doppler imaging, wideband compressive receivers, and low-bit-rate image-coding systems     

Low-cost technology for multimode radar

A flexible test bed radar architecture is described which includes an integrated RF electronics package that can support multiple radar applications, including surveillance, fire control, target acquisition, and tracking. This type of architecture can significantly reduce the cost, power, size, and weight of electronics on future weapon delivery platforms. The Army Research Laboratory (ARL) is developing technology to support multimode radar requirements. These requirements include the detection and location of moving or stationary low radar cross section targets in heavy ground clutter and the classification and/or recognition of these targets. We address these requirements with commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) products and the integration of several enabling technologies. The test bed radar includes a direct digital synthesizer (DDS) for frequency-diverse waveform generation, a flexible wideband transceiver for bandwidth extension and frequency translation, and an open architecture signal processor with embedded wideband analog-to-digital converters for real-time acquisition and processing. Efficient signal processing algorithms have been developed to demonstrate multimode radar capability. This paper discusses the various subassemblies, algorithm efficiency, and field experiment results     

CFAR behavior of adaptive detectors: an experimental analysis

We conduct an experimental analysis for assessing the constant false alarm rate (CFAR) behavior of four coherent adaptive radar detectors in the presence of experimentally measured clutter data. To this end we exploit several data files containing both land, lake, and mixed land and sea clutter, collected by two radar systems (the MIT Lincoln Laboratory Phase-One radar and the McMaster IPIX radar) at different polarizations, range resolutions, and frequency bands. The results show that all the receivers, in the presence of real data, don't respect their nominal probability of false alarm (P/sub fa/), namely they exhibit a false alarm rate higher than the value preassigned at the design stage. Nevertheless one of them, the recursive persymmetric adaptive normalized matched filter (RP-ANMF) is very robust, in the sense that it presents an acceptable displacement from the nominal P/sub fa/, in correspondence of all the analyzed scenarios.     

基于超声波测距汽车倒车防撞雷达研究

通过声音或更直观的显示告知驾驶员周围障碍物的位置情况,帮助驾驶员扫除视野的死角和视线模糊的缺陷。介绍了一种低成本、高精度、微型化,并有数字显示和声光报警功能的倒车雷达,该倒车雷达根据超声波测距原理研制,采用温度补偿技术、开机自检技术和优化的软硬件技术,将测得的结果送至数码管显示,进行三级声光报警。使驾驶员做到心里有数,提高了泊车和倒车时的安全和效率。     

Weight effects on the periodic ambiguity function

CW radar signals and processors are discussed. The use of the periodic ambiguity function (PAF) to analyze the delay-Doppler performance of CW signals and their corresponding correlation receivers, is extended to include weight function effects. This work provides tools which can predict the delay-Doppler response of almost any phase-coded CW radar. Examples demonstrate that a combination of CW signals having perfect periodic autocorrelation, a matched reference signal with a large number of modulation periods and a smooth weight function, can create a delay-Doppler response with extremely low sidelobes, strongly resembling the response of a coherent pulse train     

Radar technology in the Czech Republic

A contemporary status of radar technology in the Czech Republic is reviewed in this paper. We may find activity in many different directions in this field now. Those are: new primary radar development both for military and civil application, primary and secondary radar upgrades, new passive radar development for civil application, ELINT and ESM equipment, intruding alarm radar sensors for commercial application/high mass production, radar warning and seeking receivers and military targets RCS minimization.     

飞艇吊舱隐身特性研究

吊舱的雷达散射特性决定了飞艇的隐身性能。为得到最优的设计方案,需要综合计算各种方案吊舱的雷达散射截面值。本文提出了采用多截面曲面对飞艇吊舱数字化建模的原理和通过形状因子描述吊舱脊线的方法,推导出利用物理光学法估算吊舱雷达散射截面的公式并总结了程序流程。通过典型吊舱分析了飞艇的隐身性能,结果表明：采用形状因子对吊舱的数字...     

Maximizing the Usable Bandwidth of MTI Signal Processors

A technique is presented for maximizing the percentage of usable Doppler bandwidth throughout which a radar return can be detected while maintaining an acceptable clutter suppression. The technique employs the weighted Chebyshev approximation to the design of a transversal high-pass digital filter which has an optimal passband ripple for a given number of filter weights and associated integration gain consistent with the required increase in signal-to-noise ratio needed for acceptable probabilities of detection and false alarm. Conventional approaches to the design of a movingtarget arget indictor (MTI) filter which maximizes the improvement factor by clutter suppression typically improve the signal-to-background noise ratio over less than 50 percent of the range between dc and the pulse-repetition frequency fT. This technique can increase the usable bandwidth to 80 percent or more of fT. Two examples are included which utilize parameter values from the Army Missile Command's experimental radar and demonstrate the interactive influence of such filter parameters as the number of weights, passband ripple and bandedge, and stopband attenuation and cutoff.     

FM/AM Noise Test Set for a Pulsed Doppler Radar

A new test method to measure the amplitude noise and phase noise in both CW and pulsed CW signals of a Ku-band pulsed Doppler radar is described. These noises are measured in a simulated environment of radar operation; thus the test results may give direct information to determine radar subclutter visibility. In comparison with the conventional noise test method, this new method not only gives more meaningful results but also can obtain results much faster in testing. Actual test system design is described by block diagrams and theoretical analysis. A method to determine approximate frequency jitter in a transmitter signal is also described.     

Nonlinear apodization for sidelobe control in SAR imagery

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery often requires sidelobe control, or apodization, via weighting of the frequency domain aperture. This is of particular importance when imaging scenes containing objects such as ships or buildings having very large radar cross sections. Sidelobe improvement using spectral weighting is invariably at the expense of mainlobe resolution presented here is a class of nonlinear operators which significantly reduce sidelobe levels without degrading mainlobe resolution implementation is via sequential nonlinear operations applied to complex-valued (undetected) SAR imagery. SAR imaging is used to motivate the concepts developed in this work. However, these nonlinear apodization techniques have potentially broad and far-ranging applications in antenna design, sonar, digital filtering etc., i.e., whenever data can be represented as the Fourier transform of a finite-aperture signal     

Radar: the evolution since World War II

Modern radar design has benefited from the evolution of specialized digital processing, allowing high resolution ground mapping, target identification, and target tracking under many conditions. Air-to-air interception makes use of complex decision processes to select from many modes that depend on the clutter backgrounds and flight profiles. Today's multimode radars provide this information for each task while minimizing distractions. Fire control radars support a wide selection of weapons, including cannons and guided missiles. This is possible because of advanced digital processing. In the interval since WW II, radar design evolved from vacuum tubes to semiconductors and then to massively integrated circuits. Computers specialized for fast Fourier transforms (FFTs) have revolutionized radar data processing. System reliability has improved from a few hours to hundreds of hours. Effective built-in test informs ground maintenance personnel of problems for easy maintenance and low failure rates reduce or eliminate field maintenance benches at forward locations. Airborne surveillance radars, such as AW ACS Joint Stars have changed the nature of warfare. Commanders have virtually full view of enemy and friendly forces. Radars, in combination with other remote sensors, provide precise weapon delivery, reducing collateral damage and making all weapons more effective     

Bandpass Signal Sampling and Coherent Detection

Coherent detectors in radar and communications receivers are generally implemented in the form of two parallel baseband channels which form in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) components of a received RF/IF signal. Phase errors of several degrees due to imperfect matching of these separate channels limit the performance achievable from signal processors such as moving target indicators (MTI), coherent integrators, Doppler filters, antenna array processors, and coherent sidelobe cancellers. Thus methods in which a single analog to digital (A/D) converter samples and digitizes the IF signal directly, eliminating the need for IF to baseband conversion, have been of recent interest and are the subject of this paper. To obtain accurate coherent detection from IF samples taken near the Nyquist rate requires interpolation based upon a number of stored samples. An algorithm derived from sampling theory is defined and used to demonstrate accurate reconstruction of the original IF signal from digitized samples. In-phase and quadrature components of the signal are shown to be available from processed samples with demonstrated phase errors less than 0.2°.     

有源对消隐身系统设计研究

针对有源对消隐身要求的系统延时短、反应速度快、信号参数测量和对消波幅相控制精度高的特点,设计了一个基于相控阵技术、数字射频存储器(DRFM)和现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)的有源对消系统。为了解决目标雷达散射截面计算量太大、不能有流水线延迟和难以实现实时计算等问题,采用离线计算的方法,预先建立目标的全向雷达散射截面(RCS)数据库、杂波数据库和噪声数据库,由FPGA根据测得的雷达信号参数在数据库中查找到相应的目标回波数据,实时调整对消波的幅度和相位,使对方的雷达接收机始终处于合成方向图的零点。最后通过仿真计算验证了该设计方案的有效性。     

Approximate Evaluation of Detection Probabilities in Radar and Optical Communications

Cumulative probability distributions such as occur in radar detection problems are approximated by a new version of the saddlepoint method of evaluating the inverse Laplace transform of the moment-generating function. When the number of radar pulses integrated is large, the approximation of lowest order yields good accuracy in the tails of the distributions, yet requires much less computation than standard recursive methods. Greater accuracy can be achieved upon summing the residual series by converting it to a continued fraction. The method is applied to evaluating the error-function integral and the Mth-order Q function, and to approximating the inverse of the chi-squared distribution. Cumulative distributions of discrete random variables, needed for determining error probabilities in optical communication receivers that involve counting photoelectrons, can be approximated by a simple modification of the method, which is here applied to the Laguerre distribution.     

The Detection Performance of the Siebert and Dicke-Fix CFAR Radar Detectors

The Siebert and the Dicke-fix CFAR radar detectors, used to maintain a constant false alarm rate (CFAR) in radar receivers under very similar circumstances, are considered. The Siebert detector represents the maximum-likelihood detection procedure for a signal in Gaussian noise of unknown power level, whereas the Dicke-fix makes use of a bandpass limiter to normalize the input and thus ensure a constant false alarm rate. The detection performance of the two detectors is determined and a comparison shows that over a wide range of parameters, the Dicke-fix introduces a loss which is approximately 1 B larger than for the Siebert detector.     

Hardware-in-the-loop simulation technology of wide-band radar targets based on scattering center model

Hardware-in-the-loop(HWIL) simulation technology can verify and evaluate the radar by simulating the radio frequency environment in an anechoic chamber. The HWIL simulation technology of wide-band radar targets can accurately generate wide-band radar target echo which stands for the radar target scattering characteristics and pulse modulation of radar transmitting signal. This paper analyzes the wide-band radar target scattering properties first. Since the responses of target are composed of many separate scattering centers, the target scattering characteristic is restructured by scattering centers model. Based on the scattering centers model of wide-band radar target, the wide-band radar target echo modeling and the simulation method are discussed. The wide-band radar target echo is reconstructed in real-time by convoluting the transmitting signal to the target scattering parameters. Using the digital radio frequency memory(DRFM) system,the HWIL simulation of wide-band radar target echo with high accuracy can be actualized. A typical wide-band radar target simulation is taken to demonstrate the preferable simulation effect of the reconstruction method of wide-band radar target echo. Finally, the radar target time-domain echo and high-resolution range profile(HRRP) are given. The results show that the HWIL simulation gives a high-resolution range distribution of wide-band radar target scattering centers.