A new stress-based multi-scale failure criterion of composites and its validation in open hole tension tests

A new stress-based multi-scale failure criterion is proposed based on a series of off-axis tension tests, and their corresponding fiber failure modes and matrix failure modes are determined at the microscopic level. It is a physical mechanism based, three-dimensional damage analysis criterion which takes into consideration the constituent properties on the macroscopic failure behavior of the composite laminates. A complete set of stress transformation, damage determination and evolution methods are established to realize the application of the multi-scale method in failure analysis. Open-hole tension（OHT） specimens of three material systems（CCF300/5228, CCF300/5428 and T700/5428） are tested according to ASTM standard D5766, and good agreements are found between the experimental results and the numerical predictions. It is found that fiber strength is a key factor influencing the ultimate strength of the laminates, while matrix failure alleviates the stress concentration around the hole. Different matchings of fiber and matrix result in different failure modes as well as ultimate strengths.     

基于LS-DYNA和HyperMesh的某型飞机垂尾翼尖前缘鸟撞分析

飞机的鸟撞事故是一种突发性和多发性的飞行事故,轻则飞机受损,重则机毁人亡.在飞机设计过程中,为了通过严格的适航条例,需要进行大量的鸟撞试验.随着有限元理论和计算机软、硬件的发展,利用计算机仿真技术进行飞机结构的抗鸟撞设计分析可以减少试验数量或者加强试验针对性,提高试验效率.基于LS-DYNA软件和前处理软件HyperMesh,利用光滑粒子法（SPH）与有限元耦合算法,采用带失效模型的短梁单元模拟铆钉失效,对某型飞机垂尾前缘进行鸟撞分析.通过对应力和位移结果的分析以及对沙漏能的有效控制,表明本文提出的建模方法具有满足工程要求的准确性,符合适航条例的规定.     

Numerical approach for assessment of dynamic strength for riveted joints

Numerous rivets have to be modelled for aeronautical framework crashes. A numerical procedure based on FE modelling and characterisation of material failure constitutive models is proposed in order to limit the experimental procedure. Quasi-static and dynamic experiments are carried out on elementary tension (punched) and shear (riveted) specimens. No strain rate sensitivity has been measured on the riveted joint assemblies failure. The experiments are used to identify, by an inverse method, the Gurson damage parameters of each material (2024-T351 and 7050 aluminium alloys for the sheet metal plate and the rivet). The characterisation gives rise to a satisfactory correlation between FE models and experiments. Optimised parameters are validated for each material by means of a uniaxial tension test for the sheet metal plate and an ARCAN type specimen in pure tension for the rivet. Results can then be used to identify macroscopic failure criterion to model the rivet behaviour in aeronautical framework crashes. FE tools can also resolve problems linked to limit-design or the design of new riveted joint assemblies more rapidly and cost effectively than experiments.     

基于单层数值特征曲线法的复合材料接头强度分析

提出了基于单层的特征曲线法，利用Patran／Nastran有限元软件对复合材料机械连接接头强度进行了分析计算。根据提出的基于单层的数值特征曲线法，各个角度铺层的特征长度采用数值方法分别计算，根据各层的特征曲线计算各层的破坏载荷，最后确定接头的破坏载荷。通过算例分析，计算结果跟试验值吻合很好，较基于层合板特征曲线法所得结果更精确，说明了该方法的有效性。     

复合材料层合板结构冲击损伤数值模拟的损伤力学模型

针对复合材料结构低速冲击损伤问题,基于连续损伤力学提出了一种动力学冲击条件下的三维损伤数值模型。模型中区分了层内损伤（纤维拉伸与压缩失效、纤维间拉伸与压缩失效）和层间分层损伤不同的失效模式。采用三维Puck失效准则与考虑压缩抑制效应的Aymerich准则对上述两类损伤进行判定,材料失效后基于连续损伤力学中线性软化模型对材料损伤进行演化。模型中考虑了复合材料层合板结构中子层的就位效应和损伤分析中的“连锁效应”。通过对Shi的冲击试验进行数值模拟,模型预测的冲击接触载荷、分层形状和尺寸与试验结果吻合较好,证明了所提出的数值模型对复合材料层合板结构低速冲击损伤预测的有效性。     

Multiaxial fatigue life prediction of composite laminates

A study of composite laminates under tension–torsion biaxial loading is presented. The focus is placed on fatigue lives of composite laminates under different tension–torsion biaxial fatigue loading paths. A macro-meso model used to predict multiaxial fatigue life of composite laminates is also presented in this paper. Firstly, a macro-scale 3D RVE corresponding to composite laminates is established to determine strain components in the material principal direction of each layer for each biaxial stress ratio. Secondly, a meso-scale 3D RVE corresponding to each layer with fibers distributed randomly is established, with progressive damage prediction method, biaxial strength of composite laminates can be predicted, and the final failure layer can be confirmed. Thirdly, select any one of fatigue loading path at which the final failure of composite laminates is fiber failure (matrix failure) to establish the reference curve for fiber (matrix). Finally, with reference curve, fatigue life of composite laminates under any biaxial loading path can be predicted. And numerical results show good agreements with experimental data.     

共因失效相关同级叶片系统可靠性分析

为了准确地分析航空发动机的可靠性,针对航空发动机失效模式多、相关性复杂的特点,在考虑失效模式相关性的基础上,建立了共因失效相关的结构系统可靠性模型。采用蒙特卡罗法和近似数值分析法对航空发动机同级叶片系统在叶片静强度不足失效、叶片外缘变形碰摩失效及考虑2种失效模式下的可靠度进行了计算分析。分析表明与共因失效相关的可靠性模型相比,传统的不考虑失效模式相关性的可靠性模型使可靠度评估过于保守。近似数值分析法在保持与蒙特卡罗法计算精度相同的情况下,能够大幅提高计算效率。     

综合考虑随机结构系统静强度和疲劳的失效机理与可靠性分析

根据疲劳载荷造成的随机裂纹对结构极限应力和截面模量的影响,给出了结构构件在裂纹扩展下的构件剩余抗力的表达形式,分析了结构系统中每一个单元在静载和疲劳载荷作用下的失效形式,并考虑了各失效模式之间的相关性对该单元可靠性的影响。具体分析了结构系统在静载和疲劳载荷作用下的失效机理以及各失效模式之间的相关性,给出了在静载和疲劳载荷作用下结构系统的可靠性分析方法。结合数值算例对结构系统同时进行了静强度和疲劳的可靠性分析,表明在不同的使用年限内,静载和疲劳载荷对结构系统可靠性的影响是不同的;在结构系统主要失效路径中既有单元静强度失效又有疲劳失效,这是符合结构系统使用真实情况的。     

飞机风挡鸟撞动响应分析方法研究

建立了鸟体模型和风挡玻璃破坏准则,形成了一套完整的风挡鸟撞动响应分析方法。并对某型号风挡进行了鸟撞动响应分析,得出了鸟的运动轨迹和风挡的位移、应力、应变响应以及风挡玻璃的鸟撞临界速度,经与试验结果比较,两者吻合较好。     

Damage characteristics and constitutive modeling of the 2D C/SiC composite: Part Ⅱ–Material model and numerical implementation

In this work, a macroscopic non-linear constitutive model accounting for damage, inelastic strain and unilateral behavior is proposed for the 2D plain-woven C/Si C composite. A set of scalar damage variables and a new thermodynamic potential expression are introduced in the framework of continuum damage mechanics. In the deduced constitutive equations, the material's progressive damage deactivation behavior during the compression loading is described by a continuous function, and different deactivation rates under uniaxial and biaxial compression loadings are also considered. In damage evolution laws, the coupling effect among the damage modes and impediment effect of compression stress on the development of shear damage in different plane stress states are taken into account. Besides, the general plasticity theory is applied to describing the evolution of inelastic strain in tension and/or shear stress state. The Tsai–Wu failure criterion is adopted for strength analysis. Additionally, the material model is implemented as a user-defined material subroutine(UMAT) and linked to the ABAQUS finite element software, and its performance is demonstrated through several numerical examples.     

Characteristics and mechanisms of turboshaft engine axial compressor casing containment

To investigate the containment characteristics and mechanisms of axial compressor blade and casing in turboshaft engine, experimental and simulation research is conducted on Titanium alloy axial compressor blades and stainless steel simulator casings in this paper. Experiments for four thicknesses (from 0.8 mm to 1.4 mm) of casings are presented on high-speed spin tester. Perforation, ricochet with and without failure of the casings are obtained in test results. Three obvious bulges or dishing region are observed, petaling failure occurs in the first bulge or the third deformation region. Parabolic and elongated dimples are observed at the fracture surface. Finite Element (FE) models with calibrated Johnson-Cook material behavior law are built and analyzed by using explicit dynamic software for a better understanding on the containment behavior. Good agreement is obtained between the experimental observations and numerical predictions. The evolution of the impact force, energy absorption, temperature increase and the cracks’ propagation are analyzed. Three force peaks occur in the impact process. Energy analysis reveals that penetration condition of ricochet with failure leads to most internal energy of the casing.     

成对使用的机翼主要构件可靠性分析

本文综合考虑了飞机构件疲劳与断裂两方面的特性,提出了在计及裂纹漏检条件下计算成对使用的机翼主要构件在任一检查周期内破断全概率的一种可靠性分析方法。并且,以某型后掠式飞机机翼主梁为例,给出了计算结果。     

考虑材料性能分散性的航空发动机结构安全系数确定方法

针对材料性能分散性与航空发动机关重件可靠性之间关系的定量表征问题,结合正态分布和威布尔分布参数特点,研究了不同变异系数和形状参数条件下累积失效概率与安全系数确定方法,获取了材料性能分散性对结构可靠性的影响,给出了不同分散性条件下的安全系数。数值计算结果表明:结构设计选材应充分考虑材料性能分散性的影响;对于分散性较大的材料,单纯增大安全系数并不能保证结构具有足够的可靠性裕度,应采取措施有效降低材料性能分散性,才能从根本上控制结构失效概率水平。     

飞机风挡鸟撞击有限元数值模拟

应用接触碰撞有限元方法建立鸟撞击风挡三维分析模型,采用具有失效模型的率型材料本构模型,模拟飞机风挡鸟撞击动响应过程,给出两个风挡鸟撞的计算实例,并例结果说明了接触碰撞有限元方法的有效性,并且可更真实地揭示风挡结构被鸟冲击变形破坏的机理。     

带损伤复合材料层压板剩余强度估算方法研究

 针对带损伤, 特别是冲击损伤的复合材料层压板的剩余强度估算, 提供易于工程使用 的思路和方法。包括: ① 提出了一种不依赖具体分析方法的统一的损伤记录与表征方法——损 伤数据结构DDS; ②提出了一种全新的缺口强度破坏判据——损伤影响(D I) 破坏判据; ③ 提出 了简单易用的估算冲击分层的弯曲应变能密度分层模型; ④提出了一套能够分析包括预埋分层 和冲击分层在内, 并能够处理单一分层以及多分层的损伤剩余强度估算方法。对共计12 种材料 体系、52 种铺层形式的开孔拉抻强度、预埋分层压缩强度及冲击后压缩强度进行了大量估算分 析, 与近百组试验结果相比均有良好一致性。     

胶接修补复合材料层合板失效分析的PDA-CZM方法

建立了一种预测胶接修补复合材料层合板的损伤演变与剩余强度的PDA-CZM方法。该方法应用三维渐进损伤分析（PDA）方法和粘聚区模型（CZM）分别模拟复合材料层合板和修补胶层的失效过程。对修补层合板的纤维断裂、基体开裂、层间分层以及胶层脱胶等损伤的萌生和扩展以及它们之间的耦合作用进行了研究。计算得到了修补结构的载荷--位移曲线,并预测了其极限强度。计算结果和试验数据吻合良好,验证了PDA-CZM方法的有效性。最后,讨论了修补参数对剩余强度的影响规律。     

二维机织C/SiC复合材料非线性力学行为数值模拟

建立了考虑纤维束内部缺陷以及外部基体缺陷的多尺度单胞模型。首先依据电镜扫描图和材料内部单胞的密度,确定了纤维束单胞和复合材料单胞的几何尺寸;然后引入周期性边界条件,利用含缺陷的纤维束单胞模型计算了其初始模量和强度;最后使用由电镜扫描图确定尺寸的复合材料单胞模型,利用上一尺度的材料参数,对复合材料的模量进行了预测;并建立了含损伤纤维束单胞的刚度矩阵,运用基于不同失效模式下损伤状态变量的刚度渐进折减法表征材料积分点损伤,通过数值结果与试验结果的对比,分析了Hashin准则作为判定纤维束起始损伤的适用性,并最终据此给出了单轴载荷作用下受损材料参数的变化情况。分析表明:基于考虑两种缺陷的多尺度模型,使用Hashin准则对C/Si C复合材料单胞进行非线性应力-应变行为数值预报与实验吻合良好。     

Numerical simulation of a UAV impacting engine fan blades

A 3D digital model of a small Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) is obtained by using the method of scanning reverse modeling and joint mapping. A numerical simulation of a small UAV strikes on rotary engine blades, presented in this paper, was performed with a Transient Nonlinear Finite Element code PAM-CRASH software. A test of motor strike on plate was developed and the dynamic response of the plate were obtained to validate the numerical simulation method of a UAV strike on blades. Based on this, dynamic damage response caused by UAV on the engine blades were studied. It is indicated that the impact process between the UAV and a single blade can be divided into two typical stages: cutting and impact. Cutting mainly leads to the failure of the leading edge material, and impact mainly leads to the plastic deformation of the blade. At the same time, it is compared with the damage impacted by bird with the same mass. For the same mass of bird and UAV, the damage caused by UAV striking fan blade is more serious, and 1.345 kg UAV striking fan blade of typical civil aviation engine is enough to cause damage to flight safety.     

模糊随机可靠性综合方法在涡轮盘可靠性分析中的应用

提出了模糊随机可靠性分析的近似解析和数字模拟综合方法,基于模糊变量的等价随机化变换,可以方便地得到模糊随机失效概率的计算公式,并建立了模糊随机可靠性分析的一次二阶矩法。定义了同时考虑基本变量和状态都含有模糊随机双重不确定性的可靠度指标,探讨了多个模式情况下模糊随机可靠性分析方法。所提出的方法被用于发动机涡轮盘的应力、应变和低周疲劳寿命模糊随机可靠性分析,证明了该方法是可行的。     

预置裂纹定向凝固高温合金叶片的断裂特征分析

通过对涡轮叶片用、定向凝固合金材料DZ4紧凑拉伸试样的断裂韧性计算,在有限元程序MSC.MARC下建立了复杂构件应力强度因子的计算模型;结合试验研究,计算了预置裂纹叶片的应力强度因子,分析了发生断裂时的状态,发现叶片的断裂韧性具有较大的分散性,其中一部分明显低于材料的试验值;对工作条件下的故障叶片进行了模拟计算,反映出该叶片在发生断裂时瞬断区偏大而疲劳区偏小的断裂特征。