考虑控制系统故障的重复使用运载器轨迹优化

传统的重复使用运载器的制导系统与控制系统的设计是分开进行的。当运载器出现故障时,需要进行轨迹和控制的重构,故障下气动特性和配平能力的变化使得重构后的制导系统与控制系统难以良好匹配。考虑到控制系统对轨迹设计和优化的影响,通过将三自由度轨迹优化与多舵面控制分配结合,提出一种考虑控制舵面气动力和故障的重复使用运载器轨迹优化方法。仿真结果表明,多舵面控制分配算法可以将运载器故障下的配平能力转化为轨迹优化的约束条件,从而避免了传统三自由度轨迹优化方法结果无法被控制系统跟踪的可能性,并为制导与控制一体化设计提供参考依据。     

基于混合粒子群算法的上升段交会弹道快速优化设计

基于梯度搜索的高效性和粒子群搜索的随机性,提出了一种混合粒子群算法,并应用该算法研究了运载火箭上升段交会弹道快速优化设计问题.以运载火箭与目标飞行器在交会时刻的距离最小为目标函数,设计了运载火箭飞行程序,建立了运载火箭上升段交会弹道优化模型,同时分别采用混合粒子群算法、遗传算法和粒子群算法进行求解.仿真结果表明:基于本文算法对运载火箭上升段交会弹道进行优化设计,平均交会位置误差为4.137m,较遗传算法减少了17.940m,平均优化耗时488.922s,较粒子群算法缩短了2342.125s.混合粒子群算法搜索速度较快,收敛精度较高,可用于运载火箭上升段交会弹道的快速优化设计.      

组合导航技术在可重复使用运载器再入段的应用研究

结合国内外可重复使用运载器的发展现状及各导航方法的特点,根据飞行器再入飞行段动力学方程,建立再入段飞行轨道并提出适用于再入飞行其各段的导航方法。对再入飞行中的末端能量管理段进行全面研究,设计并进行INS和INS/SAR导航滤波计算机仿真,并对仿真结果进行了误差分析。     

TSTO运载器一级返场轨迹优化设计与在线生成

对水平起降两级入轨（TSTO）运载器一子级返场轨迹优化和轨迹在线生成问题进行了研究。首先，给出了较独特的一子级再入轨迹设计策略：先给定侧向剖面，再分段优化求解三维轨迹。针对返场过程的大幅转向需求，设计了形式简单的倾侧角-航向角偏差剖面，并定义了具有不同任务的航向转弯段和航向微调段；针对一子级宽速域气动变化显著特点，为避免轨迹跳跃，定义了增高减速段和下降滑翔段，并采用分段优化策略求解三维轨迹。其次，针对分离扰动造成的一子级初始状态偏差，扩展了自适应高维伪谱插值（AMPI）算法的参数空间，并将其应用于返场轨迹在线生成问题。仿真结果表明，设计的倾侧角剖面能够在倾侧角不翻转的前提下调整飞行航向对准着陆场，设计的分段优化策略能够保证高度曲线平稳无跳跃，采用的自适应高维伪谱插值算法能够在分离扰动影响下快速准确地实现在线轨迹生成。     

基于混合优化的运载器大气层内上升段轨迹快速规划方法

针对运载器大气层内的最优轨迹快速规划问题,提出一种将求解最优控制问题的间接法与直接法相结合的混合优化方法。首先,基于最优控制问题的一阶必要条件,将运载器大气层内的三维最优上升问题转化为Hamiltonian两点边值问题;然后,采用直接法中能以较少的节点获得较高求解精度的Gauss伪谱法进行求解,提高算法的求解效率;最后,采用真空解析解初值及密度同伦技术,解决初值猜测与算法收敛困难的问题。仿真结果表明,混合优化算法能够准确、快速地对运载器大气层内的最优上升轨迹问题进行求解,并在计算精度与效率上均优于间接法,可应用于运载器的轨迹在线规划与闭环制导。     

可重构的卫星/运载复用电子系统设计

采用小型运载器能够降低卫星发射成本,针对小型运载器运载能力有限的情况,通过卫星与运载电子系统特点分析,提出可重构的卫星/运载复用电子系统设计方案。该方案采用基于总线的混合结构,并将可重构计算技术应用于中心计算机的设计,利用片上可编程系统（SOPC）、软硬件协同设计以及硬件描述语言（HDL）设计等技术完成系统功能。通过对现场可编程门阵列（FPGA）的重构,星载计算机实现对运载器与卫星的控制与管理,并能够进行故障处理及在轨升级。构建地面实时仿真系统并进行仿真测试,得到重构时间在（500±40）ms范围内、〖JP〗控制周期可达10 ms的仿真结果,验证了本文所提出方案的可行性与系统重构的有效性。通过硬件的分时复用,复用电子系统能够有效降低发射成本,并解决系统资源、多功能与高性能需求之间的矛盾。     

Integrated Entry Guidance for Reusable Launch Vehicle

A method for the implementation of integrated three-degree-of-freedom constrained entry guidance for reusable launch vehicle is presented. Given any feasible entry conditions, terminal area energy management interface conditions, and the reference trajectory generated onboard then, the method can generate a longitudinal guidance profile rapidly, featuring linear quadratic regular method and a proportional-integral-derivative tracking law with time-varying gains, which satisfies all the entry corridor constraints and meets the requirements with high precision. Afterwards, by utilizing special features of crossrange parameter, establishing bank-reversal corridor, and determining bank-reversals according to dynamically adjusted method, the algorithm enables the lateral entry guidance system to fly a wide range of missions and provides reliable and good performance in the presence of significant aerodynamic modeling uncertainty. Fast trajectory guidance profiles and simulations with a reusable launch vehicle model for various missions and aerodynamic uncertain-ties are presented to demonstrate the capacity and reliability of this method.     

基于分解策略的SSO发射轨道遗传全局优化设计

提出了基于轨道分解优化和遗传算法（GA）的SSO发射轨道优化设计策略。针对多个轨道段相互耦合问题,基于分解优化策略,将整个发射轨道设计问题分解为两个轨道段设计问题。为了高效可靠地获得全局最优解,对基本遗传算法进行了改进。首先提出了基于多变异操作等改进措施的改进遗传算法;此外,结合遗传算法的全局搜索特性和Powell算法的局部搜索特性,设计了一种串行混合遗传算法。一个二级SSO运载火箭的计算结果表明,轨道分解优化策略确保了问题的成功求解,改进遗传算法和混合遗传算法均可稳定地获得全局最优解,但是混合算法更有效地提高了GA性能。     

小推力深空探测轨道全局优化设计

 针对小推力深空探测四维轨道优化设计,给出了一种组合优化算法,采用该算法基于二体模型进行了深空探测四维轨道全局优化。该组合优化算法由动态规划算法、静态参数优化算法与共轭梯度算法组成。动态规划算法和静态参数优化算法用以选择最优的发射窗口、返回窗口及相应的近似飞行轨道;基于该近似轨道方案,采用共轭梯度算法（解决两点边值问题）求解精确的最优轨道。通过大量的数值仿真计算,得到了航天器的全局最优飞行轨道,及相应的最优发射窗口与返回窗口。数值仿真结果表明,该组合优化算法对深空探测轨道优化具有良好的通用性和工程运用价值。     

Index allocation for a reusable LOX/CH4 rocket engine

Reusable rocket engines are the core components of reusable launch vehicles, and have thus become a major focus of aerospace engineering research in recent years. In practice, subsystem design is based on the overall index allocation of an engine; therefore, a multidisciplinary optimization approach is necessary. In this study, design of a reusable methane/liquid oxygen (LOX/CH4) rocket engine with a gas generator cycle was investigated using multidisciplinary optimization. Two parameters were chosen as design variables: pressure and fuel mix ratio of the main combustion chamber. Optimization objectives were specific impulse, structural mass, and life cycle cost of the reusable rocket engine, and constraints were assigned to each discipline according to rocket design requirements. Then, an optimization model was developed, and optimal design parameters were acquired for the LOX/CH4 rocket engine. The proposed method is effective for designing the index allocation of reusable rocket engines and takes into account the multidisciplinary nature of complex systems.     

吸气式重复使用运载器弹道仿真研究

在对国内外吸气式可重复运载器的发展现状进行了分析后,建立了吸气式重复使用运载器动力学模型、地球模型以及大气模型等数学模型;建立了空天飞行器的弹道仿真系统。并以某吸气式重复使用运载器为研究对象,利用MATLAB编写程序,进行了飞行弹道的模拟仿真。仿真试验表明,计算方法及相应的仿真系统是合理可行的,可应用于吸气式重复使用运载器可行性的评价。     

基于Gauss伪谱法的UCAV对地攻击武器投放轨迹规划

研究无人作战飞机(UCAV)在对地攻击阶段的武器投放轨迹规划问题.针对传统方法在处理复杂的飞行器运动学、动力学约束上存在的困难,提出了一种基于Gauss伪谱法(GPM)的求解策略.首先,为了最大程度地逼近实际飞行环境,对UCAV的气动力特性、发动机推力特性、油耗特性及大气环境特性进行了高精度拟合,并充分考虑了飞行器各种...     

临近空间低动态飞行器控制研究综述

针对临近空间低动态飞行器出现的新的控制问题,分析和总结了临近空间低动态飞行器控制进展状况和发展趋势。首先,基于飞艇和浮空器等临近空间低动态飞行器的特点,归纳总结了其飞行控制问题。在此基础上,结合这类飞行器的当前发展状况,从飞行器控制角度出发,着重介绍总结了临近空间低动态飞行器在控制系统执行机构配置、数学模型、姿态控制、定点控制、速度控制、航迹优化、轨迹跟踪控制、升空和返回控制、压力控制,以及应用的多种控制策略的研究进展。最后,在已有的控制问题研究发展的基础上,提出了临近空间低动态飞行器在控制研究领域所要解决和关注的若干问题。     

Trajectory optimization of multiple quad-rotor UAVs in collaborative assembling task

A hierarchic optimization strategy based on the offline path planning process and online trajectory planning process is presented to solve the trajectory optimization problem of multiple quad-rotor unmanned aerial vehicles in the collaborative assembling task. Firstly, the path planning process is solved by a novel parallel intelligent optimization algorithm, the central force optimization-genetic algorithm (CFO-GA), which combines the central force optimization (CFO) algorithm with the genetic algorithm (GA). Because of the immaturity of the CFO, the convergence analysis of the CFO is completed by the stability theory of the linear time-variant discrete-time sys-tems. The results show that the parallel CFO-GA algorithm converges faster than the parallel CFO and the central force optimization-sequential quadratic programming (CFO-SQP) algorithm. Then, the trajectory planning problem is established based on the path planning results. In order to limit the range of the attitude angle and guarantee the flight stability, the optimized object is changed from the ordinary six-degree-of-freedom rigid-body dynamic model to the dynamic model with an inner-loop attitude controller. The results show that the trajectory planning process can be solved by the mature SQP algorithm easily. Finally, the discussion and analysis of the real-time per-formance of the hierarchic optimization strategy are presented around the group number of the waypoints and the equal interval time.     

Launch Envelope Optimization of Virtual Sliding Target Guidance Scheme

This paper presents an optimization of the performance of a recently proposed virtual sliding target (VST) guidance scheme in terms of maximization of its launch envelope for three-dimensional (3-D) engagements. The objective is to obtain the launch envelope of the missile using the VST guidance scheme for different lateral launch angles with respect to the line of sight (LOS) and demonstrate its superiority over kinematics-based guidance laws like proportional navigation (PN). The VST scheme uses PN as its basic guidance scheme and exploits the relation between the atmospheric properties, missile aerodynamic characteristics, and the optimal trajectory of the missile. The missile trajectory is shaped by controlling the instantaneous position and the speed of a virtual target which the missile pursues during the midcourse phase. In the proposed method it is shown that an appropriate value of initial position for the virtual target in 3-D, combined with optimized virtual target parameters, can significantly improve the launch envelope performance. The paper presents the formulation of the optimization problem, obtains the approximate models used to make the optimization problem more tractable, and finally presents the optimized performance of the missile in terms of launch envelope and shows significant improvement over kinematic-based guidance laws. The paper also proposes modification to the basic VST scheme. Some simulations using the full-fledged six degrees-of-freedom (6-DOF) models are also presented to validate the models and technique used.     

Impact of mission requirements and constraints on conceptual launch vehicle design

The objective of this paper is to analyse the impact of mission requirements and constraints on both the optimum vehicle design and the effects on flight path selection for two types of reusable two-stage-to-orbit launch vehicles. The first vehicle type considered provides horizontal take-off and landing capabilities and is intended to be propelled by an airbreathing propulsion system during stage 1 flight. The second vehicle type assumes a vertical launch and is accelerated by a rocket propulsion system during the booster stage ascent flight. The analysis employs a design tool for simultaneous system and mission optimization. It consists of a CAD-based preliminary vehicle design tool, aerodynamic and aerothermodynamic calculation software, flight simulation programs, and a two-level decomposition optimization algorithm enabling simultaneous system and flight optimization. The results to be presented show that the cruise flight requirement for an European launched mission of the airbreathing vehicle results in a loss of 60 % payload mass as compared to a mere accelerated ascent for a near equatorial mission into the same target orbit assuming constant take-off mass. The strong dependencies of mission requirements on both the optimal vehicle design and the ascent performance are determined for the rocket-powered vehicle type by varying the inclination and altitude of the target orbit.     

基于部件分解法的运载火箭RCS仿真计算方法

为估算运载火箭的RCS（Radar Cross Section,雷达散射截面积）,采用部件分解法对运载火箭进行电磁散射几何建模,根据飞行过程中运载火箭和雷达的几何关系建立雷达照射目标视线角的计算模型,并运用高频散射理论提出运载火箭RCS的仿真计算方法;最后,对运载火箭的静态RCS和动态RCS进行仿真计算与分析.结果表明：对运载火箭电磁散射几何建模合理可行,提出的火箭RCS计算方法可以满足工程应用需要.采用该方法仅修改几何建模中的模型结构和部分尺寸参数即可方便计算不同型号运载火箭的RCS特性,可以为航天测控雷达系统设计和布站优化提供依据.     

Conversations with Patricia Grace Smith. Interview by Frank Sietzen Jr

Ms. Smith, associate administrator for commercial space transportation within the Federal Aviation Administration, answers questions about regulations and licensing related to reusable launch vehicles, space passenger vehicles, and commercial space ventures.     

RLV末端能量管理段轨迹实时生成算法研究

采用类似于航天飞机的末端能量管理段飞行轨迹结构,将可重复使用空间飞行器(RLV)飞行轨迹分为搜索飞行、航向校正以及预着陆飞行三段进行待飞距预测,并利用三次多项式表示飞行器高度-待飞距剖面。通过调节航向校正锥位置和半径的方法调整待飞距,提出了RLV末端能量管理段飞行轨迹的实时生成算法。该算法考虑了整个末端能量管理飞行阶段的轨迹约束,给定末端能量管理段的起始条件,能实时筛选并生成一条满足要求的参考轨迹线。计算结果验证了该方法的合理性。     

Optimization method for mission analysis of aeroassisted orbital transfer vehicles

This paper is about an optimization method which has been developed to deal with trajectory optimization and mission analysis of an aeroassisted orbital transfer vehicle (OTV), in the context of preliminary design studies. Although this kind of trajectory can already be computed with existing trajectory optimization tools, we need a faster and robust tool which can be integrated as a “black box” in a multidisciplinary design process, in order to study rapidly many different OTV concepts and missions. In this context, our objective is not to get a very precise “optimal trajectory”, as existing “heavy” optimization tools do, but a solution precise enough to give a good insight of the performance (namely, the apogee altitude variation) and the mechanical and thermal loads. Incidentally, the solution obtained may also be used as an initial guess for a more precise trajectory optimization tool. To achieve this goal, we have studied parametric formulations of the control law, with optimization of the switching times. This development has been done considering a low lift-to-drag ratio vehicle (controlled only with the bank angle), like the aerocapture-designed version of the Mars Sample Return Orbiter. The cost function to be minimized is the heat flux, which is a key parameter for the multidisciplinary design of this kind of vehicle. The parametric formulation eventually chosen yields a good level of precision and robustness. Also, the study has been pushed further with the optimization of some mission parameters in the same process, in order to get directly preliminary answers to some trade-off issues in the mission analysis, like the choice of the initial perigee altitude.