Suppressing unsteady motion of shock wave by high-frequency plasma synthetic jet

Three Plasma Synthetic Jet Actuators (PSJA) under the high-frequency actuation are used to control the Shock Wave Boundary Layer Interaction (SWBLI), a high-speed schlieren image processing method based on spatial Fourier transform as well as snapshot proper orthogonal decomposition were used to study the control effect of high-frequency plasma synthetic jet on low-frequency unsteadiness of SWBLI. The analysis of the base flow shows that the separated shock wave actually has both large- and small-amplitude vibrations at low frequency. And the results revealed that the PSJA with an operating frequency of 2 kHz has the ability to reduce the energy of low-frequency component of shock wave motion, indicating that the 2 kHz actuation can effectively suppress low-frequency unsteadiness of the separated wave. Compared with the actuation frequency of 2 kHz, the energy of low-frequency component of the shock wave is enhanced under the 8 kHz actuation, which aggravates the low-frequency unsteady motion of the shock wave. It is likely that the actuation frequency is too high, thus the intensity of the precursor shock wave induced by PSJA becomes weaker. Additionally, as the 4 kHz actuation is applied, the pulsation of the separation region was enhanced, it is speculated that the actuation frequency is coupled with the oscillation frequency of the separation region.     

Oblique shock train motion based on schlieren image processing

In this paper, shock train motion in a Mach number 2.7 duct is studied experimentally, and large numbers of schlieren images are obtained by a high-speed camera. An image processing method based on Maximum Correlation Detection (MCD) is proposed to detect shock train motion from the schlieren images, based on which the key structures, e.g., separation positions and separation shock angles on the top and bottom walls, can be analysed in detail. The oscillations of the shock train are generated by rhombus and ellipse shafts at various excitation frequencies. According to the analysis of MCD results, the distributions of the frequency components of shock train oscillation generated by the two shafts are distinctly different, in which the motion generated by the ellipse shaft is much smoother; shock train motion is mainly characterized by the oscillation of separation position while the separation shock strength is not so sensitive to downstream disturbance; there is a hysteresis loop relation between the downstream pressure and separation position.     

舰面状态直升机机体在起落架上的固有频率分析

针对起落架缓冲支柱和轮胎的非线性特性,应用等效线性模型,提出一种预估刚性机体在弹性起落架上的固有频率计算方法。利用缓冲支柱和轮胎的刚度和阻尼试验数据,采用循环迭代方法计算了机体耦合振动的固有频率;分析了直升机重量、旋翼拉力、舰面运动状态、舰面风力等因素对机体模态固有频率的影响。对最不稳定的机体侧向二阶模态而言,最大设计重量和大升力状态时其固有频率最低,与最小重量、零升力状态相比其稳定转速余度减少约133 r/min;文中假设的舰面运动状态和舰面风力对机体模态的固有频率影响很小,而采用纵、横侧向独立的简化模型来预估机体模态固有频率具有足够的精度。     

Numerical simulation of the lateral aerodynamics of an orbital stage at stage separation flow conditions

The unsteady flow of an idealized two-stage hypersonic vehicle during the separation process is investigated. In particular, the aerodynamic characteristics of the orbital stage performing yaw and roll oscillations with defined frequencies at a certain distance above the lower stage are addressed. The numerical simulations of the flowfield are based on an explicit finite-volume method for solutions of the three-dimensional unsteady Euler equations. The discretization of the computational domain around the entire configuration is performed using a flexible multiblock grid generator. The results focus on the flowfields and the pressure distributions as well as on the aerodynamic coefficients. The latter provide an essential mean for the stability and control evaluations for lateral motion in hypersonic flight. The analysis show that unsteadiness cannot be neglected.     

Low-frequency unsteadiness of vortex wakes over slender bodies at high angle of attack

A type of flow unsteadiness with low frequencies and large amplitude was investigated experimentally for vortex wakes around an ogive-tangent cylinder. The experiments were carried out at angles of attack of 60–80 and subcritical Reynolds numbers of 0.6–1.8×105. The reduced frequencies of the unsteadiness are between 0.038 and 0.072, much less than the frequency of Karman vortex shedding. The unsteady flow induces large fluctuations of sectional side forces. The results of pressure measurements and particle image velocimetry indicate that the flow unsteadiness comes from periodic oscillation of the vortex wakes over the slender body. The time-averaged vortex patterns over the slender body are asymmetric, whose orientation is dependent on azimuthal locations of tip perturbations. Therefore, the vortex oscillation is a type of unsteady oscillation around a time-averaged asymmetric vortex structure.     

尾流撞击效应对轴流压气机下游叶排涡面的影响

针对某高负荷高压压气机末级,通过研究上游转子尾迹涡面周期性扫掠对下游静子涡面的影响,从涡面非定常作用的角度分析流场时空结构.结果表明,流场性能的改善与涡面时空结构相对应,尾迹涡面同分离涡面的相互作用可显著降低流动损失;与上游尾迹涡面发生耦合的是叶片尾缘旋涡交替脱落频率而非吸力面前缘分离涡不稳定频率.      

面向三维激波问题的装配方法

给出了一种基于非结构动网格技术的三维激波装配方法。在该方法中,三维激波面由被标记为激波属性的网格点连接构成,标记为激波属性的网格点称为激波点。激波点具有两组参数分别代表激波的上下游,利用激波点上下游参数求解R-H关系式获得激波点运动速度。非结构动网格技术的使用允许激波大幅度运动,降低了对初始激波位置的要求。通过引入网格属性定义避免了对计算网格进行分区,增加了装配激波的灵活性。通过球柱体绕流问题验证了该三维装配方法的合理性,针对三维激波装配中比较困难的交点装配问题,通过对三维激波反射以及三维激波相交等算例进行研究找到了可用的三维激波交点运动速度的确定方法,保证了激波运动过程中交点运动与流场求解之间的相容性,获得了相应的装配结果。     

跨声速压气机转子叶尖非定常流场数值研究

采用时间精确求解方法对某高负荷跨声速轴流压气机转子在98%设计转速下的叶尖非定常流场进行了数值研究.结果显示,激波自身振荡不明显,叶尖区域流动的非定常性主要来源于叶尖泄漏涡的破碎及其与激波之间的相互干涉.对比设计状态与失速状态下叶尖泄漏涡的特点发现:在近失速点时,叶尖区域间歇性出现前缘溢流.分析表明:叶尖泄漏涡在激波后破碎是造成堵塞的主要原因,也是造成spike型失速初始扰动的原因.      

超临界翼型跨声速激波振荡数值模拟

应用DES(detached eddy simulation)方法研究了SC(2)-0714超临界翼型跨声速自维持激波振荡现象.使用的DES方法预测了激波在翼型上表面的周期性运动,分析了雷诺数对激波运动的减缩频率、平均激波位置、脉动压力系数等非定常特性的影响.结果表明:雷诺数对激波振荡运动特性的影响呈非线性关系;而雷诺数为6×106时的激波振荡运动特性与雷诺数分别为15×106及30×106时的特性存在明显差异.      

超声速横侧射流燃烧中可压缩性影响的数值研究

为了研究湍流的可压缩性效应对超声速燃烧的影响,对复杂的超声速横侧射流氢气/空气燃烧流场进行了数值模拟。采用修正的k-ε湍流模型(包括膨胀可压缩性和激波不稳定性两部分修正),考虑H2/Air详细化学反应机理(GRI-Mech2.11机理,10组分,28基元反应)。结果表明,可压缩性修正k-ε湍流模型能够预测复杂的超声速横侧射流流场结构。可压缩性使流体分离增强,湍流混合受到抑制,从而显著影响了超声速燃烧过程,数值模拟中需要考虑可压缩性效应的影响。     

Self-sustained shock oscillations on airfoils at transonic speeds

Self-sustained shock wave oscillations on airfoils at transonic flow conditions are associated with the phenomenon of buffeting. The physical mechanisms of the periodic shock motion are not yet fully understood even though experiments performed over fifty years ago have demonstrated the presence of oscillatory shock waves on the airfoil surfaces at high subsonic speeds. The unsteady pressure fluctuations generated by the low-frequency large-amplitude shock motions are highly undesirable from the structural integrity and aircraft maneuverability point of view. For modern supercritical wing design with thick profiles, the shock-induced fluctuations are particularly severe and methods to reduce the shock wave amplitudes to lower values or even to delay the oscillations to higher Mach numbers or incidence angles will result in expanding the buffet boundary of the airfoil. This review begins with a recapitulation of the classical work on shock-induced bubble separation and trailing edge separation of a turbulent boundary layer. The characteristics of the unsteady pressure fluctuations are used to classify the types of shock-boundary layer interaction. The various modes of shock wave motion for different flow conditions and airfoil configurations are described. The buffet boundaries obtained using the standard trailing edge pressure divergence technique and an alternative approach of measuring the divergence of normal fluctuating forces are compared to show the equivalence. The mechanisms of self-sustained shock oscillations are discussed for symmetrical circular-arc airfoils at zero incidence and for supercritical airfoils at high incidence angles with fully separated flows. The properties of disturbances in the wake are examined from linear stability analysis of two-dimensional compressible flows. The advances in high-speed computing make predictions of buffeting flows possible. Navier–Stokes solvers and approximate boundary layer-inviscid flow interaction methods are shown to give good correlation of frequencies and other unsteady flow characteristics with experiments. Finally, passive and active methods of shock oscillation control show promising results in delaying buffet onset to higher Mach numbers or incidence angles, thus enhancing the transonic performance of airfoils.     

Experimental investigation of expansion effect on shock wave boundary layer interaction near a compression ramp

The experiment is conducted to investigate the effect of expansion on the shock wave boundary layer interaction near a compression ramp. The small-angle expansion with an angle degree of 5° occurs at different positions in front of the compression ramp. The particle image velocimetry and flow visualization technology show the flow structures, velocity field, and velocity fluctuation near the compression ramp. The mean pressure distribution, pressure fluctuation, and power spectral density are me...     

构成轴流压气机出口不稳定的主要影响因素

为探讨构成转子出口不稳定性的主要影响因素,借助三维Ｎ－Ｓ方程数值求解轴流压气机孤立转子流场,计算了转子出口沿主流方向的不稳定参数并与实验结果加以对比,两者吻合较好。计算结果分析表明：转子下游的不稳定性主要由紊流脉动动能和尾迹亏损构成,且前者占主要成分。采用双方程紊流模型的三维Ｎ－Ｓ方程求解结果,可以有效地模拟转子出口不稳定参数沿径向的分布,对进一步深入探索转子出口流动的非定常效应具有重要的理论意义     

The role of transition in high-lift low-pressure turbines for aeroengines

The fan of a high bypass ratio turbo fan engine produces up to 80% of the total thrust of the engine. It is the low-pressure (LP) turbine that drives the fan and, on some engines, a number of compressor stages. The unsteady aerodynamics of the LP turbine, and in particular, the role of unsteady flow in laminar–turbulent transition, is the subject of this paper.The flow in turbomachines is unsteady due to the relative motion of the rows of blades. In the LP turbine, the wakes from the upstream blade rows provide the dominant source of unsteadiness. Because much of the blade-surface boundary-layer flow is laminar, one of the most important consequences of this unsteadiness is the interaction of the wakes with the suction-side boundary layer of a downstream blade. This is important because the blade suction—side boundary layers are responsible for most of the loss of efficiency and because the combined effects of random (wake turbulence) and periodic disturbances (wake velocity defect and pressure fields) cause the otherwise laminar boundary layer to undergo transition and eventually become turbulent.This paper discusses the development of unsteady flows in LP turbines and the process of wake-induced boundary-layer transition in low-pressure turbines and the loss generation that results. Particular emphasis will be placed on unsteady separating flows and how the effects of wakes may be exploited to control loss generation in the laminar–turbulent transition processes. This control has allowed the successful development of the latest generation of ultra-high-lift LP turbines. More recent developments, which harness the effects of surface roughness in conjunction with the wakes, are also presented.     

Motion of the heliospheric termination shock at high heliographic latitude

We expect the mean distance of the heliospheric termination shock to be greater (smaller) at polar latitudes than at equatorial latitudes, depending on whether the mean dynamic pressure of the solar wind is greater or smaller at high latitudes. The heliospheric termination shock is expected to move in response to variation in upstream solar wind conditions, so that at any particular instant the termination shock will resemble a distorted asymmetric balloon with some parts moving inward and others moving outward. If the shock is a gasdynamic or magnetohydrodynamic shock the results of the analysis depend only very weakly on the nature of the upstream disturbance; typical speeds of the disturbed shock are 100 to 200 km/s. In the absence of a significant latitude gradient of the typical magnitude of solar wind disturbances typical motions of the disturbed shock at polar latitudes would be about twice as fast, due to the higher speed of the high-latitude wind. If the dynamics of the termination shock are dominated by acceleration of the aromalous component of the cosmic rays, the motion of the shock in response to a given disturbance is substantially slower than in the gasdynamic case. Conceivably, particle acceleration might be a less important effect at higher latitudes, and we envision the possibility of a termination shock that is dominated by particle acceleration at lower latitudes and is an MHD shock at high latitudes. In this event high latitude solar wind disturbances would produce substantially larger inward and outward motions of the shock in the polar regions.     

跨声速压气机转子叶尖泄漏涡非定常特性数值研究

为了研究跨声速单转子压气机系统叶尖泄漏涡的非定常特性,选取Rotor 67孤立转子为研究对象,针对不同背压工况与不同转速工况进行了非定常数值模拟。结果表明:在每一转速状态都存在一非定常边界,其将特性线分为定常部分和非定常部分。当转子运行在特性线非定常部分时,随着背压提高,叶尖泄漏涡脉动频率逐渐减小。这是由于背压提高使叶尖前缘负荷变小,叶尖泄漏涡的驱动力也变小。叶尖泄漏涡的频率特征与转子转速息息相关。高转速状态时叶尖泄漏涡主要表现出低频特征,低转速状态时叶尖泄漏涡主要表现出高频特征。这是由于转速不同,叶尖激波的脱体程度不同,激波对于叶尖泄漏涡的激励位置也不同。由非定常叶尖泄漏涡引起的压力波的周向传播速度在各转速下表现出较强的规律性。随着流量系数的减小,压力波波速呈线性减小趋势,且各转速下减小的速率大致相同。且在波速-流量系数曲线中,各转速的非定常状态起始点基本位于同一条直线。      

计算振动翼面非定常气动力的Fourier级数展开法

将翼面绕基准状态作任意形态的振动,用Ｆｏｕｒｉｅｒ级数展为ｎ个不同振幅、不同频率的谐波;用Ｇｒｅｅｎ函数法计算每个谐波引起的非定常气动力;然后在时域中将它们叠加,即可求得该翼面在时域中以给定的波形作振动时的非定常气动力。重点讨论了翼面作接近方波形振动时的非定常气动力。算例表明,该方法所得结果与其他方法及实验结果吻合。     

时间推进积分方程法求解非定常跨声速流动

本文提出了一种求解非定常跨声速流动的新方法——时间推进积分方程法,此法克服了时间线化积分方程法的限制,能较好地模拟激波的运动。本文首先用一维波(?)问题——模型问题阐明此法的基本思想,然后将它应用于二维非定常跨声速流动中。本文还首次引入拟速度位的概念,使时间推进积分方程式得到简化,尾涡条件和Kutta条件更易处理。数值计算表明时间推进积分方程法是合理可靠的。     

超燃冲压发动机隔离段非对称来流下激波串受迫振荡流动研究

用非对称马赫1.98的隔离段直连实验研究了不同波形不同频率的脉动反压对隔离段内流动的影响。实验结果表明:隔离段能有效地隔离不同频率不同波形周期性反压脉动对上游进气道的影响;反压脉动以第二特征波速向上游传播,但在激波振荡区域,压力脉动主要受激波振荡的影响;厚附面层一侧的下壁面激波振荡区域内压力脉动前传时以指数规律衰减,衰减的程度随着频率和波形的改变而改变。而薄附面层的上壁面激波振荡区域内压力脉动前传时不是单调下降,而是波动的。