Control of a decelerating boundary layer. Part 2: Optimization of slotted jets vortex generators

In the first part of this contribution [G. Godard, M. Stanislas, Control of a decelerating boundary layer. Part 1: Optimization of passive vortex generators, Aerospace Sci. Technol. 10 (3) (2006) 181–191], an optimization of passive vortex generators was performed in an adverse pressure gradient boundary layer. The model used was a bump in a boundary layer wind tunnel, which mimics the adverse pressure gradient on the suction side of an airfoil at the verge of separation. The present contribution describes the next step of the study: a test campaign was performed in the same facility to optimize slotted jets devices with both continuous and pulsed blowing. The optimization was done using hot film shear stress probes. The results show quantitatively the improvement brought by the slotted jets devices in terms of skin friction increase. They also show that the tested devices are less effective than equivalent passive devices.     

Control of a decelerating boundary layer. Part 3: Optimization of round jets vortex generators

In the previous two parts of this study [G. Godard, M. Stanislas, Control of a decelerating boundary layer. Part 1: Optimization of passive vortex generators, Aerospace Sci. Technol. 10 (3) (2006) 181–191; G. Godard, J.M. Foucaut, M. Stanislas, Control of a decelerating boundary layer. Part 2: Optimization of slotted jets vortex generators, Aerospace Sci. Technol. 10 (5) (2006) 394–400], two different types of vortex generators were characterized and optimized in an adverse pressure gradient boundary layer. The model used was a bump in a boundary layer wind tunnel, which mimics the adverse pressure gradient on the suction side of an airfoil at the verge of separation. The present contribution describes the results of a test campaign performed in the same facility to optimize round jets devices with continuous blowing. The optimization was done as previously with hot film shear stress probes. The results show that the optimized jet devices give performances comparable to standard passive vortex generators in terms of skin friction. They also allow a quantitative comparison between three different types of vortex generators: passive devices, slotted and round jets. This comparison is performed in both co- and counter-rotating configurations.     

襟翼吹吸气控制技术在二维多段翼型中应用的数值模拟

飞机在增升装置打开的情况下,襟翼后缘流动分离严重,阻碍升力系数的增加,可以采取主动流动控制的方法控制分离,提高升力系数。本文利用FLUENT 6.3.26软件,针对某多段翼,在襟翼上翼面设置吹吸气孔,分别进行吹、吸气控制,通过改变流量和孔的位置,进行了襟翼上翼面吹、吸气流动控制对二维多段翼型升力性能影响的数值模拟。计算结果表明:应用吹、吸气技术均可获得更高的升力系数,且能延迟边界层的分离;不同的吹吸气孔流量、位置,对多段翼升力增量有不同程度的影响。     

脉冲等离子体气动激励抑制翼型吸力面流动分离的实验

 为了提高等离子体气动激励控制附面层的能力,进行了脉冲等离子体气动激励抑制NACA 0015翼型失速分离的实验,研究了等离子体气动激励电压、位置、占空比和脉冲频率等对流动分离抑制效果的影响。在来流速度为72 m/s时,等离子体气动激励可以有效地抑制翼型吸力面的流动分离,翼型的升力增大约35%,翼型的临界失速迎角由18°增大到21°。实验结果表明：分离越严重,来流速度越大,有效抑制翼型失速分离的阈值电压越大;等离子体气动激励的最佳位置在流动分离起始点的前缘;调节占空比,可以在控制效果相当的情况下,降低等离子体气动激励所消耗的功率;当脉冲频率使斯特劳哈尔数等于1时,控制效果最佳。     

一种CARET进气道喉部附面层抽吸数值研究

以一种CARET(后掠双斜切双压缩面)进气道为研究对象,设计喉道附面层抽吸槽以控制流动分离。采用CFD数值计算软件对进气道在设计点工况下（马赫数为2.0)下内、外流场进行计算,以总压恢复系数和进气道出口总压畸变为评价指标分析不同抽吸方案的效果。结果表明:喉道附面层抽吸能够稳定结尾正激波,削弱激波/附面层干扰,抑制流动分离,显著改善流场,提高总压恢复系数,减小出口畸变;喉道段抽吸槽位置靠前能够明显降低出口畸变;随着抽吸量的增大,附面层抽吸对进气道内特性性能提升的贡献越来越小。      

低雷诺数下吹吸气射流对NACA0012翼型气动性能的影响

基于Favre过滤的大涡模拟方法,对雷诺数Re=104,迎角α=6°下的NACA0012翼型上表面吹吸气射流进行了数值模拟,从翼型周围流场流线图、速度场云图、上下表面压力系数曲线以及上表面边界层位移厚度等多角度地分析了射流位置以及速度变化对翼型气动性能的影响。结果表明:射流位置对翼型气动性能影响较大,且吸气射流要明显优于吹气射流。对于吸气射流,前缘吸气要明显优于中后缘吸气,可有效增升减阻,并减小翼型尾部流动分离,抑制翼型气动参数扰动,其最佳吸气位置随着速度的增大逐渐向下游移动;而吹气射流对翼型气动系数的作用效果较差,但中后缘的吹气射流可减小飞行过程中的气动扰动量,且吹气越大,效果越明显。     

基于端壁涡流发生器的压气机叶栅角区分离控制研究

为研究被动式涡流发生器抑制压气机叶栅横向二次流以控制角区分离的作用,设计了在叶栅内部端壁处加装涡流发生器的控制方案,采用数值模拟的方法,详细分析了叶栅流场特性。结果表明:涡流发生器可以有效地抑制叶栅内部横向二次流,改善角区流动,在最佳控制方案中,总压损失系数下降8.1%;放置于叶栅内部的涡流发生器能阻挡气流的横向流动,其尾部产生的流向涡与横向迁移的端壁附面层相互作用,抑制了通道涡向吸力面的发展,并将主流高能流体卷入角区,增加角区流体动量;涡流发生器的长度和高度都会影响流向涡的强度,流向涡的涡核高度与涡流发生器高度一致,最终的控制效果由涡流发生器的长度和高度共同决定,只有当它们被合理选择,控制方案才能获得最佳控制效果。     

静叶时序对压气机叶片附面层流动影响的数值研究

采用数值方法对两级低速压气机中径处的非定常流场进行模拟,针对压气机第2排静叶两个典型周向位置对动静叶干扰下的叶片附面层流动进行研究.建立尾迹与附面层干扰分析模型,结合叶片壁面摩擦力和近壁面附面层湍动能,详细分析了尾迹和势流干扰下静叶时序改变对叶片附面层流动产生的影响.对第2排静叶附面层的研究结果表明:静叶时序改变了尾迹在其叶排中的输运特征,能够降低壁面摩擦力和近壁面湍动能及其非定常最大波动幅值,影响吸力面附面层内动叶尾迹后沉寂区的宽度.在非定常条件下,尾迹能够诱导静叶层流附面层在尾迹干扰的局部范围内转捩发展为湍流状态,同时高湍流度尾迹的干扰具有抑制逆压梯度下附面层分离的作用,并能够延长层流区的范围.     

风力机翼型尾迹干扰的PIV研究

实验采用粒子图像测速仪PIV(particle image velocimetry)技术对风力机翼型尾迹的气动干扰进行了研究.针对尾迹对翼型前缘、叶背和叶盆的不同激励,对下游翼碰的流场结构进行了分析.结果表明:有益的尾迹激励为不明显改变下游翼型主流区的非定常激励;当上、下游翼型处于相同攻角和适当轴向距离时,在翼型前缘的...     

Leading-edge flow separation control over an airfoil using a symmetrical dielectric barrier discharge plasma actuator

In order to promote an in-depth understanding of the mechanism of leading-edge flow separation control over an airfoil using a symmetrical Dielectric Barrier Discharge(DBD) plasma actuator excited by a steady-mode excitation, an experimental investigation of an SC(2)-0714 supercritical airfoil with a symmetrical DBD plasma actuator was performed in a closed chamber and a low-speed wind tunnel. The plasma actuator was mounted at the leading edge of the airfoil.Time-resolved Particle Image Velocimetry(PIV) results of the near-wall region in quiescent air suggested that the symmetrical DBD plasma actuator could induce some coherent structures in the separated shear layer, and these structures were linked to a dominant frequency of f0= 39 Hz when the peak-to-peak voltage of the plasma actuator was 9.8 kV. In addition, an analysis of flow structures without and with plasma actuation around the upper side of the airfoil at an angle of attack of18° for a wind speed of 3 m/s(Reynolds number Re = 20000) indicated that the dynamic process of leading-edge flow separation control over an airfoil could be divided into three stages. Initially, this plasma actuator could reinforce the shedding vortices in the separated shear layer. Then, these vortical structures could deflect the separated flow towards the wall by promoting the mixing between the outside flow with a high kinetic energy and the flow near the surface. After that, the plasma actuator induced a series of rolling vortices in the vicinity of the suction side of the airfoil, and these vortical structures could transfer momentum from the leading edge of the airfoil to the separated region, resulting in a reattachment of the separated flow around the airfoil.     

叶型附面层分离流动控制技术研究进展

叶型附面层分离流动控制技术,通过流动控制方法减小和控制叶片吸力面附面层的分离气流和低能流团,提高压气机或涡轮的效率和工作稳定性。主要介绍了国外研发的涡流发生器、射流注入、附面层抽吸、叶片附面层转捩控制和等离子体气动激励等流动控制技术的特点、作用机理和实验验证结果,以及国内在叶型附面层分离流动控制技术方面的研究进展。     

均匀来流下声控机翼分离流动机理研究

介绍均匀来流下声控机翼流动的试验装置、低速大攻角下的声控效果、特征参数的影响,以及附面层中流动参数的变化。文章清楚地展示出声控机翼分离流动的机理。      

附面层抽吸对高负荷压气机叶栅流场的影响

在低速条件下,对不同吸气位置和吸气量的高负荷吸附压气机叶栅流场进行了实验研究,分析了吸气位置和吸气量对高负荷压气机叶栅流场的影响。结果表明,吸气位置和吸气量对高负荷吸气压气机叶栅流场影响显著,且在小吸气量下流场就有明显改善;附面层抽吸有效减小了积聚在吸力面角区的低能流体,流动分离被抑制,总损失下降明显,且抽吸对叶栅流场的影响随吸气量的增加而逐渐增大;在吸力面后部流动充分发展区域,采用附面层抽吸对抑制流动分离具有更好的效果。     

NPU翼型的气动力分析和改进设计

 在飞行器设计中用计算方法设计超临面翼型已完全取代了选用现成翼型的设计方法。为考察已设计出的NPU翼型是否满足飞行器设计要求我们对其进行了全面气动分析,发现这些翼型尚有不足之处,有必要进行改进设计。     

确定低雷诺数翼型转捩分离泡位置的实验研究

在翼型模型的表面粘贴表面热膜,由其给出脉动电压的均方根值和波形图,可测出层流边界层分离点和湍流边界层再附点,转捩分离泡的位置也就确定了。     

超音速气流绕局部透气凹角流动的数值模拟

以具有压力分裂形式的简化Ｎ Ｓ方程为控制方程,数值模拟了超音速来流条件下的激波 边界层干扰被动控制（ｐａｓｓｉｖｅｃｏｎｔｒｏｌｏｆｓｈｏｃｋ ｂｏｕｎｄａｒｙｌａｙｅｒｉｎｔｅｒａｃｔｉｏｎ）。模拟是以预先给定激波前吹气和激波后吸气的流量来实现的。为了定性地确定吹气或吸气对激波 边界层干扰的影响,首先计算了单独吹气和单独吸气两种情况。数值计算时采用了多重扫描法对控制方程差分离散,以反映亚音速区压力对流场的椭圆性影响。     

抽吸气对高负荷跨声双级风扇裕度影响的数值研究

采用数值模拟方法,研究了叶片吸力面开缝抽气方案对某高负荷跨声双级风扇性能和稳定工作范围的影响,分析了开缝位置及大小对抽吸气效果的影响。结果表明:通过静子叶片吸力面边界层抽气,可将边界层分离区的分离流引出,抑制或推迟边界层分离,减小因边界层分离带来的损失,从而改善风扇/压气机的气动性能,提高其稳定工作裕度;抽吸气效果与缝隙位置及大小等因素有关,风扇/压气机设计中应用抽吸气技术时须综合考虑以上各种因素的影响。     

Aerodynamic performance enhancement for flapping airfoils by co-flow jet

Introducing active flow control into the design of flapping wing is an effective way to enhance its aerodynamic performance. In this paper, a novel active flow control technology called Co-Flow Jet (CFJ) is applied to flapping airfoils. The effect of CFJ on aerodynamic performance of flapping airfoils at low Reynolds number is numerically investigated using Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) simulation with Spalart-Allmaras (SA) turbulence model. Numerical methods are validated by a NACA6415-based CFJ airfoil case and a S809 pitching airfoil case. Then NACA6415 baseline airfoil and NACA6415-based CFJ airfoil with jet-off and jet-on are simulated in flapping motion, with Reynolds number 70,000 and reduced frequency 0.2. As a result, CFJ airfoils with jet-on generally have better lift and thrust characteristics than baseline airfoils and jet-off airfoil when C_μ is greater than 0.04, which results from the CFJ effect of reducing flow separation by injecting high-energy fluid into boundary layer. Besides, typical kinematic and geometric parameters, including the reduced frequency and the positions of the suction and injection slot, are systematically studied to figure out their influence on aerodynamic performance of the CFJ airfoil. And a variable C_μ jet control strategy is proposed to further improve effective propulsive efficiency. Compared with using constant C_μ, an increase of effective propulsive efficiency by 22.6% has been achieved by using prescribed variable C_μ for NACA6415-based CFJ airfoil at frequency 0.2. This study may provide some guidance to performance enhancement for Flapping wing Micro Air Vehicles (FMAV).     

超声速压气机转子叶片吸力面抽气抑制附面层分离的机理

针对压气机叶片在高负荷及非设计工况下经常出现的附面层分离状况, 采用数值方法研究了叶片吸力面不同位置、不同吸气量时附面层抽吸对压气机转子气动性能的影响.数值结果表明:抽吸位置对抽吸效果有重要的影响, 通过在分离区下游一定位置处抽吸, 能够很好的抑制附面层分离, 改善气流在大分离点处的剧烈变化, 减少流动损失, 使得级效率和压比均有显著的提高;而在分离区上游或者分离区下游的较远处开缝抽吸, 则效果不理想.吸气量对抽吸效果也有一定影响, 存在一个最佳吸气量, 吸气量过大或者过小都会对结果产生不利影响.      

Self-sustained shock oscillations on airfoils at transonic speeds

Self-sustained shock wave oscillations on airfoils at transonic flow conditions are associated with the phenomenon of buffeting. The physical mechanisms of the periodic shock motion are not yet fully understood even though experiments performed over fifty years ago have demonstrated the presence of oscillatory shock waves on the airfoil surfaces at high subsonic speeds. The unsteady pressure fluctuations generated by the low-frequency large-amplitude shock motions are highly undesirable from the structural integrity and aircraft maneuverability point of view. For modern supercritical wing design with thick profiles, the shock-induced fluctuations are particularly severe and methods to reduce the shock wave amplitudes to lower values or even to delay the oscillations to higher Mach numbers or incidence angles will result in expanding the buffet boundary of the airfoil. This review begins with a recapitulation of the classical work on shock-induced bubble separation and trailing edge separation of a turbulent boundary layer. The characteristics of the unsteady pressure fluctuations are used to classify the types of shock-boundary layer interaction. The various modes of shock wave motion for different flow conditions and airfoil configurations are described. The buffet boundaries obtained using the standard trailing edge pressure divergence technique and an alternative approach of measuring the divergence of normal fluctuating forces are compared to show the equivalence. The mechanisms of self-sustained shock oscillations are discussed for symmetrical circular-arc airfoils at zero incidence and for supercritical airfoils at high incidence angles with fully separated flows. The properties of disturbances in the wake are examined from linear stability analysis of two-dimensional compressible flows. The advances in high-speed computing make predictions of buffeting flows possible. Navier–Stokes solvers and approximate boundary layer-inviscid flow interaction methods are shown to give good correlation of frequencies and other unsteady flow characteristics with experiments. Finally, passive and active methods of shock oscillation control show promising results in delaying buffet onset to higher Mach numbers or incidence angles, thus enhancing the transonic performance of airfoils.