Flight trajectory optimization of sun-tracking solar aircraft under the constraint of mission region

The optimal yawing angle of sun-tracking solar aircraft is tightly related to the solar azimuth angle, which results in a large arc flight path to dynamically track the sun position. However, the limited detection range of payload usually requires solar aircraft to loiter over areas of interest for persistent surveillance missions. The large arc sun-tracking flight may cause the target area on the ground to be outside the maximum coverage area of payload. The present study therefore develops an optimal flight control approach for planning the flight path of sun-tracking solar aircraft within a mission region. The proposed method enables sun-tracking solar aircraft to maintain the optimal yawing angle most of the time during daylight flight, except when the aircraft reverses its direction by turning flight. For a circular region with a mission radius of 50 km, the optimal flight trajectory and controls of an example Λ-shaped sun-tracking solar aircraft are investigated theoretically. Results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach to optimize the flight path of the sun-tracking aircraft under the given circular region while maximizing the battery input power. Furthermore, the effects of varying the mission radius on energy performance are explored numerically. It has been proved that both net energy and energy balance remain nearly constant as the radius constraint varies, which enables the solar aircraft to achieve perpetual flight at almost the same latitude as the large arc flight. The method and results presented in this paper can provide reference for the persistent operation of sun-tracking solar aircraft within specific mission areas.     

基于飞行参数的飞机结构载荷最优回归模型

基于飞行参数获取外场飞机疲劳关键结构载荷历程是结构故障预测与健康管理系统的一项关键技术,如何构建鲁棒性好且精度高的结构载荷回归模型是保证载荷识别和寿命预测准确性的关键。结合多元线性回归分析,提出并详细介绍了一种筛选最优输入参数组合的技术途径：首先,进行多重共线性诊断以减弱自变量之间的多重共线性;然后,进行残差分析,删除异常样本点;最后,采用逐步回归法筛选出最优自变量组合。指出传统的多重共线性诊断方法存在一定弊端,并分别基于偏相关系数法和辅助回归方程法,提出了2种更为合理可行的诊断方法。以典型战斗机翼身连接框某关键部位的载荷和应力为样本数据,对最优输入参数组合的筛选步骤展开详细说明,验证了所提出的技术途径不仅可以确保飞机结构载荷模型的精度,而且可以提高模型的稳定性和鲁棒性。     

飞机翼面结构布局综合设计方法研究

为了探讨飞机翼面结构主要纵横骨架的最佳布局问题,并提供符合工程实际的、用于概念设计阶段的飞机结构设计方法,本文采用分级优化与集成的策略,该策略分为3个层次。第一个层次为拓扑优化,并由此确定纵向骨架的个数与位置的最优布局;第二个层次为尺寸优化,它用来确定翼面的中间参数;第三个层次为稳定性准则优化,它确定横向骨架的个数与位置的最优布局。在分级优化的3个层次中,拓扑优化是独立的,尺寸优化与稳定性准则优化是相互耦合的。以国外某飞机机翼为例,结果表明本文提出分级优化的思路与所采用的集成方法是可行的,并且具有很好的数值效果。作者认为：它对从事飞机结构设计的人员有一定的指导性和参考价值,值得在飞机设计部门推广应用。最后,总结给出5点结论供参考。     

飞行器参数辨识的最优方波形输入信号设计

用动态规划法设计了旨在提高飞行器气动参数辨识精度的最优方波形输入信号。设计出的信号不仅在工程上易于实现,还在精度意义上达到了最优。为了避免加输入信号后飞行器状态离开线性工作点,从而导致模型失效,该设计方法还考虑了输出约束。用于某型飞行器的输入信号设计结果表明,该法是有效的。     

Inverse design of low boom configurations using proper orthogonal decomposition and augmented Burgers equation

Mitigation of sonic boom to an acceptable stage is a key point for the next generation of supersonic transports. Meanwhile, designing a supersonic aircraft with an ideal ground signature is always the focus of research on sonic boom reduction. This paper presents an inverse design approach to optimize the near-field signature of an aircraft, making it close to the shaped ideal ground signature after the propagation in the atmosphere. Using the Proper Orthogonal Decomposition(POD) method, a guessed input of augmented Burgers equation is inversely achieved. By multiple POD iterations, the guessed ground signatures successively approach the target ground signature until the convergence criteria is reached. Finally, the corresponding equivalent area distribution is calculated from the optimal near-field signature through the classical Whitham F-function theory. To validate this method, an optimization example of Lockheed Martin 1021 is demonstrated. The modified configuration has a fully shaped ground signature and achieves a drop of perceived loudness by 7.94 PLdB. This improvement is achieved via shaping the original near-field signature into wiggles and damping it by atmospheric attenuation. At last, a nonphysical ground signature is set as the target to test the robustness of this inverse design method and shows that this method is robust enough for various inputs.     

基于代理模型的大型民机机翼气动优化设计

先进的气动优化设计思想与方法,对于提升大型民机气动与综合性能具有至关重要的意义。探讨了大型民机超临界机翼气动优化设计的基本准则和要点,并结合代理优化算法,提出了一种面向工程应用的多轮次高效全局气动优化设计方法。首先,通过一系列解析函数/翼型/机翼优化测试算例进行了验证。其次,将所提出的方法与人工修型相结合,开展了针对宽体客机超临界机翼的两轮气动优化设计,使其气动性能得到显著改善。最后,采用不同的雷诺平均Navier-Stokes（RANS）方程求解器对安装优化机翼的全机巡航构型进行了典型状态的气动性能综合评估。研究结果表明,所提出的代理优化算法具有很高的优化效率、较强的约束处理和全局优化能力;将所发展的基于代理模型的多轮次气动优化设计方法与人工修型相结合,能够获得满足设计要求的气动外形,验证了该方法在大型民机超临界机翼气动设计中的有效性和工程实用性。     

飞机的随机变结构最优控制方法

 <正> 一、引言 系统的变结构控制(VSC——Variable Structure Control)方法,最初是由苏联学者Utkin等人提出来的,近二十年来发展非常迅速,并越来越多地应用于各个工业领域,其中包括航空部门。变结构系统(VSS——Variable Structure System)的主要特征是存在滑动模态。处于滑动模态时,系统的运动等价于一个低阶系统。研究表明,VSS比传统的控制系统有更好的优点:快速性,对参数变化及外加扰动有强鲁棒性以及实现简单等。然而,VSC的不足之处在于需要获得全部状态变量,这是很难保证的。     

Robust decentralized control design for aircraft engines: A fractional type

A new decentralized control for aircraft engines is proposed. In the proposed control approach, aircraft engines are considered as uncertain large-scale systems composed of interconnected uncertain subsystems. For each subsystem, the time-varying uncertainty, including parameter disturbances and interconnections in/between subsystems, is depicted by a class of general nonlinear functions. A fractional robust decentralized control with two parts, the nominal one and the fractional one, is presented. The nominal control guarantees the asymptotical stability of the engine system without uncertainty. The fractional part aims at overcoming the influences of uncertainty. Compared to the previous studies, the presented control provides not only an extra flexibility for the system performance tuning by the fraction-type gain but also a facility for the control input calculation. The proposed control approach is applied to a turbofan engine with two subsystems. The computer simulation shows that, in the flight envelope, the fractional control not only guarantees the closed-loop system uniform boundedness and ultimate uniform boundedness but also shows good economy.     

Information Approach to Fixed-Gain Design

A method for designing fixed-gain controllers and filters for systems with large parameter variation is presented. The approach is based on finding the minimax point of the Kullback information measure between the fixed-gain system and the optimal system at a given operating point. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is illustrated by designing a fixed-gain system for the short-period control of a high-performance aircraft and evaluating its performance over the flight envelope.     

Optimization of efficient order service by information unmanned aerial vehicles

We propose a mathematical model and the numerical method for an optimal choice of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) from those being in flight to fulfill a newly received order for monitoring (reconnaissance) of a new region. Examples of using the approach being proposed and main lines of its realization in promising information unmanned aircraft complexes (UAC) are presented.     

Computational approach for investigation of thrust and acoustic performances of present-day nozzles

A computational viewpoint on the problems of design and numerical simulation for the nozzles of modern aircraft turbofan engines is presented. Modern concepts of noise-suppressing nozzles for civil aircraft are reviewed. Examples of application of CFD (computational fluid dynamics) methods to the analysis of nozzle flow structure and assessment of nozzle thrust characteristics are given. Errors of turbulence models in simulation of jets are analyzed. The authors’ experience in simulation of noise-suppressing nozzles for supersonic civil aircrafts is demonstrated. Insufficient accuracy of acoustic analogies for this class of tasks is shown, but a possible area of acoustic analogies application is noted. The essential elements of computational aeroacoustics (CAA) approach and numerical methods characteristic of CAA are reviewed. Numerical methodology for the simulation of nozzle acoustic performance is described in detail, including methods for simulation of near and far field of a nozzle, for generation of input perturbations and for the processing the far-field noise. Results of verification and methodical analysis of this acoustic methodology are presented.     

风车载荷情况下民用飞机结构强度评定方法

按照适航要求,需要对风车载荷下民用喷气运输飞机结构强度进行评定。首先从静强度、疲劳强度、损伤容限的角度,介绍风车载荷下飞机结构强度的评定方法。以已经获得适航认可的分析方法为基础,根据各方法的特点,结合风车载荷情况的特点,进行合理改进,形成适用于风车载荷下飞机结构强度的评定方法。其次从基本剖面形式、修正参数、结构动力学建模方法、评定部位的筛选标准、评定结果的判据等方面进行介绍,并展示该评定方法的优点。最后简要说明其在型号上的应用情况及适航审查要求及结果,并提出该评定方法的改进建议。     

基于贝叶斯更新的飞机结构腐蚀可靠度模型

民用飞机结构腐蚀发展的时变性和样本采集的局限性,给腐蚀检测数据分布函数的确定及参数的估计带来了很大的不确定性。针对这一问题,给出了基于贝叶斯公式的合理分布函数选取及参数估计方法。为满足在役飞机结构可靠性动态管理的需求,基于贝叶斯更新思路,将反映结构性能退化共性规律的预测模型视为先验模型,沿着具体结构生命周期不断挖掘利用新信息,建立具体飞机结构腐蚀失效概率和可靠度的动态预测模型。算例采用某型民用飞机地板梁结构腐蚀的无损检测数据,结果显示：腐蚀深度的合理分布为双参数威布尔分布,基于贝叶斯更新后的腐蚀失效概率计算得到的结构可靠度与未更新的显著不同。表明更新后的可靠度因为既考虑了模型参数的历史先验信息,又利用了当前数据实时更新了预测模型,从而有效地降低了有限样本带来的不确定性,使得预测值稳健且具有时变性,更符合工程实际。     

自适应动态规划算法在飞行器追逃中的应用

针对飞行器追逃对抗的二人零和微分对策问题,提出基于数据的积分策略迭代自适应动态规划算法,以求解数学模型未知系统的控制律.该算法利用固定时段内有效的状态和输入信息,建立数据模型,并对其进行基于值函数和控制策略的算法迭代,在平面拦截系统完全未知的情况下得到追逃双方的近似最优策略.仿真结果表明,所得到的双方控制策略能在有限界内无限接近最优解,验证了所提出算法的有效性.     

飞机/发动机一体化评估系统研究

本课题研究了一种快速的飞机/发动机一体化评估方法和软件,其主要特点是根据飞机飞行任务要求,同时对飞机/发动机系统的主要设计变量(如飞机起飞推重比、翼载、机翼几何参数和发动机循环参数等)进行有约束多目标优选,求得最佳方案。优选的目标函数和约束条件由飞机战术技术要求和飞行任务确定。 应用此评估系统,曾对某型歼击机进行改型方案论证。计算结果表明:优选后的飞机性能有明显改善;飞行任务要求不同,最佳方案飞机的推重比、翼载、机翼外形和发动机循环参数也不同。使用本系统方便和快速,每计算一个方案在IBM4341计算机上,所需CPU时间在1min以内。本评估系统适用于战斗飞机/发动机的设计和改型,经扩充后也可推广到民用飞机/发动机的方案论证工作。     

Robust altitude estimation for over-the-horizon radar using a state-space multipath fading model

In previous work, a matched-field estimate of aircraft altitude from multiple over-the-horizon (OTH) radar dwells was presented. This approach exploits the altitude dependence of direct and surface reflected returns off the aircraft and the relative phase changes of these micro-multipath arrivals across radar dwells. Since this previous approach assumed high dwell-to-dwell predictability, it has been found to be sensitive to mismatch between modeled versus observed micro-multipath phase and amplitude changes from dwell-to-dwell. A generalized matched-field altitude estimate is presented here based on a state-space model that accounts for random ionospheric and target-motion effects that degrade the dwell-to-dwell predictability of target returns. The new formulation results in an efficient, robust recursive maximum likelihood (ML) estimation of aircraft altitude. Simulations suggest that the proposed technique can achieve accuracy within 5,000 ft of the true aircraft altitude, even with relatively high levels of uncertainty in modeling of dwell-to-dwell changes in the target return. A real data result is also presented to illustrate the technique.     

飞机防滑刹车系统的最佳滑移率式控制方法研究

在分析滑移率控制式飞机防滑刹车系统的工作原理基础上,提出了一种基于最佳滑移率式的飞机防滑刹车系统的模糊控制方法。以某型飞机为例,将该方法在MATLAB环境下进行了数字仿真。结果说明:模糊控制方法能够达到较好的刹车控制效果,并具有较强的鲁棒性;采用基于滑移率式的模糊控制算法可以大大地提高飞机防滑刹车效率,特别是在跑道积雪情况下的刹车性能提高显著。     

一种估算ETOPS时间限制系统时间性能的方法

ETOPS时间限制系统的时间性能要求是飞机系统设计的重要输入,是确保飞机系统设计满足最大ETOPS改航能力的前提.结合工程经验以及ETOPS运行特点,提出了一种估算ETOPS时间限制系统时间性能的方法.通过案例计算表明,航路温度和风对于确定ETOPS时间限制系统时间性能的影响是明显的.提出的计算、分析方法可用于飞机设计阶段对ETOPS时间限制系统时间性能的工程估算.     

考虑扰流的舰载机终端进场线性模型

回收舰载机需要精确的终端路径和姿态控制,舰载机线性小扰动模型是这一阶段系统分析和控制器设计的必要工具,它需要足够准确地描述在主要操纵输入和进场路径大气紊流作用下舰载机的动态特性。首先使用代数线性化方法建立舰载机终端进场纵向运动的小扰动模型,仿真证明该模型能精确描述无风条件下进场舰载机对控制指令的响应,但通常的建模气流扰动影响的方法不能正确反映舰尾大气紊流对舰载机进场速度的干扰。针对该问题,重点研究了垂向风引起的进场舰载机轨迹方向上的力瞬变,提出了量化舰载机地速扰动的表达式以优化线性模型参数。最后,通过完成舰载机动力学模型在不同风场下的开环仿真以及在舰尾流场中的终端进场闭环仿真,验证了改进的线性模型的有效性,表明它适用于复杂流场下着舰控制系统的性能分析和设计。     

Robust and optimal attitude stabilization of spacecraft with external disturbances

This paper presents a robust and optimal three-axis attitude control scheme for the rigid body motion with external disturbances, in which a worst-case design that the external disturbance signal maximizes the same performance index that the control input minimizes is assumed. After presenting a robust control law for the three-axis attitude control of the rigid body motion with external disturbances, the optimality property of the robust control law is investigated based on the minimax approach and the inverse optimal approach. A numerical example is given to illustrate the theoretical result presented in this paper.