Control of a decelerating boundary layer. Part 3: Optimization of round jets vortex generators

In the previous two parts of this study [G. Godard, M. Stanislas, Control of a decelerating boundary layer. Part 1: Optimization of passive vortex generators, Aerospace Sci. Technol. 10 (3) (2006) 181–191; G. Godard, J.M. Foucaut, M. Stanislas, Control of a decelerating boundary layer. Part 2: Optimization of slotted jets vortex generators, Aerospace Sci. Technol. 10 (5) (2006) 394–400], two different types of vortex generators were characterized and optimized in an adverse pressure gradient boundary layer. The model used was a bump in a boundary layer wind tunnel, which mimics the adverse pressure gradient on the suction side of an airfoil at the verge of separation. The present contribution describes the results of a test campaign performed in the same facility to optimize round jets devices with continuous blowing. The optimization was done as previously with hot film shear stress probes. The results show that the optimized jet devices give performances comparable to standard passive vortex generators in terms of skin friction. They also allow a quantitative comparison between three different types of vortex generators: passive devices, slotted and round jets. This comparison is performed in both co- and counter-rotating configurations.     

The effects of pulse frequency and duty cycle on the skin friction downstream of pulsed jet vortex generators in an adverse pressure gradient turbulent boundary layer

An investigation on the viability of pulsed jets as active vortex generator devices was conducted. The devices were installed and tested on an adverse pressure gradient turbulent boundary layer designed to simulate the suction side of a conventional aircraft wing. Both co-rotating and counter-rotating jet geometries were used. The duty cycle and frequency of pulsation were varied and their effects were investigated by measuring the skin friction gains at a predefined location (the location of the minimum skin friction for the un-actuated situation) on the adverse pressure gradient turbulent boundary layer. Pulsing the jets proved to be successful in increasing the wall skin friction and therefore potentially delaying separation. The improvements in wall shear stress were approximately proportional to the duty cycle. The frequency of jet pulsation was found to be important for attaining optimal gains, however no clear relationship between frequency and shear stress gain was observed. Phase averaged wall shear stress measurements far downstream of actuation indicate that quasi-steady structures are introduced by the vortex generators when actuating with a sufficiently high pulse frequency. In this situation interactions between successive structures produced by the jets were likely to be occurring.     

Control of a decelerating boundary layer. Part 1: Optimization of passive vortex generators

The control of boundary layer separation on the suction side of an airfoil at high angle of attack has been renewed by the possibilities of active control. Nevertheless, such an active control needs a deep understanding of the flow to manipulate and of the actuating flow, both being 3D and unsteady. For that purpose, a model experiment has been designed in the frame of a coordinated European project called AEROMEMS, with a simpler (2D) geometry and with a dilatation of the scales in order to be able to characterize the actuation flow. This model is a bump in a boundary layer wind tunnel, which mimics the adverse pressure gradient on the suction side of an airfoil at the verge of separation. The present contribution describes preliminary tests done to optimize standard passive devices before testing active systems. The optimization was done with hot film shear stress probes, the characterization with hot wire anemometry and PIV. The results show quantitatively the improvement brought by the passive devices in terms of skin friction. They also show the mechanism which is at the origin of this improvement. The next step of the project is to replace passive devices by synthetic jets.     

涡发生器控制平板边界层分离的大涡模拟

为了研究涡发生器(VGs)间距λ对控制边界层分离效果的影响,选取了4种涡发生器间距,λ/H(H为涡发生器高度)分别为5,7,9,11.采用大涡模拟(LES)方法对带逆压梯度的平板边界层分离流动及VGs控制分离流动进行了数值模拟.分析了有无VGs控制时,湍流场中大尺度相干结构及其演化规律,分别从旋涡间距、边界层内流体动能、压差损失等方面考察了VGs间距对控制流动分离效果的影响.研究结果表明当λ/H为5时,VGs间距过小抑制了旋涡的展向发展,λ/H为9,11时,VGs间距过大边界层内流体动能偏低,当间距λ/H为7时流动控制效果更优,此时计算域压差损失最小,相比较无VGs控制时,压差损失降低了30.95%.      

Review of research on low-profile vortex generators to control boundary-layer separation

An in-depth review of boundary-layer flow-separation control by a passive method using low-profile vortex generators is presented. The generators are defined as those with a device height between 10% and 50% of the boundary-layer thickness. Key results are presented for several research efforts, all of which were performed within the past decade and a half where the majority of these works emphasize experimentation with some recent efforts on numerical simulations. Topics of discussion consist of both basic fluid dynamics and applied aerodynamics research. The fluid dynamics research includes comparative studies on separation control effectiveness as well as device-induced vortex characterization and correlation. The comparative studies cover the controlling of low-speed separated flows in adverse pressure gradient and supersonic shock-induced separation. The aerodynamics research includes several applications for aircraft performance enhancement and covers a wide range of speeds. Significant performance improvements are achieved through increased lift and/or reduced drag for various airfoils—low-Reynolds number, high-lift, and transonic—as well as highly swept wings. Performance enhancements for non-airfoil applications include aircraft interior noise reduction, inlet flow distortion alleviation inside compact ducts, and a more efficient overwing fairing. The low-profile vortex generators are best for being applied to applications where flow-separation locations are relatively fixed and the generators can be placed reasonably close upstream of the separation. Using the approach of minimal near-wall protuberances through substantially reduced device height, these devices can produce streamwise vortices just strong enough to overcome the separation without unnecessarily persisting within the boundary layer once the flow-control objective is achieved. Practical advantages of low-profile vortex generators, such as their inherent simplicity and low device drag, are demonstrated to be critically important for many applications as well.     

基于涡流发生器的风洞侧壁附面层控制

为降低风洞侧壁附面层对半模型数据的影响,在前期数值模拟的基础上,研制了一种适用于2.4m跨声速风洞半模型试验段侧壁的梯形涡流发生器,并进行了试验验证.结果表明:加装涡流发生器效果明显,亚声速范围内能够使附面层厚度降低20%~30%,对主气流均匀性影响可忽略;加装后半模型零升阻力系数降低,升力线斜率增大,压力中心向机身移动,体现了明显的附面层减薄效果,证明所研制的涡流发生器可应用于亚声速半模型试验中.      

利用上游槽道对角区马蹄涡的控制

在平板上放置圆柱形成角区流动,利用布置在圆柱上游平板上的二维和三维槽道来控制或削弱角区马蹄涡,采用风洞试验和数值模拟开展研究。结果表明,二维和三维槽道均能推迟边界层的分离,使圆柱根部马蹄涡的强度减弱、尺度减小;同时槽道上游压力和逆压梯度均有所下降,槽道下游压力显著升高而逆压梯度总体降低。二维槽道对马蹄涡强度的削弱为61.15%~66.51%,而三维槽道对其削弱为66.65%~80.93%。讨论了三维槽道参数(包括槽道宽度、深度以及其中心线与圆柱中心距离)对控制效果的影响。槽道与圆柱的距离在对马蹄涡的控制中起主导作用。槽道控制的机理是,由于槽道的抽吸效应使得其上游靠近壁面的边界层中涡量较高的流体被卷吸入槽道形成槽道涡,槽道涡由三维槽道输运到下游。同时,随着槽道与圆柱的距离减小,更多的边界层流体流入槽道内。正是上述"槽道效应"使得槽道下游的逆压梯度降低,马蹄涡强度减弱,分离区范围减小。     

凹型面埋入式涡流发生器控制分离流

本文介绍了一种新型的凹型面埋入式涡流发生器的工作机理。并介绍在一个小宽高比二元单边凹壁亚声扩压壁前段出现气流分离,角落区域有倒流的情况下,采用适当几何参数的该型式涡流发生器大大减小分离区的范围,从而提高了扩压器静压恢复系数和减小总压损失系数的试验结果。     

合成射流控制高速扩压叶栅二次流的数值模拟

数值研究了合成射流控制高速扩压叶栅角区分离,并揭示其推迟分离、降低损失的作用机理。研究发现:合成射流可以显著改善叶栅内流场的时空结构,叶栅出口时均总压损失系数最大降低19.8%,静压系数也提高了近8.8%。合成射流通过周期性地吹/吸气有效控制角区分离,吹气阶段的高动量射流流体增大了吸力面附面层及角区流体的能量,吸气阶段则借助于附面层抽吸作用有效减少了高熵、低能流体的堆积,从而增强了角区流体抵抗流向逆压力梯度的能力、并推迟流动分离,且吸气阶段的流动控制效果明显更好。射流角度和射流动量是影响合成射流作用效果的重要参数,近切向的合成射流有利于向附面层注入动量,增大射流动量也有助于增强流动控制效果。析因设计研究表明,射流角度的影响效应更为显著,但与射流动量之间并不存在交互作用。      

埋入式涡流发生器在亚音扩压器分离流控制中的应用

本文介绍了在一个大宽高比大扩压角二元亚音扩压器中采用适当几何参数的凹型面埋入式涡流发生器有效地控制扩压壁和角落区域分离流的试验结果。并分析了该型式涡流发生器主要几何参数对扩压器性能的影响。还对该型式涡流发生器与常规翼型式涡流发生器进行了比较。      

后掠激波边界层干扰的有利影响

本文分析和对比了正激波和后掠激波/边界层干扰的机理,并用几个典型的算例说明了其差别.本文的结果指出,由于后掠的压力梯度方向垂直于激波,并且边界层内速度存在平行于激波的横向分量,会导致边界层内的速度分布形成空间"扭曲",可以阻止部分边界层进入激波后,并使穿过激波的部分边界层气流形成向两侧发散的趋势.这证明利用后掠激波/边界层干扰效应控制边界层是可行的.这也是实现近年来国内外兴起的"无隔道进气道"的关键机理之一.     

主流压力梯度对气膜冷却效率影响的数值研究

分别对收缩通道、扩张通道和直通道中亚声速主流条件下的气膜冷却进行数值模拟,对比分析了不同主流压力梯度、次流吹风比条件下的主流和次流流场、温度场特征。研究结果表明:引起气膜冷却效率变化和不同发展趋势的因素可归结为主流边界层厚度、主次流自由剪切混合程度、肾形涡的强度和位置等因素。相对于零压力梯度的主流条件,在吹风比较小(M=0.25)的情况下,主流的逆压力梯度一方面增厚边界层、增强了气膜射流对主流的穿透,另一方面减小了肾形涡的强度,综合作用的结果是气膜平均冷却效率提高了4.91%。在吹风比较大(M=2)的情况下,主流的顺压力梯度扼制主流边界层的发展、抑制气膜射流的穿透能力,降低肾形涡涡核的位置,从而提高气膜冷却效率达17.40%。      

压气机二维叶栅涡脱落的数值模拟

对某压气机二维叶栅的非定常分离流场进行了数值模拟,通过对多种工况的计算,进行了频谱分析,对叶栅非定常流动的流场结构和流动机理做了初步的探讨。在来流均匀,定常边界条件下,叶栅内流动仍然表现出强烈的非定常性;在大攻角下有类卡门涡的脱落;旋涡脱落的频率,随着攻角和马赫数的变化而变化;分离点的位置随着攻角和马赫数的变化而变化。     

Experimental investigation on a high subsonic compressor cascade flow

With the aim of deepening the understanding of high-speed compressor cascade flow,this paper reports an experimental study on NACA-65 K48 compressor cascade with high subsonic inlet flow.With the increase of passage pressurizing ability, endwall boundary layer behavior is deteriorated, and the transition zone is extended from suction surface to the endwall as the adverse pressure gradient increases.Cross flow from endwall to midspan, mixing of corner boundary layer and the main stream, and reversal flow on the suction surface are caused by corner separation vortex structures.Passage vortex is the main corner separation vortex.During its movement downstream, the size grows bigger while the rotating direction changes, forming a limiting circle.With higher incidence, corner separation is further deteriorated, leading to higher flow loss.Meanwhile, corner separation structure, flow mixing characteristics and flow loss distribution vary a lot with the change of incidence.Compared with low aspect-ratio model, corner separation of high aspect-ratio model moves away from the endwall and is more sufficiently developed downstream the cascade.Results obtained present details of high-speed compressor cascade flow,which is rare in the relating research fields and is beneficial to mechanism analysis, aerodynamic optimization and flow control design.     

立楔诱导高超声速分离流动的被动控制研究

双模态超燃冲压发动机由于压力扰动可能发生不起动现象,造成推力严重下降,对飞行稳定性与飞行安全具有很强的破坏性.不起动初始阶段主要受到激波与边界层相互作用引起的流动分离影响,希望通过控制分离达到改善流动的目的.采用5阶特征型WENO(weighted essentially non-oscillator)格式与3阶TVD(total variation diminishing)型Runge-Kutta(R-K)格式的高精度数值方法,求解三维Navier-Stokes(N-S)方程,研究与分析了凸起物和被动吹吸两种被动控制方法对激波与边界层相互作用导致的高超声速流动分离现象的控制效果.结果表明:凸起物通过诱导流向涡形成,改变空间压力分布,减弱二次分离,影响分离结构;吹吸方式的被动控制技术通过平衡分离区与再附区之间的高低压差,降低逆压梯度,使压力分布与分离区域发生改变.      

小波方法检测角区湍流的流动结构

本文采用热线、压力传感器和PIV方法对中等雷诺数下角区湍流流动进行了实验测量。设计了基于小波变换的一种湍流场特征结构检测方法，辨识出了角区湍流的分离涡结构及其尺度。这些涡结构的发展揭示了角区马蹄涡系运动在低雷诺数下所展示的物理过程在中等雷诺数或充分发展湍流状态下仍然存在。同时，这种湍流流动结构的小波检测方法也显示出了其有效性。     

Characteristics of reattached boundary layer in shock wave and turbulent boundary layer interaction

The reattached boundary layer in the interaction of an oblique shock wave with a flatplate turbulent boundary layer at Mach number 2.25 is studied by means of Direct Numerical Simulation(DNS). The numerical results are carefully compared with available experimental and DNS data in terms of turbulence statistics, wall pressure and skin friction. The coherent vortex structures are significantly enhanced due to the shock interaction, and the reattached boundary layer is characterized by large-scale...     

高负荷吸附式压气机叶栅数值与实验研究

针对无通道激波单纯由强逆压梯度诱导的附面层分离进行了吸附式数值与实验研究.研究对象为某大转折角高负荷吸附式压气机叶栅,利用准三维叶栅通道计算程序（MISES）进行抽吸流场数值模拟,在确定抽吸位置后进行了风洞实验验证.结果表明:抽吸后总压损失系数大幅度降低,对于单纯由强逆压梯度诱导的附面层分离,最佳抽吸位置应该位于附面层分离之后尚未充分发展之处;在确定抽吸位置时可以根据设计状态的分离状况进行;实际中需要的抽吸流量小于计算值;在数值计算中,具体的抽吸模型还有待进一步改进和修正,以使数值模拟更加准确.      

子午扩压对环形叶栅流道内旋涡发生和发展的影响

为了研究子午流道有较大扩压情况下,环形叶栅内集中涡系发生、发展的流动过程,详细测量了由栅前至栅后 1 2个横截面上气动参数沿节距和叶高的分布。试验结果表明:子午流道的较大扩压增厚了进口端壁附面层,因而加剧了鞍点分离并形成了高强度、大尺度马蹄涡压力侧与吸力侧分支。周围的大量低动量气体加强了两分支的组对效应,推迟了通道涡的形成与发展,通道涡的强度与尺度同样正比于流道的扩压度。在叶栅下游,由于径向正压梯度的影响,低能气体沿尾流区向轮毂输运,引起下通道涡的迅速消散与衰减。      

Computations of unsteady transonic flow over airfoil at low Reynolds number

Transonic flow over a thin airfoil at low Reynolds number was studied numerically by directly solving two-dimensional full Navier-Stokes equations through 5th order weighted essentially non-oscillatory(WENO) scheme without using any turbulence model.A series of distinguished unsteady phenomena for a thin 2-D transonic airfoil flow were presented.Due to continuous adverse pressure gradient in the subsonic flow downstream of the sonic line, the unsteady separated boundary layer with main vortex and secondary vortex was developed at the rear of the airfoil.At the trailing edge,the vortex-shedding was characterized by periodical connection of the main vortex and secondary vortex on the other side of the airfoil.The unsteady separation and vortex-shedding occurred with the same period.On the airfoil surface,the average pulse pressure related to the unsteady supersonic region was obviously smaller than that related to the vortex-shedding at the trailing edge.With the attack angle increasing from 0° to 2°, the frequency of vortex-shedding decreases about 4.2%.At last, the turbulence intensity and many second-order statistics in the wake region were investigated.