Dynamic stiffness testing-based flutter analysis of a fin with an actuator

Engineering-oriented modeling and synthesized modeling of the fin-actuator system of a missile fin are introduced, including mathematical modeling of the fin, motor and multi-stage gear reducer. The fin-actuator model is verified using dynamic stiffness testing. Good agreement is achieved between the test and theoretical results. The parameter-variable analysis indicates that the inertia of the motor rotor, reduction ratio of the reducer, connection stiffness and damping between the actuator and fin shaft have significant impacts on the dynamic stiffness characteristics.In flutter analysis, test data are directly used in the frequency domain method and indirectly used in the time domain method through the updated fin-actuator model. The two methods play different roles in engineering applications but are of equal importance. The results indicate that dynamic stiffness and constant stiffness treatments may lead to completely different flutter characteristics.Attention should be paid to the design of the fin-actuator system of a missile.     

两种跨声速气动弹性问题分析研究

在非结构运动网格基础上,采用中心有限体积法进行空间离散和双时间方法进行时间推进求解非定常欧拉方程.通过与气动力方程的联立求解,在时域内用四步龙格-库塔方法求解结构运动方程.分析和研究了二维嗡鸣和三维机翼颤振这两种跨声速非线性气动弹性问题.二维嗡鸣问题的研究考虑了翼面-舵面系统的缝隙间网格运动、缝隙对嗡鸣的影响和扰流片对嗡鸣的抑制.耦合多自由度Lagrange结构运动方程数值模拟了三维机翼的颤振问题.通过跨声速标模算例AGARD445.6机翼的颤振计算,计算的颤振临界速度与实验值有5%左右的误差,验证本方法的正确性.由于本方法是在对外形具有良好普适性的非结构动网格基础上完成的,具有良好的工程实践价值.     

基于谐波平衡法和 V-g 法的高效颤振预测分析

提出了一种高效的颤振预测分析方法,将之应用于跨声速颤振边界分析及结构参数影响研究中。本方法基于频域颤振分析 V-g 方法,为气弹系统提供一定的人工阻尼使之保持简谐运动状态,从而将结构动力学方程转换到频域内。然后通过高效的谐波平衡法得到一系列简谐运动频率下的气动力描述函数矩阵,结合频域结构方程,将气弹系统的稳定性问题转化为广义特征值求解。结果表明：本方法计算得到的颤振边界与高精度的时间推进方法非常吻合,分析效率有了明显的提升,而且当结构参数发生变化后,只需进行若干次广义特征值求解即可得到新的颤振边界,无需像时间推进方法一样开展大量的气动/结构耦合数值模拟。     

跨音速颤振计算方法研究

采用快捷的动态弹性变形技术生成三维块结构动态贴体网格。结构运动方程采用二级精度的龙格—库塔时间推进。气动力求解则用非定常欧拉方程的双时间有限体积推进,外时间为物理时间,与结构运动方程同步;对每个真实物理时间步采用五步Runge Kutta时间推进进行虚拟定常迭代。针对可压流颤振计算中存在的质量不相似问题,采用变质量、变刚度的方法计算出质量匹配点处的颤振速压值,并根据颤振速压随质量或刚度倍数的变化趋势,得出可用的飞机跨音速颤振速压。对一飞机简化外形的跨音速颤振特性计算得到了合理的计算结果。     

采用乘性速压摄动的频域颤振预测方法

 在鲁棒颤振分析方法基础上,提出一种乘性速压摄动表达式,使得颤振系统成为不确定性系统,并直接应用简谐气动力建立其μ框架,从而可以通过频域μ分析预测颤振临界点。导出了判定颤振临界点的μ极值条件,并给出其算法实现。该方法属于频域方法,在理论上具有良好的一致性;且无需求解颤振特征值,从根本上避免了经典的颤振分析方法中可能出现的“窜支”问题。计算结果表明,该方法与p-k法所得结果精度相当,适用于工程颤振分析。     

跨声速风扇的流固耦合的颤振分析(英文)

发展了时间推进的叶片颤振的数值方法,采用了时间推进求解流体和固体相互作用的过程。气动模型是基于求解三维雷诺平均的N-S方程,采用了多块结构化网格的有限体积格式,对流和耗散通量的计算使用了二阶迎风格式和中心格式。在变形的动网格上流体运动的守恒型方程的求解采用双时间步,隐式格式和多重网格方法。叶片振动采用了振型叠加的线性气动弹性模型。该方法在气动弹性标准算例4进行了验证,并用于求解跨音速风扇的颤振问题。     

螺桨转子的颤振涡动

本文发展了螺桨转子颤振涡动的分析方法,考虑了桨叶的振动变形及桨轴一支承系统的振动特性、以及螺桨转子的不平衡力,并对运动方程借时域积分法求解,从而使分析结果更为准确。模型螺桨转子的分析计算与风洞试验结果吻合良好。     

基于本征方程的柔性机翼非线性颤振分析

柔性机翼在气动载荷作用下常常会产生较大的变形,颤振特性会随之发生变化,针对此问题线性理论常常难以进行合理的预测。以几何精确本征梁模型建立了机翼的运动方程,耦合ONERA-EDlin非线性气动模型,建立了柔性机翼的非线性气动弹性分析模型。利用Newton-Raphson和Backward-Differentiation-Formula(BDF)分别求解机翼的静态变形和动态响应,基于机翼平衡位置附近的线性化方程来判断系统的稳定性,进而确定颤振临界速度。通过算例验证了模型的准确性,并分析了不同刚度、后掠角、机翼安装角等参数对颤振速度的影响。     

Control law design for transonic aeroservoelasticity

Existing computational transonic aeroservoelastic researches focus on directly coupling the structural dynamic equations, CFD solver and servo system in time domain, study the effect of the given feedback control laws on the responses of the aeroelastic system. These works have not involved the design of the flutter active control law. The non-linearity of transonic flow brings great difficulties to aeroservoelastic analysis and design. Recent research of the unsteady aerodynamic reduced order models (ROM) based on CFD provides a challenging approach for transonic aeroservoelastic analysis and design. Coupling the structural state equations with the aerodynamic state equations of the wing and the control surface based on the ROM, we construct a transonic aeroservoelastic model in state-space. Then the sub-optimal control method based on output feedback is used to design the flutter suppressing law. The study first demonstrates the open loop of the Benchmark Active Controls Technology (BACT) wing. The computational results of the CFD direct simulation method and the ROM analysis method are both agree well with the experimental data. Then both the closed loop time responses and the flutter results by ROM technique are compared with those of numerical aeroservoelastic simulation based on Euler codes to validate the correctness of the design method of the control law and aeroservoelastic analysis method. An increase of up to 20% of the speed index can be achieved by the control law designed by sub-optimal control method for this model.     

基于流固耦合的斜激波冲击作用下曲壁板气动弹性分析

采用自主发展的双向流固耦合求解器,研究了斜激波冲击作用下曲壁板的气动弹性响应特性。曲壁板的几何非线性大变形运动方程采用有限差分法求解,流体控制方程基于有限体积法求解,双向流固耦合采用交错迭代算法。计算结果表明:当动压小于临界颤振动压时,曲壁板表现出静平衡状态,且随着动压的增大,壁板变形的非对称性越明显。当动压大于临界颤振动压时,壁板振动位移先增大后减小,最终达到稳定颤振状态,且该极限环颤振并不关于初始位置正负对称的。同时,随着动压的增大,壁板颤振的正向峰谷值、负向峰谷值和振幅均逐渐增大,颤振频率则逐渐减小。壁板振动响应规律并不随着壁板弯曲高度的改变而单调递增或递减,较小的弯曲高度可以降低壁板颤振临界动压值,但是当弯曲高度进一步增大后,由于气动非线性特性增强,准周期无规则运动状态被激发了出来,临界颤振动压迅速升高。     

大攻角机翼非线性颤振分析方法

 本文提出了一种计算方法分析大攻角、带分离涡机翼的非线性颤振特性。在机翼变形与广义气动力之间建立一种描述函数关系,利用传统v-g法对机翼运动方程进行求解。此外,还发展了一种迭代运算过程,使得输入的振幅幅值比例调整到与求解颤振方程所得到的比例相协调。计算结果表明本文方法与实验是一致的。     

大展弦比复合材料机翼失速颤振分析

研究了大展弦比复合材料机翼在较大迎角状态下的失速颤振特性,探讨了结构几何非线性和由复合材料剪裁产生的刚度耦合效果对机翼失速颤振特性的影响.首先,将复合材料机翼建模为转角和位移均可为有限值的非线性薄壁单闭室截面Euler梁,并在综合考虑结构几何非线性、气动非线性和材料各向异性对机翼运动状态的影响的基础上,建立机翼的运动微分方程.然后,使用小扰动分析的方法得到机翼在平衡位置附近的振动方程,采用ONERA半经验的非定常失速气动力模型,获得机翼在平衡位置附近的非线性失速颤振分析方程.最后,利用谐波平衡法求解并判定机翼颤振稳定性.通过算例,首先验证了算法的正确性,然后研究了几何非线性对失速颤振的影响,并讨论不同的复合材料铺层方式导致机翼失速特性的改变.     

粘弹壁板颤振的非线性动力特性

研究粘弹材料壁板在超声速气流作用下颤振时的分岔及混沌等复杂动力学特性。采用von Karman大变形理论及Kelvin粘弹阻尼模型建立壁板的动力学方程,通过线性活塞理论建立气动力模型。利用迦辽金法将壁板颤振模型转化为常微分方程组,并使用Gear的BDF方法进行数值求解。通过数值模拟研究了该系统在粘弹阻尼作用下的动力学行为以及粘弹阻尼的影响。计算结果表明,粘弹壁板颤振系统表现出丰富的动力学行为,其二次分岔特性很复杂。随着粘弹性阻尼的增大,系统的稳定解区域在减小,而静态屈曲解几乎不受影响,同时发现混沌运动区域也随着粘弹阻尼的增大而减小。     

基于CFD/CSD耦合的叶轮机叶片失速颤振计算

为了研究叶轮机叶片的失速颤振特性,发展了一种计算流体力学与计算结构力学(CFD/CSD)时域耦合方法。该方法通过每一物理时刻CFD和CSD的循环迭代实现了耦合计算。在CFD分析中,采用鲁棒性较好的空间离散格式AUSM+-UP,并基于延迟脱体涡模型(DDES)模拟了带分离流动。在结构分析中,通过模态法构建了旋转叶片动力学方程并运用杂交多步方法进行求解。以孤立转子Rotor37为例,计算了不同工况下流场总体与细节参数,与实验结果的对比验证了CFD算法的精度。对某转子叶片进行了颤振特性研究,计算所得的广义位移时间响应曲线表明该叶片在近失速工况下会发生失速颤振,其表现形式为一阶弯曲模态发散且各阶模态之间不耦合。分析表明,流场不稳定和非定常效应是引起失速颤振的关键因素,同时折合频率的降低也会导致原本气动弹性稳定的叶片发生失速颤振。     

Nonlinear flutter wind tunnel test and numerical analysis of folding fins with freeplay nonlinearities

The flutter characteristics of folding control fins with freeplay are investigated by numerical simulation and flutter wind tunnel tests. Based on the characteristics of the structures, fins with different freeplay angles are designed. For a 0° angle of attack, wind tunnel tests of these fins are conducted, and vibration is observed by accelerometers and a high-speed camera. By the expansion of the connected relationships, the governing equations of fit for the nonlinear aeroelastic analysis are established by the free-interface component mode synthesis method. Based on the results of the wind tunnel tests, the flutter characteristics of fins with different freeplay angles are analyzed. The results show that the vibration divergent speed is increased, and the divergent speed is higher than the flutter speed of the nominal linear system. The vibration divergent speed is increased along with an increase in the freeplay angle. The developed free-interface component mode synthesis method could be used to establish governing equations and to analyze the characteristics of nonlinear aeroelastic systems. The results of the numerical simulations and the wind tunnel tests indicate the same trends and critical velocities.     

大展弦比复合材料机翼的非线性颤振分析

大展弦比机翼在气动力作用下产生较大变形,颤振速度和颤振频率随之发生明显变化,线性理论难以获得比较合理的解答。综合考虑了结构几何非线性、气动非线性和材料各向异性对机翼运动状态的影响,将复合材料机翼建模为非线性薄壁单闭室截面梁,建立机翼的运动方程,并使用小扰动分析的方法得到机翼在平衡位置附近的振动方程。采用Theodorsen非定常气动理论构建气动模型,获得机翼在平衡位置附近的非线性颤振方程,并利用v-g法判定机翼颤振稳定性。通过算例演示了一些非线性颤振的特点,讨论了铺层角、展弦比、机翼线密度等参数对颤振速度的影响,并与线性理论得到的结果进行对比。     

Reliability and Sensitivity Analysis of Transonic Flutter Using Improved Line Sampling Technique

The improved line sampling (LS) technique, an effective numerical simulation method, is employed to analyze the probabilistic characteristics and reliability sensitivity of flutter with random structural parameter in transonic flow. The improved LS technique is a novel methodology for reliability and sensitivity analysis of high dimensionality and low probability problem with implicit limit state function, and it does not require any approximating surrogate of the implicit limit state equation. The improved LS is used to estimate the flutter reliability and the sensitivity of a two-dimensional wing, in which some structural properties, such as frequency, parameters of gravity center and mass ratio, are considered as random variables. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) based unsteady aerodynamic reduced order model (ROM) method is used to construct the aerodynamic state equations. Coupling structural state equations with aerodynamic state equations, the safety margin of flutter is founded by using the critical velocity of flutter. The results show that the improved LS technique can effectively decrease the computational cost in the random uncertainty analysis of flutter. The reliability sensitivity, defined by the partial derivative of the failure probability with respect to the distribution parameter of random variable, can help to identify the important parameters and guide the structural optimization design.     

A reduced order model for coupled mode cascade flutter analysis

A Reduced Order Model(ROM) based analysis method for turbomachinery cascade coupled mode flutter is presented in this paper. The unsteady aerodynamic model is established by a system identification technique combined with a set of Aerodynamic Influence Coefficients(AIC). Subsequently, the aerodynamic model is encoded into the state space and then coupled with the structural dynamic equations, resulting in a ROM of the cascade aeroelasticity. The cascade flutter can be determined by solving the e...     

15米翼展太阳能飞机机翼颤振分析和刚度设计

太阳能飞机小刚度和大变形的特点导致其普遍存在颤振问题,因此有必要合理建立太阳能飞机的动力学模型并进行颤振分析。以国内某15米翼展太阳能飞机为研究对象,建立初始的动力学模型,然后根据目标颤振速度调节模型刚度,得到了与目标颤振速度匹配的机翼主梁刚度,从而实现太阳能飞机的动力学反向建模,并在此基础上进行颤振分析,形成完整的太阳能飞机颤振分析设计方法。结果表明:该机翼扭转刚度增大70%,其颤振速度可提高29%。本文方法可用于指导15米太阳能飞机的防颤振设计。     

基于广义Richardson外插方法的颤振模拟耦合时间精度研究

为更准确地评估颤振问题时域模拟在实际计算中表现出的时间精度,采用不同精度的耦合方法对Isogai Wing和AGARD 445.6 Wing的颤振问题进行时域模拟。参照网格收敛性分析方法,提出了基于广义Richardson外插方法的颤振问题时域模拟耦合时间精度分析方法,分析时域计算结果的时间步长收敛性,计算数值模拟结果时间精度并获得时间步长无关解。分析表明,对于Isogai Wing和AGARD 445.6 Wing颤振问题,计算结果具有良好的时间收敛性,采用广义Richardson外插方法对各耦合方法分析所得精度与理论分析结果基本一致。在合适的时间步长区间内,可忽略具体时间步长选取对广义Richardson外插方法分析结果的影响,验证了提出的气动弹性模拟耦合时间精度分析方法。