带有气动及结构非线性的二元机翼颤振分析

研究了翼型在低马赫数条件下的非定常气动特性,从翼型表面气流运动的角度对Leishman-Beddoes(L-B)模型进行了修正,并在此基础上建立了适合低马赫数颤振研究且带有气动及结构非线性的二元机翼气弹系统分析模型.对比低马赫数翼型气动载荷试验结果表明对L-B模型的修正是有效的,且机翼颤振试验结果亦验证了二元机翼气弹分析模型.研究结果表明:二元机翼气弹系统的失速颤振与初始变距角和来流速度密切相关,且耦合的三次非线性变距和浮沉刚度是造成系统呈现准周期运动的主要原因.      

基于状态空间法的低马赫数翼型气动载荷计算

Leishman-Beddoes(L-B)非定常动态失速模型适用于中等马赫数(Ma>0.3),而在低马赫条件(Ma<0.3)下存在与翼型气动试验数据不符合的问题,为此首先研究了低马赫数条件下翼型的非定常动态失速气动特性,其次采用状态空间法从翼型表面气流变化的角度修正了L-B模型,最后通过与翼型气动载荷试验数据的对比表明在低马赫数条件下对L-B模型的修正是正确的,能够准确预测及分析翼型的气动载荷,且该修正模型易于耦合进直升机综合分析代码中.      

旋翼翼型动态失速模型参数识别及应用

为了拓展Leishman-Beddoes(L-B)动态失速模型的应用范围,以适应特定翼型的动态失速分析,在详细分析L-B动态失速模型特点的基础上,提出一种模型参数的识别方法。以SC-1095翼型为例,采用其静态升阻特性数据,对L-B动态失速模型中的参数进行了识别,并据此对该翼型的动态失速升阻特性进行了数值计算,计算结果与试验值吻合良好。     

不同迎角的翼型气弹特性风洞实验研究

基于可在不同迎角下作沉浮、俯仰两自由度运动的翼段振动装置,在低速风洞中分别针对普通薄翼型NA-CA0012和风力机翼型NREL S809进行气动弹性测试,得到不同实验状态的气动弹性振动时域响应。分别观察到经典颤振和失速颤振现象,并证明了迎角改变对两种翼型颤振特性的影响。     

带后缘小翼的旋翼振动载荷计算

建立了考虑弹性桨叶、刚性小翼的旋翼气动弹性分析模型和旋翼载荷计算方法.以广义质量和广义力的形式描述小翼惯性力和气动力对系统的影响,以非定常/动态失速模型计算剖面气动力,结合基于实验数据修正的组合气动模型计算带小翼部分的剖面气动力,集成大变形桨叶模型考虑弹性变形的非线性,以力积分法计算桨叶剖面振动载荷.通过计算分析与实验结果相比较,验证了建立的气动弹性模型和载荷计算方法.结果表明:建立的桨叶结构模型精度很高,气弹模型能够准确预测旋翼的振动载荷,挥舞弯矩平均误差控制在9.1%,使用修正的小翼气动模型能有效提高小翼运动时桨叶振动载荷的计算精度.      

不同振动形式下的翼型失速特性

通过求解雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程,研究了翼型在强迫振动和自然结构振动下的大迎角流场特性,尤其是失速迎角附近的流场和气动特性.研究结果表明:在接近颤振临界速度情况下结构自然振动可以引起翼型大尺度的分离,导致失速分离涡提前出现;强迫性的沉浮运动和俯仰运动在一定幅度下也可以引起失速性质的大分离,而且沉浮和俯仰振动的频率和振幅都是影响翼型大尺度分离的重要因素.     

Study on effects of thickness on airfoil-stall at low Reynolds numbers by cusp-catastrophic model based on GA(W)-1 airfoil

The phenomena of an airfoil stall present the behaviors of catastrophe and hysteresis at low Reynolds numbers. Numerical simulation results of two-dimensional airfoil GA(W)-1 show that the width of the hysteresis loop of airfoil stall will gradually decrease and even disappear with the decrease of thickness ratio. These nonlinear characteristics are in accordance with the topological features of the cusp catastrophic model. According to the topological invariant principle, a novel topological mapping method is developed to establish the mapping relationship between cusp catastrophic model and stall characteristics of the airfoil, then the effect of thickness ratio on airfoil stall is successfully described quantitatively by cusp catastrophic model. Further, based on the established topological mapping relationship, combined with the mean flow field of the airfoil stall, potential function approach of cusp catastrophic model is first introduced to interpret the catastrophe and hysteresis of the airfoil stall, and it is found that as the thickness ratio decreases, the system's maximal potential energy gradually disappears, and the short separation bubble at the leading edge of the airfoil changes to long separation bubble, so the airfoil stall changes from a bistable system to a monostable system.     

Nonlinear Aeroelastic Response of High-aspect-ratio Flexible Wings

The aeroelastic analysis of high-altitude, long-endurance (HALE) aircraft that features high-aspect-ratio flexible wings needs take into account structural geometrical nonlinearities and dynamic stall. For a generic nonlinear aeroelastic system, besides the stability boundary, the characteristics of the limit-cycle oscillation (LCO) should also be accurately predicted. In order to conduct nonlinear aeroelastic analysis of high-aspect-ratio flexible wings, a first-order, state-space model is developed by combining a geometrically exact, nonlinear anisotropic beam model with nonlinear ONERA (Edlin) dynamic stall model. The present investigations focus on the initiation and sustaining mechanism of the LCO and the effects of flight speed and drag on aeroelastic behaviors. Numerical results indicate that structural geometrical nonlinearities could lead to the LCO without stall occurring. As flight speed increases, dynamic stall becomes dominant and the LCO increasingly complicated. Drag could be negligible for LCO type, but should be considered to exactly predict the onset speed of flutter or LCO of high-aspect-ratio flexible wings.     

Nonlinear dynamics of a two dimensional airfoil with freeplay in an inviscid compressible flow

A state space model for the aerodynamic loads calculated by means of a linearized CFD code which models the inviscid compressible flow is used to analyze the dynamic behavior of a two dimensional airfoil with a freeplay structural nonlinearity in pitch. The state space aeroelastic equations of motion are utilized to study the existence of Hopf bifurcation points and of limit cycle oscillations. Comparisons between the solutions of the coupled Euler-structural equations and the state space equations are provided.     

Aerodynamic shape optimization for alleviating dynamic stall characteristics of helicopter rotor airfoil

In order to alleviate the dynamic stall effects in helicopter rotor, the sequential quadratic programming(SQP) method is employed to optimize the characteristics of airfoil under dynamic stall conditions based on the SC1095 airfoil. The geometry of airfoil is parameterized by the class-shape-transformation(CST) method, and the C-topology body-fitted mesh is then automatically generated around the airfoil by solving the Poisson equations. Based on the grid generation technology, the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS) equations are chosen as the governing equations for predicting airfoil flow field and the highly-efficient implicit scheme of lower–upper symmetric Gauss–Seidel(LU-SGS) is adopted for temporal discretization. To capture the dynamic stall phenomenon of the rotor more accurately, the Spalart–Allmaras turbulence model is employed to close the RANS equations. The optimized airfoil with a larger leading edge radius and camber is obtained. The leading edge vortex and trailing edge separation of the optimized airfoil under unsteady conditions are obviously weakened, and the dynamic stall characteristics of optimized airfoil at different Mach numbers, reduced frequencies and angles of attack are also obviously improved compared with the baseline SC1095 airfoil. It is demonstrated that the optimized method is effective and the optimized airfoil is suitable as the helicopter rotor airfoil.     

Stall flutter prediction based on multi-layer GRU neural network

The modeling of dynamic stall aerodynamics is essential to stall flutter, due to the flow separation in a large-amplitude pitching oscillation process. A newly neural network based Reduced Order Model (ROM) framework for predicting the aerodynamic forces of an airfoil undergoing large-amplitude pitching oscillation at various velocities is presented in this work. First, the dynamic stall aerodynamics is calculated by solving RANS equations and the transitional SST-γ model. Afterwards, the stall flutter bifurcation behavior is calculated by the above CFD solver coupled with structural dynamic equation. The critical flutter speed and limit-cycle oscillation amplitudes are consistent with those obtained by experiments. A newly multi-layer Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) neural network based ROM is constructed to accelerate the calculation of aerodynamic forces. The training and validation process are carried out upon the unsteady aerodynamic data obtained by the proposed CFD method. The well-trained ROM is then coupled with the structure equation at a specific velocity, the Limit-Cycle Oscillation (LCO) of stall flutter under this flow condition is predicted precisely and more quickly. In order to predict both the critical flutter velocity and LCO amplitudes after bifurcation at different velocities, a new ROM with GRU neural network considering the variation of flow velocities is developed. The stall flutter results predicted by ROM agree well with the CFD ones at different velocities. Finally, a brief sensitivity analysis of two structural parameters of ROM is carried out. It infers the potential of the presented modeling method to depict the nonlinearity of dynamic stall and stall flutter phenomenon.     

翼型失速的非线性动力学特性及其控制

以NACA0012翼型为研究对象,应用CBS( Characteristic-Based Split)有限元方法对翼型绕流流场进行数值模拟,着重对翼型失速现象的动力学机理和特征进行研究.首先给出了静止翼型在不同迎角下流场的瞬时流线图以及静态翼型的迎角-升力系数关系曲线,并且分析出此曲线具有滞后、突跳等典型的非线性动力学...     

基于后缘小翼的旋翼翼型动态失速控制分析

针对后缘小翼(TEF)的典型运动参数对旋翼翼型动态失速特性的控制进行了研究。发展了一套适用于带有后缘小翼控制的旋翼翼型非定常流动特性模拟的高效、高精度CFD方法。通过求解Poisson方程生成围绕旋翼翼型的黏性贴体和正交网格,为保证后缘小翼附近的网格生成质量,建立了基于翼型点重构的方法来描述后缘小翼的偏转运动;为克服变形网格方法可能导致网格畸变的不足,发展了一套适用于带有后缘小翼控制的旋翼翼型运动嵌套网格方法。基于非定常雷诺平均Navier-Stokes(URANS)方程、双时间法、Spalart-Allmaras(S-A)湍流模型和Roe-Monotone Upwind-centered Scheme for Conservation Laws(Roe-MUSCL)插值格式,发展了旋翼翼型非定常气动特性分析的高精度数值方法,并采用Lower-Upper Symmetric Gauss-Seidel(LU-SGS)隐式时间推进方法及并行技术提高计算效率。以有试验结果验证的HH-02翼型和SC1095翼型为算例,精确捕捉了动态失速状态下的气动力迟滞效应,验证了本文方法的有效性。着重针对SC1095旋翼翼型的动态失速状态开展后缘小翼的控制分析,提出了可以体现翼型升力、阻力及力矩综合特性的关系式Po和Pc,揭示了后缘小翼振荡频率、相位差和偏转幅值对动态失速特性影响的规律。研究结果表明:当后缘小翼偏转的相对运动频率为1.0,且小翼运动规律与翼型振荡规律之间的相位差为0°时,后缘小翼能够更好地抑制翼型动态失速现象;在此状态下,当偏转幅值为10°时,SC1095翼型最大阻力系数和最大力矩系数可以分别降低19%和27%。     

轴流压气机气动弹性失稳的实验研究

本文介绍了在跨音压气机试验台上对BF-1系列转子开展气动弹性失稳的实验研究工作。文中提出了实验模型的零阻尼设计原则,描述了失速颤振发生的过程。分析了失速颤振发作时的气动声学现象——一种特殊的啸声。此外还给出了两种叶尖间隙和两种叶型对失速颤振影响的实验结果。最后对经验预测方法和实验结果作了对比,符合情况较好。      

飞虫粘附翼型对翼型气动特性影响的实验研究

在西北工业大学NF-3低速风洞进行了飞虫粘附翼型对翼型气动性能影响的风洞实验研究。结果表明：模型表面粘附的飞虫数量累计到一定程度时,将会导致翼型表面50%区域以上的面积发生分离,引起翼型失速,并且实验前模型表面的飞虫数量会改变翼型的失速迎角,因此实验前必须将模型擦拭干净。鉴于飞虫粘着数量的不确定性,对于翼型在复杂环境下使用时其气动性能的变化需要加以关注。     

Parametric analyses on dynamic stall control of rotor airfoil via synthetic jet

The effects of synthetic jet control on unsteady dynamic stall over rotor airfoil are investigated numerically. A moving-embedded grid method and an Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes(URANS) solver coupled with k-x Shear Stress Transport(SST) turbulence model are established for predicting the complex flowfields of oscillatory airfoil under jet control. Additionally, a velocity boundary condition modeled by sinusoidal function has been developed to fulfill the perturbation effect of periodic jet. The validity of present CFD method is evaluated by comparisons of the calculated results of baseline dynamic stall case for rotor airfoil and jet control case for VR-7 B airfoil with experimental data. Then, parametric analyses are conducted emphatically for an OA212 rotor airfoil to investigate the effects of jet control parameters(jet location, dimensionless frequency, momentum coefficient, jet angle, jet type and dual-jet) on dynamic stall characteristics of rotor airfoil. It is demonstrated by the calculated results that efficiency of jet control could be improved with specific momentum coefficient and jet angle when the jet is located near separation point of rotor airfoil. Furthermore, the dual-jet could improve control efficiency more obviously on dynamic stall of rotor airfoil with respect to the unique jet, and the influence laws of dual-jet's angles and momentum coefficients on control effects are similar to those of the unique jet. Finally,unsteady aerodynamic characteristics of rotor via synthetic jet which is located on the upper surface of rotor blade in forward flight are calculated, and as a result, the aerodynamic characteristics of rotor are improved compared with the baseline. The results indicate that synthetic jet has the capability in improving aerodynamic characteristics of rotor.     

Bifurcation in a 3-DOF Airfoil with Cubic Structural Nonlinearity

Limit cycle oscillations (LCOs) as well as nonlinear aeroelastic analysis of a 3-DOF aeroelastic airfoil motion with cubic restoring moments in the pitch degree of freedom are investigated.Aeroelastic equations of an airfoil with control surface in an incompressible potential flow are presented in the time domain.The harmonic balance (HB) method is utilized to calculate the LCO frequency and amplitude for the airfoil.Also the semi-analytical method has revealed the presence of stable and unstable limit cycles,along with stability reversal in the neighborhood of a Hopf bifurcation.The system response is determined by numerically integrating the governing equations using a standard Runge-Kutta algorithm and the obtained results are compared with the HB method.Also the results by the third order HB (HB3) method for control surface are consistent with the other numerical solution.Finally,by combining the numerical and the HB methods,types of bifurcation,be it supercritical,subcritical,or divergent flutter area are identified.     

具有不对称间隙的二元机翼自激振动的混沌分析

利用数值方法分析了无预荷载情况下具有不对称间隙的气动弹性非线性与结构非线性耦合的二元机翼颤振问题的动力学响应.通过研究速度比U*/U*L从零逐渐增大到1时系统的全局演化规律,发现在无预荷载的不对称分段线性系统中存在混沌运动形式,并对其进行具体分析,得到产生混沌的原因,为进一步控制和减小颤振提供理论帮助,对飞机的飞行结构设计及飞机结构的日常维护具有指导意义.     

非线性机翼极限环颤振的研究

在定常空气动力的作用下,对含立方非线性刚度的二元机翼颤振系统的极限环颤振进行了研究.应用中心流形理论将原四维系统降为二维,采用后继函数法对分岔点类别进行了定性的分析,从而确定平衡点的性质,并应用范式理论对分岔点处中心流形约化方程进行化简,进而研究了系统参数对极限环颤振的稳定性以及幅值的影响.     

Numerical investigation of dynamic stall suppression of rotor airfoil via improved co-flow jet

The decrease in aerodynamic performance caused by the shock-induced dynamic stall of an advancing blade and the dynamic stall of a retreating blade at low speed and high angles of attack limits the flight speed of a helicopter. However, little research has been carried on the flow control methods employed to suppress both the dynamic stall induced by a shock wave and the dynamic stall occurring at high angles of attack. The dynamic stall suppression of a rotor airfoil by Co-Flow Jet(CFJ) is nume...