多场耦合效应对高超声速进气道入口参数影响

为了研究多场耦合效应对高超声速进气道入口参数的影响,采用自主开发的热环境/热响应耦合计算分析平台FL-CAPTER,对吸气式高超声速进气道前体进行了数值仿真研究。介绍了采用的多物理场耦合分析策略及不同物理场求解方法,通过圆管和两级压缩楔外形,初步验证了多场耦合分析方法的可靠性。以此为基础,研究了进气道前体在长时间巡航飞行条件下的结构温升情况和宏观变形量,分析了进气道结构变形对入口参数的影响。结果表明:进气道前体迎风区域和背风区域不均匀的温度分布引起热应力变化,进气道前体压缩面在多场耦合效应作用下上翘约20mm,考虑变形影响后,进气道偏离设计状态,激波边界层干扰效应增强,喉道附近的分离区域有所增大,进气道入口的质量流量增加约4.2%,喉道平均马赫数降低,静压升高,总压恢复系数降低。     

仿鸟柔性扑翼气动特性与能耗的数值研究

建立了适当的三维仿鸟柔性扑翼模型,并以配平重力和平衡阻力为条件,数值计算了它的低雷诺数非定常流场.研究揭示了翼面初始扭转角度、动态俯仰幅度等重要设计参数与飞行性能的关系,表明扑翼平面的初始扭转程度、扑翼柔性材料的选择以及两者之间的合理搭配对扑翼机的成功飞行至关重要.研究分析了仿鸟扑翼的流场涡结构、升力推力产生原理,下扑过程附着上翼面的前缘涡是升力产生的重要机制.对扑翼气动功率的比较分析也发现,人造扑翼机需要的气动功率明显高出同等大小的鸟类,在效率方面尚不及扑翼飞行生物.     

基于多体动力学的大型翼伞系统飞行仿真分析

飞行动力学分析是大型翼伞系统设计及归航方案研究的重要基础。为此,提出了基于多体系统动力学理论的大型翼伞系统飞行动力学仿真分析方法,给出了相应的多体系统模型,建立了系统的运动学约束方程组和飞行动力学变分方程组。通过引入拉格朗日乘子,获得了大型翼伞系统封闭的飞行动力学方程组,对某大型翼伞系统的飞行动力学过程进行了仿真计算。结果表明,与小型翼伞系统相比,大型翼伞系统的稳定滑翔速度大、抗外界干扰能力强、转弯半径大、转弯周期长、操纵响应慢。此外,风速和风向对大型翼伞系统的飞行轨迹和着陆点的位置有明显影响。对于同一具翼伞,回收物重量和初始高度是影响留空时间的主要因素。所提方法可以有效、准确地应用于大型翼伞系统的飞行动力学仿真分析。     

电弧风洞转动部件动密封试验

翼/舵等部件在转动条件下热结构/匹配/密封考核一直是高超声速飞行器研制阶段的技术难点,以前该类考核基本采用高超声速验证器在飞行条件下直接考核。基于该地面考核难题,在电弧风洞上开展了相应的试验技术研究,针对如何建立流场、解决流场堵塞、转动条件下流场控制等技术问题提出了相应的解决方案,并成功应用于转动部件热结构、热匹配及热密封试验中,结果表明:试验模型表面热流分布与飞行条件下较为一致,转动过程中流场稳定,在国内首次实现了高超声速飞行器转动部件动密封地面试验考核。     

多段柔性变体扑翼飞行器设计

多段柔性变体扑翼模仿海鸥翅膀的复杂运动.观察海鸥翅膀的运动周期,设计了包含慢频率扑动、展向折弯、弦向扭转和结构柔性变形的扑翼模型,并应用准定常方法计算气动力,为该扑翼飞行器设计提供依据.在CATIA和3DMAX中设计多段柔性变体扑翼机的三维模型和运动模拟,制作样机进行飞行试验,研究其平飞、爬升、偏航等飞行姿态,结果表明升力和推力与数值计算结果吻合.相较于原有扑翼飞行器,多段柔性变体扑翼飞行器可以慢频率扑动飞行,调整扑翼形状.      

多段翼构型的积冰数值模拟

基于非结构网格提出一种针对多段翼构型的积冰数值模拟方法.通过求解气体欧拉方程得到多段翼的绕流流场,基于空气绕流流场的气流速度分布,采用迭代法对水滴控制方程进行数值求解,得到多段翼各翼面的水滴收集特性;采用不同的积冰冻结模型模拟霜冰和明冰的冻结过程;利用冰层时间推进法模拟积冰过程,基于积冰法向生长假设生成积冰外形.对某典型三段翼霜冰和明冰的结冰情况进行了预测研究,根据多段翼的流场特点提出一种明冰冻结模型的求解思路,并分析了积冰对多段翼性能的影响.      

钝体外形气动加热与结构传热一体化数值模拟

为了提高气动加热与热防护结构传热多物理场数值模拟的稳态计算效率与计算精度,发展了一种基于有限体积法的气动加热与结构传热一体化数值计算方法。该方法将高速流场与结构温度场统一到同一物理场,基于统一的控制方程组,采用基于LU-SGS隐式时间迭代和自适应时间步长的有限体积方法进行求解,避开了传统气动加热与结构传热耦合求解方法在时间域内的所需繁琐数据交替迭代策略。对二维/三维钝体进行一体化数值计算分析,计算结果表明:二维钝体非稳态下,得到2s时圆管驻点温度最高达到390.2K,驻点热流密度和结构温度与参考文献和实验值吻合较好,证明了方法的可靠性和可行性。同时分析了三维钝体应用算例的流-固-热稳态计算特征,计算得到稳态时钝头体结构外壁表面最高温度达到535.6K,表明一体化计算方法可用于长航时飞行条件下的气动加热-结构传热多物理场耦合计算分析,为高速飞行器热防护结构设计与选材提供一定的理论与技术支持。     

考虑力/热/结构多场耦合效应的飞行弹道预测

高超声速飞行器气动力/热/结构多场耦合的一个典型效应是热弹性变形,从而引起气动力变化及配平变化,并进一步改变飞行弹道与控制方案。将FL-CAPTER高超声速多场耦合分析软件拓展至飞行力学领域,建立了考虑气动力/热/结构多场耦合效应影响的弹道模拟新方法,并针对给定舵偏角下自主配平控制的助推-压缩楔组合体外形,开展不同耦合时间尺度下的飞行弹道特性研究,初步探讨分析了多场耦合效应对飞行弹道的影响。研究结果表明：对于助推-压缩楔组合体外形,考虑多场耦合效应后,变形将带来配平迎角增大,飞行器升力、阻力同时增大,升阻比降低,弹道飞行高度增加,飞行马赫数降低,航程变短等一系列影响;同时,气动/弹道耦合计算时间步长的选取对弹道仿真结果存在较大影响,当步长选取过大时,会带来非物理振荡,导致计算结果失真;所提出的基于变形量回溯插值技术的双时间步修正方法能够有效提高弹道仿真精度,削弱因时间步长选取过大造成的非物理振荡。相关研究对认识多场耦合效应与飞行弹道的耦合机理及弹道设计等可提供重要参考。     

超音速旋转弹翼式“X-X”型导弹弹翼部分的诱导滚转力矩

本文研究的对象是以小迎角、小侧滑角和一般超音速飞行的旋转弹翼式“X-X”型导弹。当它偏转弹翼进行俯仰和偏航控制时,弹翼部分的不对称绕流会在弹翼上产生不对称载荷分布,从而诱导出滚转力矩。本文主要依据空气动力学中的细长体理论;在这个理论关于厚度问题、迎角问题和侧滑角问题的基础上,著重对两对弹翼偏转一定角度后,因气动干扰而在弹翼上产生的各种气动载荷进行了研究,并由此得出了弹翼部分诱导滚转力矩的计算公式。可以看到,它的大小与导弹的飞行条件、气动外形和操纵情况有关,一般情况下它是不大的。     

基于物理规划的高超声速飞行器滑翔式再入轨迹优化

 轨迹优化是新型高超声速滑翔式再入飞行器方案设计的关键技术之一。物理规划方法能够以较低的计算代价获得设计者偏好的多目标优化问题的折中解。基于该方法研究滑翔式再入最优飞行轨迹。首先介绍物理规划方法求解多目标优化问题的数学模型,然后将考虑射程最大、热载最小、热流密度峰值最小和弹道最稳定4个目标的再入最优轨迹问题纳入物理规划的框架求解。以某带翼锥形再入飞行器为例,通过计算并分析单目标优化结果,确定具体的偏好结构,采用遗传算法求解了考虑热流、过载、动压和终端条件约束的多目标最优轨迹。优化计算结果验证了物理规划方法的有效性。分析了沿最优轨迹飞行的物理原因和基本迎角控制规律,可为滑翔式再入飞行器的最优轨迹方案设计提供依据。     

Proportional fuzzy feed-forward architecture control validation by wind tunnel tests of a morphing wing

In aircraft wing design, engineers aim to provide the best possible aerodynamic performance under cruise flight conditions in terms of lift-to-drag ratio. Conventional control sur-faces such as flaps, ailerons, variable wing sweep and spoilers are used to trim the aircraft for other flight conditions. The appearance of the morphing wing concept launched a new challenge in the area of overall wing and aircraft performance improvement during different flight segments by locally altering the flow over the aircraft's wings. This paper describes the development and appli-cation of a control system for an actuation mechanism integrated in a new morphing wing structure. The controlled actuation system includes four similar miniature electromechanical actuators dis-posed in two parallel actuation lines. The experimental model of the morphing wing is based on a full-scale portion of an aircraft wing, which is equipped with an aileron. The upper surface of the wing is a flexible one, being closed to the wing tip; the flexible skin is made of light composite materials. The four actuators are controlled in unison to change the flexible upper surface to improve the flow quality on the upper surface by delaying or advancing the transition point from laminar to turbulent regime. The actuators transform the torque into vertical forces. Their bases are fixed on the wing ribs and their top link arms are attached to supporting plates fixed onto the flex-ible skin with screws. The actuators push or pull the flexible skin using the necessary torque until the desired vertical displacement of each actuator is achieved. The four vertical displacements of the actuators, correlated with the new shape of the wing, are provided by a database obtained through a preliminary aerodynamic optimization for specific flight conditions. The control system is designed to control the positions of the actuators in real time in order to obtain and to maintain the desired shape of the wing for a specified flight condition. The feasibility and effectiveness of the developed control system by use of a proportional fuzzy feed-forward methodology are demon-strated experimentally through bench and wind tunnel tests of the morphing wing model.     

Reconfigurable Flight Control Design for Combat Flying Wing with Multiple Control Surfaces

With control using redundant multiple control surface arrangement and large-deflection drag rudders,a combat flying wing has a higher probability for control surface failures.Therefore,its flight control system must be able to reconfigure after such failures.Considering three types of typical control surface failures(lock-in-place(LIP),loss-of-effectiveness(LOE) and float),flight control reconfiguration characteristic and capability of such aircraft types are analyzed.Because of the control surface redundancy,the aircraft using the dynamic inversion flight control law already has a control allocation block.In this paper,its flight control configuration during the above failures is achieved by modifying this block.It is shown that such a reconfigurable flight control design is valid,through numerical simulations of flight attitude control task.Results indicate that,in the circumstances of control surface failures with limited degree and the degradation of the flying quality level,a combat flying wing adopting this flight control reconfiguration approach based on control allocation could guarantee its flight safety and perform some flight combat missions.     

折叠翼变体飞行器非定常气动特性实验研究

折叠翼变体飞行器是一种可以在飞行中改变自身气动外形的新型飞行器。研制出了一种折叠翼变体飞行器的风洞实验模型,在风洞实验中测得了模型不同变体位置下的气动力以及进行变体运动时气动力的动态变化过程,并通过PIV实验手段获得模型周围的流场在变体运动过程中的变化情况。结果表明：在机翼变形过程中,折叠翼模型有明显的非定常气动现象产生,而且折叠变形的速度越大,非定常现象越明显。出现非定常现象的主要原因是变体运动对机翼前缘涡的影响。     

伸缩机翼变体飞机气动特性研究

伸缩机翼变体飞机通过机翼伸缩调整机翼展长,从而改变机翼面积和展弦比,改变飞机的气动布局和机翼的气动特性,满足多任务点的设计要求。简要介绍伸缩机翼变体飞机的发展历史,重点研究一种采用伸缩机翼设计的超音速飞机的气动特性变化。研究结果表明：亚音速时机翼展长伸长,展弦比增大,飞机诱导阻力降低,升阻比提高,可以明显提高飞机的航程;超音速时机翼展长缩短,展弦比减小,飞机的波阻降低,升阻比增大,提高了超音速飞行性能。伸缩机翼概念用于超音速飞机设计时能很好地兼顾亚音速巡航和超音速冲刺。     

飞翼布局无人机变形机翼设计与模型验证研究

对飞翼布局无人机变形机翼和变形机翼传动机构进行了设计,根据设计结果制作验证模型进行风洞实验和外场飞行试验,以此研究伸缩段机翼对飞行器机翼整体气动性能的影响。结果表明:采用变形机翼技术,可以通过实时控制机翼的气动外形保持较高的气动效率,提高飞机在巡航状态下的升力和高速飞行状态下的机动性,满足飞机在各种任务剖面的战术性能要求。     

Recent progress in flapping wing aerodynamics and aeroelasticity

Micro air vehicles (MAVs) have the potential to revolutionize our sensing and information gathering capabilities in areas such as environmental monitoring and homeland security. Flapping wings with suitable wing kinematics, wing shapes, and flexible structures can enhance lift as well as thrust by exploiting large-scale vortical flow structures under various conditions. However, the scaling invariance of both fluid dynamics and structural dynamics as the size changes is fundamentally difficult. The focus of this review is to assess the recent progress in flapping wing aerodynamics and aeroelasticity. It is realized that a variation of the Reynolds number (wing sizing, flapping frequency, etc.) leads to a change in the leading edge vortex (LEV) and spanwise flow structures, which impacts the aerodynamic force generation. While in classical stationary wing theory, the tip vortices (TiVs) are seen as wasted energy, in flapping flight, they can interact with the LEV to enhance lift without increasing the power requirements. Surrogate modeling techniques can assess the aerodynamic outcomes between two- and three-dimensional wing. The combined effect of the TiVs, the LEV, and jet can improve the aerodynamics of a flapping wing. Regarding aeroelasticity, chordwise flexibility in the forward flight can substantially adjust the projected area normal to the flight trajectory via shape deformation, hence redistributing thrust and lift. Spanwise flexibility in the forward flight creates shape deformation from the wing root to the wing tip resulting in varied phase shift and effective angle of attack distribution along the wing span. Numerous open issues in flapping wing aerodynamics are highlighted.     

非结冰气象条件下机翼热气防冰系统数值模拟

为了在自然结冰飞行前预估飞机防冰系统的性能,减少飞行风险,开展了非结冰气象条件下飞机机翼热气防冰系统的数值模拟研究。数值模拟采用了计算流体力学方法;外部对流传热系数的计算采用附面层积分方法。机翼热气防冰系统表面温度的计算是将蒙皮外部散热热流、内部热气加热热流以及蒙皮导热三者进行热耦合,并进行了改进,改进的方法不要求防冰腔内、外两套网格在重合面网格处一致,是通过双向线性插值将一方面网格信息插值传递到另一方表面网格上,提高了计算效率。     

基于Isight的倾转旋翼飞行器前飞状态翼型优化

倾转旋翼飞行器被认为是下一代旋翼类飞行器的主要发展方向,研究其机翼的气动优化设计,对于提高该类飞行器的飞行性能具有重要意义。以NACA2412为原始翼型,首先,采用Hicks-Henne方法进行翼型参数化,并确定设计变量;其次,采用Isight集成翼型生成、网格划分、流场求解等软件,建立翼型自动优化平台;然后,采用基于最优拉丁超立方设计(Opt LHD)和径向基函数(RBF)的代理模型,并用多岛遗传算法(MIGA)进行机翼优化;最后,将优化后的翼型生成三维机翼,进行气动特性计算。优化过程中,对比两种边界条件的优化结果,以证明所用优化方法的有效性;为了减少计算量,使用动量源方法用作用盘代替旋翼。结果表明:根据机翼展向来流速度分布进行翼型优化,在前飞状态下优化后的机翼的升阻比提高了66.03%。     

无人机近距编队飞行建模与仿真

无人机编队飞行有着单架无人机无法比拟的优点,但属于较新的研究领域。从无人机未来发展需求出发,根据近距编队的特点,提出了一种近距编队控制方法,并以双机近距编队为基础对控制律设计和算法实现进行了研究。通过建立僚机旋转参考系下的双机编队相对运动模型,同时考虑长机翼尖涡对僚机产生的气动耦合效应,基于PI控制设计了一种无人机近距编队飞行控制器,通过仿真验证和比较分析,证明僚机可以很好地跟随长机的机动保持编队构型,验证了提出的编队飞行控制方法的可行性和有效性。     

Unsteady aerodynamics and flow control for flapping wing flyers

The creation of micro air vehicles (MAVs) of the same general sizes and weight as natural fliers has spawned renewed interest in flapping wing flight. With a wingspan of approximately 15 cm and a flight speed of a few meters per second, MAVs experience the same low Reynolds number (10⁴–10⁵) flight conditions as their biological counterparts. In this flow regime, rigid fixed wings drop dramatically in aerodynamic performance while flexible flapping wings gain efficacy and are the preferred propulsion method for small natural fliers. Researchers have long realized that steady-state aerodynamics does not properly capture the physical phenomena or forces present in flapping flight at this scale. Hence, unsteady flow mechanisms must dominate this regime. Furthermore, due to the low flight speeds, any disturbance such as gusts or wind will dramatically change the aerodynamic conditions around the MAV. In response, a suitable feedback control system and actuation technology must be developed so that the wing can maintain its aerodynamic efficiency in this extremely dynamic situation; one where the unsteady separated flow field and wing structure are tightly coupled and interact nonlinearly. For instance, birds and bats control their flexible wings with muscle tissue to successfully deal with rapid changes in the flow environment. Drawing from their example, perhaps MAVs can use lightweight actuators in conjunction with adaptive feedback control to shape the wing and achieve active flow control. This article first reviews the scaling laws and unsteady flow regime constraining both biological and man-made fliers. Then a summary of vortex dominated unsteady aerodynamics follows. Next, aeroelastic coupling and its effect on lift and thrust are discussed. Afterwards, flow control strategies found in nature and devised by man to deal with separated flows are examined. Recent work is also presented in using microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) actuators and angular speed variation to achieve active flow control for MAVs. Finally, an explanation for aerodynamic gains seen in flexible versus rigid membrane wings, derived from an unsteady three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics model with an integrated distributed control algorithm, is presented.