悬停共轴双旋翼干扰流动数值模拟

基于非结构动态嵌套网格方法,通过求解三维非定常Euler方程对悬停共轴双旋翼直升机的复杂流场进行了数值模拟研究.双旋翼之间的干扰使得两者的拉力性能下降,上旋翼对下旋翼的干扰程度远大于下旋翼对上旋翼的影响程度.下旋翼处的下洗速度比单旋翼的要大得多,而上旋翼的下洗速度比单旋翼的略大一些,几乎相同.桨叶总星巨角增加,则下洗速...     

共轴双旋翼自转气动特性

为了研究共轴双旋翼自转状态下的气动特性,开展了共轴双旋翼自转气动特性理论和试验研究.采用叶素理论计算旋翼力及力矩特性,引入气动干扰模型及动态入流捕捉旋翼流场的变化,对共轴双旋翼自转状态下的气动特性进行了理论分析和计算.风洞吹风试验与理论模型计算对比分析表明:旋翼转速较大时的误差小于5%,验证了理论模型的有效性.获得了上/下旋翼转速及升力随着总距角、后倒角、上/下旋翼间距及风速的变化关系.对比分析了上/下旋翼的相互气动干扰强度,获得了有效的共轴双旋翼自转时旋翼拉力分配的计算方法.      

共轴刚性旋翼悬停状态地面效应气动特性

为了研究地面效应下共轴刚性旋翼的气动特性,建立了一套基于非定常雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程的气动干扰数值方法,采用运动嵌套网格模拟双旋翼的反转运动。地面采用无滑移边界条件,并对旋翼和地面附近的网格进行加密,以更好地捕捉旋翼的流场细节和尾迹特征。计算结果与Lynx尾桨试验结果进行对比,验证了所建立方法的有效性。对地面效应下共轴刚性旋翼的气动性能和流场进行分析,结果发现：相对于单独的上下旋翼而言,共轴旋翼地面效应下的拉力增益更大,这是由于上下旋翼桨叶表面的压强干扰受地面高压的影响而减弱;地面的干扰主要影响双旋翼尾迹的径向位置,对其轴向位置影响不大,上下旋翼尾迹在地面附近相互融合、分裂,形成复杂的桨尖涡尾迹;双旋翼在地效下的尾迹径向扩张半径比单旋翼大,这是由于双旋翼的径向射流速度更大;随着旋翼距地面高度的增加,双旋翼间的气动干扰强度逐渐恢复,因此下旋翼拉力增益的下降速度比上旋翼更大;共轴旋翼桨尖涡相对卷起高度和扩张半径均随离地高度增加而减小。     

悬停状态共轴刚性双旋翼非定常流动干扰机理

基于运动嵌套网格方法,建立了一套适合于悬停状态下共轴刚性双旋翼非定常干扰流场分析的计算流体力学(CFD)方法。首先,基于高效的运动嵌套网格技术,采用积分形式的可压雷诺平均Navier-Stokes(RANS)方程作为双旋翼非定常流场求解控制方程,湍流模型选用Baldwin-Lomax模型,时间推进采用双时间方法。在CFD方法的验证基础之上,对干扰过程中的桨尖涡涡核位置及强度演变规律进行了细致分析,揭示了共轴双旋翼非定常干扰流场中上、下旋翼桨尖涡与双旋翼桨叶之间的贴近干扰、碰撞现象,以及上、下旋翼桨尖涡之间的相互干扰机理。然后,进一步研究了不同总距角下的共轴旋翼系统中上、下旋翼的非定常气动特性以及影响规律。计算结果表明:上旋翼桨叶的桨尖涡会直接与下旋翼桨叶发生碰撞,导致下旋翼桨叶拉力损失;上旋翼桨叶的桨尖涡和下旋翼桨叶的桨尖涡相互干扰,改变了桨尖涡的强度和轨迹;上、下旋翼桨叶相互靠近时,上、下旋翼桨叶的拉力均会上升,之后相互远离时上、下旋翼桨叶拉力均会先下降再上升。     

共轴式双旋翼流动的 N-S 方程模拟

通过数值求解带有动量源项的三维不可压缩N-S方程,模拟了共轴式双旋翼的流动。通过与单旋翼流场的下洗速度分布的比较,探讨了两旋翼间相互干扰的特性,并讨论了双旋翼的旋翼间距、前进比及桨根安装角等参数对流动的影响。     

共轴刚性双旋翼/机身干扰流场数值模拟

采用滑移网格技术求解Navier-Stokes (RANS)方程的方法,研究了共轴刚性双旋翼/机身的干扰问题。通过Caradonna-Tung旋翼、Robin直升机、Maryland直升机旋翼/机身干扰和Harrington 2共轴双旋翼等算例,验证了所提出的旋翼流场数值模拟方法的正确性。在此基础上,以Maryland机身为原型,分析了不同桨距的共轴刚性双旋翼与机身之间的干扰特性。结果表明:所提出的数值模拟方法能够很好地模拟共轴刚性双旋翼/机身的气动干扰特性;由于机身对于共轴刚性双旋翼下洗流场的阻滞作用,旋翼的悬停效率增加5%左右,并且随着拉力系数的增大使得悬停效率的增量更加明显;旋翼的悬停效率增加主要来源于下旋翼0°方位角附近的桨叶升力系数的增大,并且拉力系数的增量由桨根向桨尖方向逐渐减小。      

共轴刚性旋翼的悬停气动性能和流场干扰

建立了一种基于RANS (雷诺平均Navier Stokes)方程的共轴刚性旋翼悬停流场数值模拟方法。使用旋翼亚声速和跨声速悬停实验结果,验证了该方法的准确性。对刚性旋翼XH 59A流场模拟表明:气动特性与飞行实验结果比较吻合,共轴旋翼特性优于同实度单旋翼,具备更高的悬停效率。对比半实度单旋翼气动性能,受下旋翼对流动的抽吸影响,上旋翼性能略有下降;下旋翼性能下降更甚,主要是因为处于上旋翼下洗流中,其有效迎角减小。数值方法获得该旋翼最高悬停效率为67%,总距角为14°,14°。对比研究表明,共轴刚性旋翼较常规共轴旋翼极间距小,悬停性能更高。      

悬停状态共轴双旋翼桨叶扭转气动特性

针对桨叶气动性能的提高,建立了一套基于悬停状态的共轴双旋翼桨叶扭转设计方法.在该方法中,设定单旋翼桨叶扭转几何安装角,通过仿真验证,合理的桨叶扭转,可提高旋翼性能7.0%;根据桨尖涡对桨叶的影响,以及共轴双旋翼气动特性,分别对桨尖几何安装角及上下旋翼几何安装角进行修正,实现悬停状态共轴双旋翼桨叶扭转设计.最后,对所设计的共轴双旋翼进行模拟仿真,结果表明该扭转翼较未经扭转的矩形翼升力提高了10.3%.      

旋翼几何参数对共轴双旋翼悬停性能的影响

为研究旋翼几何参数对共轴双旋翼悬停性能的影响,建立了基于自由尾迹法和2阶升力线法的共轴双旋翼气动模型,分别计算和分析了共轴双旋翼的旋翼翼型、上下旋翼半径之比、上下旋翼间距、桨叶扭转角以及桨叶尖削比等参数对共轴双旋翼悬停性能的影响,最后基于分析结果综合优化了悬停状态下各旋翼的几何参数.结果表明:旋翼翼型、上下旋翼间距、桨叶扭转角以及桨叶尖削比对共轴双旋翼悬停性能有一定的影响,上下旋翼间距对其影响较小,综合优化旋翼在拉力系数为0.01时与基准旋翼相比,扭矩系数降低10.5%,悬停效率提高9.5%.     

共轴式直升机双旋翼载荷计算模型研究

理论计算和实验测量表明,共轴式直升机在悬停、前飞状态下,上下旋翼桨盘处轴向诱导速度分布与单旋翼直升机的相类似,本文根据共轴式直升机双旋翼这一特点,引入气动力相互干扰因子,将单旋翼直升机一阶谐波形式的Pitt-Peters静态非均匀入流模型推广到共轴式直升机,建立了一种共轴双旋翼载荷计算模型,为共轴式直升机飞行动力学建模作前期准备。以某共轴双旋翼为研究对象进行载荷计算,并与国外计算结果进行了对比,两者吻合较好。      

有翼高超声速再入飞行器气动设计难点问题

有翼高超声速再入飞行器是近年来的研究热点,气动设计是飞行器设计的关键。为了更清楚地认识有翼高超声速再入飞行器气动设计的难点问题,对有翼高超声速再入飞行器的发展、优势及总体任务剖面进行了介绍,从5个方面详细介绍了该类飞行器气动设计的难点问题,包括多约束复杂面对称气动布局设计、高温真实气体效应对气动特性影响、天地差异与天地换算方法、反作用控制系统(RCS)喷流干扰对气动特性的影响以及气动数据不确定度等,简要阐明了这些难点问题对总体设计的重要性以及初步的解决思路,为有翼高超声速再入飞行器气动设计提供了一些参考。     

Simulation and Analysis of Crashworthiness of Fuel Tank for Helicopters

Crashworthiness requirement of fuel tanks is one of the important requirements in helicopter designs. The relations among the protection frame, textile layer and rubber layer of the fuel tank are introduced. Two appropriate FE models are established, one is for an uncovered helicopter fuel tank without protection frame, and the other is for fuel tank with protection frame. The dynamic responses of the two types of fuel tanks impinging on the ground with velocities of 17.3 m/s are numerically simulated for the purpose of analyzing energy-absorbing capabilities of the textile layer and protection frame. The feasibility of the current crashworthiness design of the fuel tank is examined though comparing the dynamic response behaviors of the two fuel tanks.     

The effect of inlet conditions on the flow and heat transfer in multiple rotating cavity with axial throughflow

This paper discusses experimental results from two different build configurations of a heated multiple rotating cavity test rig.Measurements of heat transfer from the discs and tangential velocities are presented.The test rig is a 70% full scale version of a high pressure compressor stack of an axial gas turbine engine.Of particular interest are the internal cylindrical cavities formed by adjacent discs and the interaction of these with a central axial throughflow of cooling air.Tests were carried out for a range of non-dimensional parameters representative of high pressure compressor internal air system flows(Re up to 5×106 and Rez up to 2×105).Two different builds have been tested.The most significant difference between these two build configurations is the size of the annular gap between the(non-rotating) drive shaft and the bores of the discs.The heat transfer data were obtained from thermocouple measurements of surface temperature and a conduction solution method.The velocity measurements were made using a two component,LDA system.The heat transfer results from the discs show differences between the two builds.This is attributed to the wider annular gap allowing more of the throughflow to penetrate into the cavity.There are also significant differences between the radial distributions of tangential velocity in the two builds of the test rig.For the narrow annular gap,there is an increase of non-dimensional tangential velocity V/Ωr with radial location to solid body rotation V/Ωr=1.For the wider annular gap,the non-dimensional velocities show a decrease with radial location to solid body rotation.      

突破技术趋同，波音再现竞争优势

 波音公司面临着来自空客公司的巨大挑战,企业战略性创新才是公司成功的关键。为此波音公司的全部战略性研究集中在扩大产品的差异性上,体现在3个方面：电子化（e-Enabled）运营环境、整体复合材料机身部件的制造技术和支持波音787客机的全球协同环境（GCE）。     

临近空间飞行器测控与信息传输系统频段选择

 临近空间飞行器是高性能信息化武器平台,测控（TT&;C）与信息传输系统是其信息保障的核心,而选择合理、可行的频段是展开系统设计的前提和基础。频段选择影响到整个技术方案的制定,是一个需综合考虑、影响深远并具有战略意义的关键问题,从国际电联（ITU）国际标准、高速数传、接收信噪比（SNR）、“三抗”、超视距中继、黑障、雨衰以及设备研制成熟度8个方面全面、细致论证了近空间平台测控系统的频段选择问题,最终得出在视距链路中以Ka频段为宜,在超视距链路中以Ku/Ka双频段为宜的结论。     

基于弯曲激波压缩系统的高超声速进气道反设计研究进展

总结了近十年来弯曲激波压缩研究的主要成果。提出了弯曲激波压缩系统的新概念,即利用特殊设计的楔形弯曲压缩面或空间弯曲压缩面,产生一系列与前缘弱激波相互交汇或叠加的压缩波系,从而使前缘激波弯曲,形成特殊的弯曲激波,它与波后的等熵压缩波来共同完成对气流的压缩。在此基础上,实现了由给定出口气动参数的超声速内流道反设计,实现了由给定压缩面压力分布和给定压缩面马赫数分布要求的型面反设计,实现了由给定激波波面的压缩型面反设计。研究证明,弯曲压缩面-弯曲激波压缩系统具有良好的综合气动性能,为高性能高超声速进气系统的气动设计提供了一种全新的设计方法。     

Experimental Study on Effects of Fuel Injection on Scramjet Combustor Performance

In order to investigate the effects of fuel injection distribution on the scramjet combustor performance, there are conducted three sets of test on a hydrocarbon fueled direct-connect scramjet test facility. The results of Test A, whose fuel injection is carried out with injectors located on the top-wall and the bottom-wall, show that the fuel injection with an appropriate close-front and centralized distribution would be of much help to optimize combustor performances. The results of Test B, whose fuel injection is performed at the optimal injection locations found in Test A, with a given equivalence ratio and different injection proportions for each injector, show that this injection mode is of little benefit to improve combustor performances. The results of Test C with a circumferential fuel injection distribution displaies the possibility of ameliorating combustor performance. By analyzing the effects of injection location parameters on combustor performances on the base of the data of Test C, it is clear that the injector location has strong coupled influences on combus- tor performances. In addition, an inner-force synthesis specific impulse is used to reduce the errors caused by the disturbance of fuel supply and working state of air heater while assessing combustor performances.     

(高)超声速流动试验技术及研究进展

近年来,与高速飞行器相关的(高)超声速流动受到了极大的关注。这类流动所具有的非定常性、强梯度和可压缩性对试验方法和风洞设计技术提出了挑战。超声速纳米示踪平面激光散射(NPLS)技术是由作者所在团队研发的非接触光学测试技术。它能够以较高的空间分辨率来揭示超声速三维流场的一个瞬态剖面的时间解析的流动结构。介绍了NPLS技术以及基于NPLS开发的密度场测量、雷诺应力测量和气动光学波前测量等方法,并回顾了这些技术在超声速边界层、超声速混合层、超声速压缩拐角、激波/边界层相互作用和光学头罩绕流等流动中的应用,清晰地再现了边界层、混合层、激波等典型流场结构及其时空演化特性。另外,为了模拟和研究高空大气条件下边界层自然转捩和超声速混合层的转捩特性,介绍了高超声速静风洞、超-超混合层风洞的设计技术以及层流化喷管的设计方法。     

Research on Auto-detection for Remainder Particles of Aerospace Relay Based on Wavelet Analysis

Aerospace relay is one kind of electronic components which is used widely in national defense system and aerospace system. The existence of remainder particles induces the reliability declining, which has become a severe problem in the development of aerospace relay. Traditional particle impact noise detection (PIND) method for remainder detection is ineffective for small particles, due to its low precision and involvement of subjective factors. An auto-detection method for PIND output signals is proposed in this paper, which is based on direct wavelet de-noising (DWD), cross-correlation analysis (CCA) and homo-filtering (HF), the method enhances the affectiv-ity of PIND test about the small particles. In the end, some practical PIND output signals are analysed, and the validity of this new method is proved.