寿命的可靠性综论(三)——故障更新信息的汇总、分析、改进系统及维修策略

产品出了故障就要维修,到了使用寿命不报废就要更新,为此需要设计一个维修更新系统。在产品设计中偶然故障的可靠性预计的基本假设是:产品组成单元故障率之和即产品故障率。本文通过实际数据揭示,硬件故障只是产品故障的一部分。根本的办法是在预计的初步基础上,全面、详细地统计分析现场故障,从产品各方面有针对性地进行改进。因此建立全面的故障更新信息的汇总、分析、改进系统极为重要。维修性的数学模型应从现场数据总结并求数值解。备件的费用取决于备件价格。本文导出了最佳备件数公式,一般用数值法求解。它的最简单情况即古典运筹学中的库存公式。     

“我找对了老公”——刘伯明妻子张瑶访谈

张瑶的笑容和刘伯明的极其相似,安静而活泼、踏实又幸福,俨然成了舒服的自处。自得其乐的人说起话来也娓娓道来,慢慢的、淡淡的,不经意间,已然是篇美好的故事:"我们俩是老乡,又是一所中学的,他比我高两届。我母亲当时是中学校长,刘伯明高二时,母亲代过他们班语文课,当时他就给母亲留下了很深的印象。后来考上飞行员也是我母亲送他去的。从那之后的五六年间,他一直和我母亲保持通信,汇报学习和工作,谈人生、谈理想。有一次,我母亲就问他有对象没,想找个什么样的。他说还没有,找个能独立理家的就行。"说到这儿,张瑶的脸上多了一抹灿烂。     

冯·布劳恩的“火星梦”

或许因为火星人的传说。或许因为火星极地冰冠的存在。人类对探索火星有着异乎寻常的热情。1948年，随着V-2导弹测试项目接近尾声。航天专家沃纳·冯·布劳恩闲暇时写了一部火星探险的科幻小说。虽然小说文学性缺乏，但作为工程师的冯·布劳恩在手稿附录中列出了全面的工程运算数据和图表。     

绚烂如夏花静美如秋叶——记英国首位女航天员海伦·沙曼

80年代的世界航天领域—直都由苏联和美国主导。其他国家的航天员也是鲜有耳闻。1991年来自英国的航天员海伦·沙曼（HelenPatriciaSharman）首次访问了太空，这引起了不小的轰动。因为她是继苏联和美国之后第三国走出的第一位进入太空的女航天员。而且她有个特殊的身份一一青年化学家。一时间沙曼聚焦了无数的目光，人们对这位英国的女航天员充满了好奇。     

有朋远方来——中欧航天员交流记——中欧航天员训练交流全扫描

人类凭借智慧和汗水，已经踏足到越来越深远的太空。火星也许很快就会成为人类下一个登陆的目标。但这样庞大的工程，绝非一国之力能够负担得起。多国合作是未来唯一的选择。     

NASA风洞实验室一览

风洞源自于英语“Windtunnel”。通过人工控制的气流,模拟测试物体在不同气动环境中的表现。最早的风洞专门用来研究飞机的气动性能。随着航天技术的发展,各种各样的飞行器开始出现。风洞实验室开始服务于航天领域,工程师们利用不同的风洞,测试航天器发射后各阶段的气动性能。     

FAA新的空中交通管制系统指挥中心破土动工

美国空中交通管制系统的管理中心将于2011年搬迁到弗吉尼亚州的沃伦顿。届时,一个新的FAA空中交通管制系统指挥中心将会落成。近日,美国联邦和地方的官员对新的设施进行了开工奠基。位于华盛顿杜勒斯国际机场的现有的指挥中心将在2011年租约到期时被关闭。新的FAA指挥中心建筑面积达到63000平方英尺。该指挥中心将设有联邦航空局波拖马可终端管制单位以及一个服务于华盛顿、     

新疆苇子峡的见证——21世纪中国首次日全食侧记

日全食,日月台璧,天地混沌,稍纵即逝,比宝石更稀少,比昙花一现更短暂,比电闪雷鸣更精心动魄。它以罕见、惊人的壮美景象,吸引了无数的学者和天文爱好者。2008年8月1日发生的日全食是本世纪我国境内首次可见到的日全食,引起了国内外天文学家和天文爱好者的共同关注。新疆哈密地区伊吾县苇子峡乡作为本次日食的最佳观测地点,在这一天迎来了成千上万从异国他乡远道而来的观测者。大家在这里一起见证了这一令人叹为观止的天象奇观。     

2012：太空龙图腾

2012，中国龙年。注定是不平凡的一年。 近些年有关2012世界末日的话题在全球炒得沸沸扬扬。如果玛雅预言一开始只让人们感到神秘奇特。那么好莱坞灾难警示大片《2012》则用直接生动、恐怖怖厶的影视效应进一步唤起了．人们对自身命运的强烈关注。尤其越来越频繁、越来越离奇、越来越严重的世界范围的自然灾害——地震、海啸、火山爆发、水涝旱灾……更让人们忧心忡忡甚至感到恐慌。     

从管制的角度看设备保障

在整个空管保障体系中。风险最大的是管制部门。这是多年来自发形成的概念，且已成为共识。这犹如民航系统中．风险最大的是飞行一样。空管其它部门，如通信、气象、情报、网络等，虽然有风险，但是这些风险归根结底都是通过管制暴露出去的。过去，我们通常采用对管制员加强在设备故障时的应急演练来适度规避这种风险。但当前流量飞速增长，考虑到设备故障的突发性，这已不是一个能解决所有问题的手段了。     

JIRAM, the image spectrometer in the near infrared on board the Juno mission to Jupiter

The Jovian InfraRed Auroral Mapper (JIRAM) has been accepted by NASA for inclusion in the New Frontiers mission "Juno," which will launch in August 2011. JIRAM will explore the dynamics and the chemistry of Jupiter's auroral regions by high-contrast imaging and spectroscopy. It will also analyze jovian hot spots to determine their vertical structure and infer possible mechanisms for their formation. JIRAM will sound the jovian meteorological layer to map moist convection and determine water abundance and other constituents at depths that correspond to several bars pressure. JIRAM is equipped with a single telescope that accommodates both an infrared camera and a spectrometer to facilitate a large observational flexibility in obtaining simultaneous images in the L and M bands with the spectral radiance over the central zone of the images. Moreover, JIRAM will be able to perform spectral imaging of the planet in the 2.0-5.0 microm interval of wavelengths with a spectral resolution better than 10 nm. Instrument design, modes, and observation strategy will be optimized for operations onboard a spinning satellite in polar orbit around Jupiter. The JIRAM heritage comes from Italian-made, visual-infrared imaging spectrometers dedicated to planetary exploration, such as VIMS-V on Cassini, VIRTIS on Rosetta and Venus Express, and VIR-MS on the Dawn mission.     

小型通信卫星在未来全球信息高速公路网中的作用

中小型通信卫星在未来混合型网络结构中将扮演重要角色。这种混合网络将为各种信息业务提供随时随地可访问的多媒体通道。本文旨在考察即将问世的全球信息基础结构（简称信息高速公路，ＮＩＩ）的基本概念。卫星通信将是未来这些混合网络结构赖以存在的核心传输结构中的一个重要组成部分。现代技术的突飞猛进使得未来中小规模的卫星就拥有建立明天高速信息网所必需的高性能。本文着重探讨了小卫星在建立未来信息高速公路中所起的作用。     

An innovative approach for distributed and integrated resources planning for the Space Station Freedom

The widely distributed nature of the Space Station Freedom program, plus continuous multi-year operations will force program planners to develop innovative planning concepts. The traditional centralized planning operation will not be adequate. It will be replaced by multiple small planning centers working within guidelines issued by a central planning authority. Plans will not be optimized; rather, operating efficiency and user flexibility will be blended to satisfy program goals. The key to this new approach is the application of new planning methodologies and system development technologies to accommodate distributed resources that must be integrated. Resources will be distributed to the multiple planning entities in such a way that, when the several plans are built and then integrated, they will fit together with minimal modification. The plan itself will be an envelope schedule containing resource limits and constraint boundaries within which users will be free to make choices of the specific activities they will execute, up to the time of execution. Some level of margin within program guidelines will be built in to allow for variation and unforeseen change. This paper presents the authors' recommended planning approach and cites two NASA systems being developed that will utilize these resource distribution/integration planning concepts, methodologies and development technologies.     

New microgravity fundamental physics research areas in the ISS era

NASA's microgravity fundamental physics program has used the Space Shuttle to perform high resolutions experiments in space. As we come to the end of the Shuttle era, we will begin to perform research aboard the ISS. A large stable of ground based experiments have been selected from NASA Research Announcements in a variety of disciplines. These investigations will form the backbone from which to select future flight candidates. Research in Laser Cooling and Atomic Physics will enable us to operate highly precise clocks in space. Low temperature physics experiments will use a liquid helium facility with a six-month lifetime. This facility can also support experiments in gravitational physics. Researchers in biological physics will be offered an opportunity to develop future experiments that can benefit from space experimentation. An overview of the future research directions and the benefits to the community of performing research aboard the ISS will be presented.     

Chandrayaan-1 mission to the Moon

Chandrayaan-1 is the first Indian planetary exploration mission that will perform remote sensing observation of the Moon to further our understanding about its origin and evolution. Hyper-spectral studies in the 0.4– region using three different imaging spectrometers, coupled with a low energy X-ray spectrometer, a sub-keV atom analyzer, a 3D terrain mapping camera and a laser ranging instrument will provide data on mineralogical and chemical composition and topography of the lunar surface at high spatial resolution. A low energy gamma ray spectrometer and a miniature imaging radar will investigate volatile transport on lunar surface and possible presence of water ice in the polar region. A radiation dose monitor will provide an estimation of energetic particle flux en route to the Moon as well as in lunar orbit. An impact probe carrying a mass spectrometer will also be a part of the spacecraft. The 1 ton class spacecraft will be launched by using a variant of flight proven indigenous Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV-XL). The spacecraft will be finally placed in a 100 km circular polar orbit around the Moon with a planned mission life of two years.     

On the origin of satellite swarms

For a species to develop in nature basically two things are needed: an enabling technology and a “niche”. In spacecraft design the story is the same. Both a suitable technology and a niche application need to be there before a new generation of spacecraft can be developed. In the last century two technologies have emerged which had and still have a huge impact on the development of technical systems: Micro-Electronics (ME) and Micro-Systems Technology (MST). Many different terrestrial systems have changed dramatically since the introduction of ME and MST and many new systems have emerged. In the same period many nano-satellites have been built and launched and shown that they can perform in space. Still it is not clear what the specific role of these small satellites will be. Where will they go? What will they do? In this paper the authors will try to answer these questions and will refer to the OLFAR space born radio telescope as one of the niche applications for a nano-satellite swarm.     

The challenge of the US space station

We are on the verge of a new era of commercial and industrial expansion in space that will have a major impact on America's future and on the future of the world. It is a turning point that will set the US national agenda in space well into the 21st century, and, as such, will have an important impact on space-related activities worldwide. The USA is now gearing up to face the challenges of this new era. James Beggs, NASA Administrator, describes the US space station programme.     

From Earth's orbit to the outer planets and beyond: Psychological issues in space

Current planning for the first interplanetary expedition to Mars envisions a crew of 6 or 7 people and a mission duration of around 2.5 years. However, this time frame is much less than that expected on expeditions to the outer solar system, where total mission durations of 10 years or more are likely. Although future technological breakthroughs in propulsion systems and space vehicle construction may speed up transit times, for now we must realistically consider the psychological impact of missions lasting for one or more decades.Available information largely deals with on-orbit missions. In research that involved Mir and ISS missions lasting up to 7 months, our group and others have studied the effects of psychological and interpersonal issues on crewmembers and on the crew-ground relationship. We also studied the positive effects of being in space. However, human expeditions to the outer planets and beyond will introduce a number of new psychological and interpersonal stressors that have not been experienced before. There will be unprecedented levels of isolation and monotony, real-time communication with the Earth will not be possible, the crew will have to work autonomously, there will be great dependence on computers and other technical resources located on board, and the Earth will become an insignificant dot in space or will even disappear from view entirely.Strategies for dealing with psychological issues involving missions to the outer solar system and beyond will be considered and discussed, including those related to new technologies being considered for interstellar missions, such as traveling at a significant fraction of the speed of light, putting crewmembers in suspended animation, or creating giant self-contained generation ships of colonists who will not return to Earth.     

An international relations perspective on the consequences of SETI

Can we envision what the laws of politics and the laws of ethics will be in extraterrestrial civilizations? The laws of physics and chemistry will be the same. Presumably, if there are biospheres in other solar systems, the nature of biology will be the same. Over time evolution may produce the same forms of consciousness and intelligence as we see on earth. However, the political and ethical systems on earth are diverse. Often our images of extraterrestrial civilizations are mere projections of earthly patterns of conflict and cooperation. Perhaps over time the many civilizations and patterns on earth will evolve into one global civilization with harmonious political and ethical norms. These may be the same in universal civilizations if evolution is a cosmic process.