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火星探测将是21世纪头十年世界航天的重头戏,美国和俄罗斯都制订了火星探测计划。美国在1976年海盗号成功着陆火星之后,1997年又发射了探路者和火星漫游车“索杰纳”。人们对开发火星的热情越来越高。 鉴于阿波罗载人登月计划耗资巨大,在火星计划中,为节约巨额资金和减少宇航员的风险,将首先由火星车作为先遣部队和开路先锋,率先登上火星。 相似文献
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开往火星的欧洲快车
2003年的6月是一个令全球航天界、天文界乃至整个科技界及其爱好者兴奋不已的月份,因为在这个月里,欧洲和美国分别发射了各自的火星探测器。这不是什么巧合,而是由于2003年8月27日火星与地球的相对距离最近(约5000多万千米,该距离每5万年才遇到一次),这意味着在6月份发射探测器到达火星的时间最短。所以,欧洲和美国在同一个月里使出各自的“看家本事”,其中欧洲火星探测是“大姑娘上轿头一回”。 相似文献
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地磁场是地球的重要物理场之一, 地磁学在地球与空间物理以及地质等领域具有极为重要的作用. 强便利性、低成本、广空间范围的磁场测量方法与高精度、多维度的地磁测量数据的获取, 是地磁学等领域科学与应用研究得以深入的重要依据. 为解决基于高精度磁强计的原位磁场测量方法在效率和探测范围等方面的局限, 遥感探测已经逐渐开始成为一个新的磁场探测研究领域. 本文基于微波辐射计遥感手段的地磁场遥感探测方法, 综合分析了地磁场微波遥感技术方法的基本原理、研究进展与应用现状, 并在此基础上讨论了其在探测能力等方面的需求、技术难点及未来的发展趋势, 进而对未来磁场遥感探测研究, 例如行星磁场遥感探测等提出了新的展望. 相似文献
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火星等离子体环境探测 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
萤火一号(YH-1)探测器将对火星空间环境进行独立而深入的探测研究,探测各空间区域的等离子体特性及其对太阳风扰动的响应,以及火星离子逃逸过程,研究太阳风对火星水体损失的影响。为了实现这一目标,萤火一号搭载了等离子体探测包,包括2个离子分析器和1个电子分析器,具有较高的时间分辨率、能量分辨率,可以探测0.02~10 keV的离子、电子,同时能够对粒子的入射方向及1~44 au(1 au=9.1095×10~(-31)kg)质量范围内的离子成分进行分辨。本文阐述了萤火一号等离子体探测的科学意义,并对等离子体包的工作原理,仪器设计进行了介绍。 相似文献
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地磁场是地球的重要物理场之一,地磁学在地球与空间物理以及地质等领域具有极为重要的作用.强便利性、低成本、广空间范围的磁场测量方法与高精度、多维度的地磁测量数据的获取,是地磁学等领域科学与应用研究得以深入的重要依据.为解决基于高精度磁强计的原位磁场测量方法在效率和探测范围等方面的局限,遥感探测已经逐渐开始成为一个新的磁场探测研究领域.本文基于微波辐射计遥感手段的地磁场遥感探测方法,综合分析了地磁场微波遥感技术方法的基本原理、研究进展与应用现状,并在此基础上讨论了其在探测能力等方面的需求、技术难点及未来的发展趋势,进而对未来磁场遥感探测研究,例如行星磁场遥感探测等提出了新的展望. 相似文献
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火星已经成为深空探测的重要目标之一, 登陆火星并在火星生存是人类探测火星的终极目标, 因此电离层是必须了解的火星电磁环境. 火星电离层探测包括直接探测和间接探测. 直接探测精度高, 有较高的空间分辨率, 但是观测时间短, 无法提供长期稳定的探测结果. 对火星电离层的间接探测结果主要来自无线电掩星探测和顶部雷达探测. 无线电掩星探测可实现对火星电离层整个电子密度剖面的长期稳定探测, 但其空间水平分辨率较低, 且可探测的电离层太阳天顶角范围受到地球与火星轨道的限制. 顶部雷达探测对火星电离层的探测具有很高的时间分辨率和空间分辨率, 且同样可进行长期稳定探测, 为火星电离层研究提供了最新的支持. 通过对火星电离层探测的基本方法及典型观测结果的分析, 提出通过几种探测方法适当结合的方式, 同时对火星电离层进行观测, 能够大大推进对火星电离层的研究. 相似文献
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This paper gives a brief introduction of YingHuo-1 (YH-1), a Chinese Martian Space Environment Exploration Orbiter. YH-1 is a micro-satellite developed by Chinese Aerospace Industry,and will be launched together with Russian spacecraft, Phobos-Grunt, to orbit Mars in September,2009. Four payloads are selected for the mission, plasma package, including of electron analyzer, ion energy and mass analyzer; sat-sat occultation receiver; flux-gate magnetometer; and optical monitor.YH-1 mission focus on the investigation of the characteristics and its evolution of the Martian space Environment, and identifying major plasma processes, which provide channels for Martian volatiles escaping. 相似文献
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This paper gives a brief introduction of YingHuo-1 (YH-1), a Chinese Martian Space Environment Exploration Orbiter. YH-1 is a micro-satellite developed by Chinese Aerospace Industry,and will be launched together with Russian spacecraft, Phobos-Grunt, to orbit Mars in September,2009. Four payloads are selected for the mission, plasma package, including of electron analyzer, ion energy and mass analyzer; sat-sat occultation receiver; flux-gate magnetometer; and optical monitor.YH-1 mission focus on the investigation of the characteristics and its evolution of the Martian space Environment, and identifying major plasma processes, which provide channels for Martian volatiles escaping. 相似文献
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D. V. Kartashov O. B. Shchuko R. Orosei 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2004,33(12):2263-2269
The structure of the pulse radar signal reflected from continuously changing layered Martian crust is investigated theoretically. As a simple model of stratigraphy, we considered one layer with electrodynamics’ parameters increasing or decreasing exponentially upon a depth laying on monolith base and covered by homogeneous layer. This exponential changing of electromagnetic properties of the layer is assumed due to exponential changing of porosity (or saturation) in the bedrocks with pores filled by seawater. The conditions of subsurface features resolution are obtained. It is shown that the sign and value for gradient of the electromagnetic properties change can be resolved from the reflection peaks trend. These results are important for subsurface detection of liquid water on Mars by orbit-based radars. 相似文献
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In this presentation, technological progress for China's microwave remote sensing is introduced. New developments of the microwave remote sensing instruments for China's lunar exploration satellite (Chang'E-1), meteorological satellite FY-3 and ocean dynamic measurement satellite (HY-2) are reported. 相似文献
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In this paper,technological progress for China's microwave remote sensing is intro-duced.New developments of the microwave remote sensing instruments for meteorological satellite FY-3,ocean dynamic measurement satellite(HY-2),environment small SAR satellite(HJ-1C) and China's lunar exploration satellite(Chang'E-1),geostationary orbit meteorological satellite FY-4M,are reported. 相似文献
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G. Salamunićcar 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2009
The Mathematical Statistics Theory (MST) and the Mathematical Theory of Stochastic Processes (MTSP) are different branches of the more general Mathematical Probability Theory (MPT) that can be used to investigate physical processes through mathematics. Each model of a stochastic process, according to MTSP, can provide one or more interpretations in the MST domain. A large body of work on impact crater statistics according to MST exists, showing cumulative crater frequency (N km−2) as a function of age (years) for some particular crater diameter. However, this is only one possible representation in the MST domain of the bombardment of the planetary surface modeled as a stochastic process according to MTSP. The idea that other representations are possible in the MST domain of the same stochastic process from MTSP has been recently presented. The importance of the approach is that each such mathematical-based interpretation can provide a large amount of new information. Coupled with MOLA data, Topography-Profile Diagrams (TPD) are one of the many examples that can provide a large amount of new information regarding the history of Mars. TPD consists of: (1) Topography-Profile Curve (TPC), which is a representation of the planet’s topography, (2) Density-of-Craters Curve (DCC), which represents density of craters, (3) Filtered-DCC (FDCC), which represents DCC filtered by a low-pass filter, included with the purpose of reducing the noise, and (4) Level-of-Substance-Over-Time Curve (LSOTC), which represents interpretation of the influence on the distribution of craters shown by FDCC. TPC uniquely corresponds to the computation of TPD, whereas DCC depends on algorithms for computing the elevation of each crater according to the topography, center coordinates, and radius of impact crater, and FDCC relies on the architecture of the custom designed low-pass filter for filtering DCC. However, all variations of DCC and FDCC, which includes the various impact crater data sets, showed a correlation among the density of craters and elevation over 70–80% of the planet surface. Additionally, if we assume that the ocean primarily caused the noted correlation, LSOTC offers a mathematical approach for estimating topographic change of the ocean’s extent over time. Accordingly, TPD is the first new practical application of MTSP to lunar and planetary sciences, showing correlation of topography to a physical process. 相似文献
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美国国家标准和技术研究院(NIST)电磁部噪声规划提出了遥感应用例如卫星气象观测中的微波亮温度标准的研发。这个标准以现有波导系统电磁噪声基准为基础,与亮温度即辐射有关,借助一个特性很好的天线实现。热校准目标作为基准的补充,采用冗余测量的方式,用于检验或者减小不确定度。做过的26 GHz的初步测量表明所提出标准的可行性,同样太赫兹(THz)频率的研究也在进行中。对于THz噪声,用一个加热的目标作为噪声标准,虽然我们没有这么高频率的噪声基准。这个标准将与THz辐射计一起使用。辐射计基于一个接收机,该接收机采用了一个热电子测辐射热混频器,并被准光学适配器耦合到辐射中去。希望年底能够用这套系统进行THz噪声测量。 相似文献
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G. Salamunicar 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2004,33(12):2281-2287
The Mathematical Statistics Theory (MST) and the Mathematical Theory of Stochastic Processes (MTSP) are different branches of the more general Mathematical Probability Theory (MPT) that represents different aspects of some physical processes we can analyze using mathematics. Each model of a stochastic process according to the MTSP can provide one or more interpretations in the MST domain. The importance of MTSP is that each such interpretation can provide large amount of new information. While large body of work on the impact crater statistics according to MST has already been done, it is yet to be investigated as to how we can model a stochastic process according to MTSP; for example, bombardment of the planetary surface or something else in a Lunar and Planetary Science (LPS) domain. In order to show possible achievements, the possible existence of a Martian ocean was chosen as a query that could be addressed through computations using presumptions according to MTSP, including probability of existence as well as lateral and vertical extent and duration of time. While the presumptions for this particular case will also be addressed in certain degree, this will be done primarily to show complexities of some physical process that can be modeled, rather than to prove correctness of the concrete values computed here. While this in itself can be the objective in some future work toward the formal proof of the probability, extent, and timing of oceans on Mars, the basic idea here is to show the basic principles of MTSP, and its potential for addressing LPS-related phenomena. Here, I attempt to show how this approach can: (1) provide large amounts of previously unknown information about physical processes on the surface of the planet, (2) lead to a better understanding of the processes that have shaped the surface of the planet, and/or (3) help constrain the amount of resurfacing. Coupled with other current methodologies, MTSP can result in a better understanding of the history of Mars, as well as other lunar and planetary bodies. 相似文献