空气/煤油火炬点火器设计及试验

为解决超燃冲压发动机点火难题,设计了一种以空气和煤油作为氧化剂和燃料的火炬点火器。点火器能量设计为300kW,空气和煤油的设计流量分别为98.9g/s和6.7g/s。采用软件CHEMKIN4.0对不同当量比条件下点火器出口气流参数进行了计算,将点火器的工作状态优选为富氧模式。煤油从点火器端面经旋流喷嘴注入,空气分为一次喷注和二次喷注两个支路,采用普通汽车火花塞点燃空气煤油混合物。建立了试验系统,压力测量和摄影图像表明该点火器能够在当量比在0.3~1.3范围内可靠工作。点火器的起动时间约为0.9s,火焰长度约为30cm,存在高频率小幅值脉动燃烧现象。试验表明该点火器能够可靠点燃超燃冲压发动机。      

Ma=4液体碳氢燃料超燃冲压发动机点火试验

在模拟飞行马赫数Ma=4,飞行高度H=20 km的条件下,针对不同燃料喷射方式、不同点火位置以及不同燃料当量比,进行了液体碳氢燃料超燃冲压发动机内点火过程的直连式试验研究。试验结果表明,在低飞行马赫数条件下,采用火花塞+引导氢的点火方式可以顺利实现单一点火位置条件下的火焰传播过程,并最终在整个燃烧室内实现各喷射位置燃料的燃烧;采用火花塞+引导氢的点火方式有利于实现煤油的点火、火焰维持与稳定燃烧;对于多位置喷油方案,引导氢与煤油的相对位置和当量比配比会使各喷射位置煤油的燃烧产生相互影响;试验最终在当量比0.66的条件下实现了煤油自持、稳定的燃烧。     

超声速燃烧室煤油多点喷注实验研究

为了解决超声速燃烧室内局部煤油当量油气比过高造成的点火及稳定燃烧困难,在Ma=5,总当量油气比接近的条件下,研究了不同煤油喷注位置相互匹配方法对发动机点火性能和推力性能的影响。研究结果表明:多个油位匹配喷注,有利于煤油点火及燃烧,发动机推力性能更好。“值班火焰”引燃煤油时,其余煤油由更多位置喷注且单个位置当量油气比更低时更容易点火燃烧。“值班火焰”的当量油气比由0.51增加到0.55时,煤油燃烧性能变差,比冲降低46N·s/kg;当量油气比均为0.51时,其余煤油由三个位置喷注比两个位置喷注时比冲增加66N·s/kg。同一截面内上部壁面喷注结合下部支杆喷注,可以优化煤油在燃烧室高度方向上的分布,获得更好的发动机性能。上游位置喷注对煤油的预混作用不明显,煤油未燃烧会造成“值班火焰”当量油气比升高,导致发动机点火性能和推力性能变差。     

新型空气/酒精火炬点火器设计及试验

为满足燃烧装置对点火系统低时序控制精度和运行参数宽范围可调的需求,设计了一种能够在宽油气比范围内工作,且对燃料和氧化剂注入时序要求较低的空气/酒精火炬点火器。该火炬点火器利用气泡雾化喷嘴组织燃料雾化,采用电嘴进行点火,开展了不同气液质量比和当量比下火炬点火器的热态调试,并将其作为点火装置应用于燃烧加热器开展点火试验。结果表明：火炬点火器在空气注入稳定后即可注入燃料点火起动,对燃料和氧化剂注入时序要求较低;在气液质量比5.73%~19.56%和当量比0.51~2.48内,火炬点火器均能实现快速点火和稳定燃烧,具备点火参数在较宽范围内调节的能力;将火炬点火器应用于燃烧加热器,可迅速点燃主气流,在燃烧加热装置上有良好应用前景。     

自点火氢燃料超燃火焰形成与传播过程数值模拟及分析

针对氢燃料超燃冲压发动机燃烧室内的燃烧细节,采用数值方法研究了喷注初期不同喷注位置及当量比下超燃燃烧室氢燃料自点火火焰形成与传播过程,结合OH、HO2自由基与温度分布分析了点火燃烧过程的火焰精细流场结构。结果表明：凹腔下游喷孔距凹腔后缘较近时,若喷注压力超过2 MPa,会发生下游火焰通过回流区卷入凹腔的现象;凹腔内喷注会在凹腔剪切层前沿形成稳定反应面,造成反应区分离;喷注压力相同时,上游布置喷孔燃烧室出口氧耗率更高,总压恢复系数降低,而在喷注位置相同时,随喷注压力的升高,燃烧室出口氧耗率提高,总压恢复系数降低;喷注当量比不同会影响火焰的稳定位置与结构,在当量比较低时氢气燃烧主要发生在凹腔、剪切层及燃烧室下游,在当量比较高时则发生在燃烧室下游。     

马赫数为4的超燃发动机碳氢燃料点火试验

在直连式脉冲燃烧风洞设备上,开展了模拟马赫数为4,总温为935K的超燃发动机碳氢燃料点火试验.试验利用了点火器加引导氢气、引导氢气自燃辅助点火、节流加引导氢气3种辅助点火方式成功实现了乙烯燃料的点火并维持了稳定燃烧.试验研究发现:利用氢气自燃辅助乙烯点火,氢气质量流量范围为0.43~12.61g/s,氢气质量流量过大不能成功点火;利用节流加引导氢气的辅助点火方式,节流量为10%~30%,氢气注油压力为5MPa能够可靠点火.最后研究了乙烯从凹槽上游和从凹槽底部注油的发动机贫油点火极限和富油工作极限,研究发现两者的贫油熄火极限相近,为当量比为0.077,而富油工作极限差别较大,当量比分别为0.327和0.471.      

脉冲燃烧风洞中空气节流对煤油燃料超燃冲压发动机火焰稳定影响研究

采用试验与数值模拟方法研究了空气节流对煤油燃料超燃冲压发动机火焰稳定的影响。发动机入口气流总温、总压和马赫数分别为1100K,1.0MPa和2.0。空气节流位置距离发动机入口625mm,空气节流流量为入口发动机空气流量的27.2%。多种非接触光学测量手段被应用于超燃冲压发动机燃烧流场结构和火焰传播规律的诊断,包括纹影、阴影、差分干涉、自发光照相和OH-PLIF。首先考察了有、无空气节流时超燃冲压发动机冷流流场的结构,结果显示:在实施空气节流后,流场内产生了激波串结构。激波串促使流场的静温和静压升高,马赫数降低。同时激波串与边界层相互作用,导致了边界层分离,促进了燃料与空气的高效混合,实现了煤油的可靠点火。其次考察了先锋氢气燃烧流场的火焰传播规律与稳定形态,结果表明:当先锋氢气当量比为0.3时,燃烧流场振荡;当先锋氢气当量比为0.1时,燃烧流场稳定。最后研究了空气节流对煤油燃料超燃冲压发动机火焰稳定的影响,结果表明:不实施空气节流时,液态室温煤油吹熄了先锋火焰,煤油点火失败;实施空气节流后,煤油成功点火,当先锋氢气和空气节流撤除后,煤油仍然保持稳定的燃烧。     

凹腔火焰稳定器阻力特性的实验研究

在超燃冲压发动机直连式实验中,模拟马赫数1.92、静温509K、静压86.6kPa来流,采用等截面燃烧室构型,利用推力测量系统对不同结构尺寸的开式凹腔火焰稳定器的冷流阻力和热试阻力进行了研究。通过对深度分别为10,15,20mm,长深比4~10,后壁倾斜角18°~60°的凹腔火焰稳定器的冷流阻力比较,实验表明凹腔火焰稳定器的冷流阻力与凹腔深度成正比;也与凹腔长深比成正比;并随后壁倾斜角的增大先减小后增大,在30°~60°范围内应存在一个角度使得冷流阻力最小。实验还以氢气为燃料,利用火花塞点火器进行点火,在燃烧模态下对不同喷注位置、不同当量比时的凹腔火焰稳定器阻力特性进行了对比,结果表明凹腔火焰稳定器的热试阻力比冷流阻力小,且受燃料喷注方式的影响较大;在实际超燃冲压发动机工况下,凹腔火焰稳定器的阻力随着当量比的增加而减小,并最终会表现为正推力。     

超声速气流中凹腔主动喷注的强迫点火过程实验研究

为了研究在总温846K,总压0.7MPa,入口来流马赫数2.1的超声速来流条件下凹腔主动喷注对点火过程的影响,利用高速摄影相机进行观测,对比了凹腔前壁喷注、后壁面喷注等组合喷注方式下开展的发动机乙烯点火试验。基于对高速摄影图像处理的统计分析,研究发现在点火工况条件下,凹腔后壁面喷注相比于前壁喷注更容易使整个凹腔内形成稳定的火焰,当凹腔主动喷注当量比达到0.03时就能使凹腔内形成稳定的火焰;在凹腔后壁面喷注的条件下,当凹腔主动喷注当量比达到0.06,全局当量比达到0.17时,火焰就会穿过剪切层引燃凹腔下游横向射流,在整个发动机中稳定燃烧;凹腔前壁喷注和后壁面喷注相结合的喷注方式能进一步促进初始火核的形成与传播,当凹腔主动喷注当量比达到0.05,全局当量比达到0.16时,火焰就能穿过剪切层引燃凹腔下游横向射流,在整个发动机中稳定燃烧。     

基于气化煤油喷注的RBCC燃烧室亚燃模态燃烧组织研究

针对RBCC发动机亚燃模态进行主动冷却的情况下,煤油发生气化后喷入燃烧室的燃烧组织开展研究。在亚燃模态低来流总温条件下,使用小流量富燃一次火箭高温射流作为引导火焰可以实现支板喷注二次燃料的可靠点火和稳定燃烧,当煤油喷注前加热到气化/超临界态时,燃烧室最高压力相比于室温液态煤油提高约10%左右。当关闭一次火箭后,利用凹腔成功实现火焰稳定,而使用室温液态煤油喷注时,凹腔内无法实现火焰稳定。通过数值模拟获得了不同喷注方案的燃烧室燃烧流场特征和燃烧组织过程,为进一步优化燃烧室的性能提供依据。结果分析表明通过合理布置燃料支板喷注位置,由燃料支板下游集中的燃料热释放使得气流在扩张燃烧室构型中实现"热力壅塞",通过燃料分配实现燃烧室内合理的燃烧释热分布,使RBCC发动机亚燃模态完成高效燃烧组织。     

The effect of inlet conditions on the flow and heat transfer in multiple rotating cavity with axial throughflow

This paper discusses experimental results from two different build configurations of a heated multiple rotating cavity test rig.Measurements of heat transfer from the discs and tangential velocities are presented.The test rig is a 70% full scale version of a high pressure compressor stack of an axial gas turbine engine.Of particular interest are the internal cylindrical cavities formed by adjacent discs and the interaction of these with a central axial throughflow of cooling air.Tests were carried out for a range of non-dimensional parameters representative of high pressure compressor internal air system flows(Re up to 5×106 and Rez up to 2×105).Two different builds have been tested.The most significant difference between these two build configurations is the size of the annular gap between the(non-rotating) drive shaft and the bores of the discs.The heat transfer data were obtained from thermocouple measurements of surface temperature and a conduction solution method.The velocity measurements were made using a two component,LDA system.The heat transfer results from the discs show differences between the two builds.This is attributed to the wider annular gap allowing more of the throughflow to penetrate into the cavity.There are also significant differences between the radial distributions of tangential velocity in the two builds of the test rig.For the narrow annular gap,there is an increase of non-dimensional tangential velocity V/Ωr with radial location to solid body rotation V/Ωr=1.For the wider annular gap,the non-dimensional velocities show a decrease with radial location to solid body rotation.      

Research on Auto-detection for Remainder Particles of Aerospace Relay Based on Wavelet Analysis

Aerospace relay is one kind of electronic components which is used widely in national defense system and aerospace system. The existence of remainder particles induces the reliability declining, which has become a severe problem in the development of aerospace relay. Traditional particle impact noise detection (PIND) method for remainder detection is ineffective for small particles, due to its low precision and involvement of subjective factors. An auto-detection method for PIND output signals is proposed in this paper, which is based on direct wavelet de-noising (DWD), cross-correlation analysis (CCA) and homo-filtering (HF), the method enhances the affectiv-ity of PIND test about the small particles. In the end, some practical PIND output signals are analysed, and the validity of this new method is proved.     

Preparation of Highly Dispersed Antimony-doped Tin Oxide Nano-powder via Ion-exchange Hydrolysis of SnCl4 and SbCl3 and Azeotropic Drying

Antimony-doped tin hydroxide colloid precipitates have been synthesized by hydrolysis of SnCl4 and SbCl3 using: (1) an ion-exchange hydrolysis to remove chlorine ions, and (2) isoamyl acetate as an azeotropic solvent to obviate water. The obtained dried powder is of high dispersivity without any need for further grinding. The size and dispersivity of the final particles are investigated with the aid of TG-DTA, BET, XRD and TEM. After having calcined, the antimony-doped tin oxide nanopowder possesses a tetragonal rutile structure with high dispersivity, uniform particles and low hard agglomeration.     

Effects of Mo on the Microstructure and Hydrogen Sorption Properties of Ti-Mo Getters

The effects of Mo on the microstructure evolution, porosity and hydrogen sorption properties of Ti-Mo getters are investigated in this work. The results show that the addition of Mo prolongs the densification process of Ti-Mo getters and results in a significant amount of sintered pores. With the Mo content increasing, the porosity of getters firstly increases reaching the maximum value as it at- tains about 7.5wt.%, and then drops. At the room temperature, the hydrogen sorption property of getters increases progressively with the Mo content increasing, but the tendency is not very clear before its content lies below 2.5wt.%. When the Mo content achieves about 7.5wt.%, the hydrogen sorption property proves to be the best. The discussion is made about the above mentioned phenomena inclusive of hydrogen sorption properties of getters under different activation conditions (from 500-750 ℃).     

超声速燃烧数值模拟中的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型

高精度数值模拟有助于理解超声速湍流燃烧中湍流与化学反应的相互作用,可为发动机燃烧室等工程应用设计提供可靠的预测模型。除直接数值模拟外,目前在湍流燃烧应用中使用的大涡模拟和雷诺平均Navier-Stokes模拟均需要借助模型模化发生在湍流小尺度上的流动与化学反应过程对湍流大尺度运动的影响。现有的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型大致可分为:火焰面类模型和概率密度函数类模型,2类模型在不同的应用中各自具有优势和局限性。此外,现有模型大都基于低马赫数燃烧,而超声速燃烧中通常会伴随快速混合、局部熄火和再着火以及激波等复杂过程,这为发展其中的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型提出了更多的挑战。     

适于低轨卫星IP网络的单核共享树组播算法(英文)

为了解决低轨卫星IP网络中现有典型源组播算法的信道资源浪费问题,本文提出了一套单核共享树组播算法,即核心群合并共享树(CCST)和加权核心群合并共享树(w-CCST)算法。CCST 算法包括动态近似中心(DAC)选核方法和核心群合并组播路径构建方法。DAC方法专为周期、规律运动的低轨卫星网络提出,不需要复杂的星上计算。在核心群合并方法中,以核节点作为初始核心群,通过核心群和剩余组成员的最短路径方法逐步扩展直至整棵组播树构建完成,从而使得组播树的树代价最小,大大提高了网络的带宽利用率和组播传输效率。w-CCST 算法中所提出的加权因子可以调整树代价和端到端传播时延之间的折衷程度,因此,可以通过调整加权因子来适度增大树代价、降低端到端传播时延以支持某些端到端时延要求苛刻的实时组播业务。最后,与低轨卫星 IP 网络中典型算法进行了性能比较,仿真结果说明,CCST 算法的平均树代价比其它算法显著降低,w-CCST 算法的平均端到端传播时延小于 CCST 算法。     

Jet Vectoring Control Using a Novel Synthetic Jet Actuator

A primary air jet vectoring control system with a novel synthetic jet actuator (SJA) is presented and simulated numerically. The results show that, in comparison with an existing traditional synthetic jet actuator, which is able to perform the duty of either “push” or “pull”, one novel synthetic jet actuator can fulfill both “push” and “pull” functions to vector the primary jet by shifting a slide block inside it. Therefore, because the new actuator possesses greater efficiency, it has potentiality to replace the existing one in various appli- cations, such as thrust vectoring and the reduction of thermal signature. Moreover, as the novel actuator can fulfill those functions that the existing one can not, it may well be expected to popularize it into more flow control systems.     

Nonlinear Adaptive Slewing Motion Control of Spacecraft Truss Driven by Synchronous V-gimbaled CMG Precession

The slewing motion control of a truss arm driven by a V-gimbaled control-moment-gyro (CMG) is a nonlinear control problem. The V-gimbaled CMG consists of a pair of gyros that must precess synchronously. The moment of inertia of the system, the angular momentum of the gyros and the external disturbances are not exactly known. With the help of feedback linearization and recursive Lyapunov design method, an adaptive nonlinear controller is designed to deal with the unknown items. Performance of the proposed controller is verified by simulation.     

An SOR Implicit Time-accurate Scheme in Calculating Unsteady Flows

A new time-accurate marching scheme for unsteady flow calculations is proposed in the present work. This method is the combination of classical Successive Over-Relaxation (SOR) iteration method and Jacobian matrix diagonally dominant splitting method of LUSGS. One advantage of this algorithm is the second-order accuracy because of no factorization error. Another advantage is the low computational cost because the Jacobian matrices and fluxes are only calculated once in each physical time step. And, the SOR algorithm has better convergence property than Gauss-Seidel. To investigate its accuracy and convergency, several unsteady flow computa- tional tests are carried out by using the proposed SOR algorithm. Roe’s FDS scheme is used to discritize the inviscid flux terms. Un- steady computational results of SOR are compared with the experiment results and those of Gauss-Seidel. Results reveal that the numerical results agree well with the experimental data and the second-order accuracy can be obtained as the Gauss-Seidel for unsteady flow computations. The impact of SOR factor is investigated for unsteady computations by using different SOR factors in this algorithm to simulate each computational test. Different numbers of inner iterations are needed to converge to the same criterion for different SOR factors and optimal choice of SOR factor can improve the computational efficiency greatly.