全天空流星雷达相位差监测分析方法研究

介绍了一种直接利用流星观测数据, 根据流星的时空分布特性和天线的空间布阵关系建立数学模型, 对全天空流星雷达各天线通道的相位差进行监测分析和估算的新方法. 通过分析全天空流星雷达的流星观测数据, 获得了流星时空分布特性, 天线阵相位差变化对流星空间分布的影响, 特别是流星高度分布的标准差特性与各天线相位差的关系. 在此基础上, 模拟研究了利用流星高度分布的标准差来估算天线相位差的偏差, 并应用于中国三亚地区全天空流星雷达进行相位差监测分析和校正. 结果表明, 新方法无需任何附加硬件, 通过日常观测数据就能对某一通道的相位差变化或多个通道的相位差变化进行估算和分析,相位差监测精度优于2°. 对这些相位差变化进行校正, 可有效提高全天空流星雷达对流星的定位测量精度.      

流星参数的数值分析和流星高度分布模型

流星余迹能够被后向散射雷达观测到, 利用观测结果, 可以分析和研究流星的空间分布和时间变化规律. 同时, 利用流星空间分布还可以进行空间碎片的研究. 基于标准理论, 对影响雷达回波功率的主要因素, 例如如双极扩散、余迹的初始半径、流星的有限速度, 以及雷达的脉冲重复频率在不同频率和速度下进行了数值分析和计算, 得到的流星衰减时间及双极扩散系数的观测结果与理论结果一致. 通过对昆明流星雷 达观测到的571632个流星进行统计分析, 得到了流星高度分布统计模型, 并利用该模型的分析结果与不同月份流星的观测数据进行对比, 结果比较一致.      

廊坊中频雷达流星观测及初步结果

中频雷达用来开展夜间100km高度以上的流星观测,获得流星随时间、高度、方位的分布情况及流星体速度、流星辐射点、流星余迹径向速度等参数,其探测数据可用于流星天文学、中层大气动力学等领域的研究.利用2017年11月16日12:00UT-22:00UT期间廊坊观测站（39.4°N,116.7°E）的中频雷达数据,首次开展了中国中纬度地区夜间流星观测实验,共检测到94个流星回波信号,集中分布在97～115km高度范围内,平均高度为106.5km,计算得到了流星回波的双极扩散系数、方位分布等相关参数,并与国外中频雷达流星探测结果进行了初步比较.      

中纬度冬季低热层潮汐水平风分量相位关系的MF雷达观测

采用武汉(30°N,114°E)MF雷达在2001年冬季的风场观测数据研究中纬度低热层大气潮汐水平风分量之间的相位关系.统一用弧度定义的各潮汐经纬向分量的拟合初相位在三个连续的高度上分别显示出相同的时间变化倾向和相近的相位差,但是在绝大多数观测时间△ψ24和△ψ12准正交,而△ψ8出乎意料地准同相.周日、半日和8 h潮汐经纬向分量的二次相位耦合(QPC)方程被分别估计出来,利用它们相减还得到一个潮汐相位差相关方程.推测的8 h潮汐相位和相位差与相应的观测值很好地符合.在第14个时间窗内,三个潮汐一般表现为椭圆偏振而不是圆偏振或线偏振,但是△ψ24和△ψ12在三个连续的高度上准正交,而△ψ8在92.0和94.0 km上准同相.因此估计的潮汐QPC方程、推导的潮汐相位差相关方程、观测的8 h潮汐准同相相位差以及典型的潮汐偏振图都是观测的周日、半日和8 h潮汐之间真实QPC的反映.      

用武汉流星雷达观测象限仪座流星雨期间的流星速度

利用武汉流星雷达,首次成功地观测了象限仪座流星雨及流星雨期间的流星速度,讨论了利用单站全天空流星雷达观测流星雨的相关问题.从观测结果可以发现此次象限仪座流星雨发生在2004年1月4日的0000-0800LT,其中流星峰值出现在0400LT,而且通过流星雷达观测到的流星雨期间的流星回波平面推测得到的流星雨辐射点也与该流星雨的理论辐射点位置对应非常好.利用流星回波振幅的Fresnel振荡方法计算了此次流星雨期间观测到的流星的速度,分析了该流星速度的分布,这次流星雨期间观测到的流星速度主要集中在10-30 km/s,可以看出这种速度分布是由流星雨进入地球大气的初始速度和流星在大气中的减速过程共同决定的.最后研究了流星速度随高度的变化,并且由此讨论了地球大气对于流星体的减速作用.      

GPS掩星探测天线相位中心的校准

GPS天线是GPS接收系统的关键部件,它的性能特点直接影响GPS信号的有效接收.天线相位中心的变化直接影响GPS伪距和载波相位观测量的测量.而且,相位中心并不是固定的,它会随不同的来波方向发生移动.为了更好地满足一些高精度的需要,相位中心的变化量在解算时必须被考虑进去.本文讨论了一种GPS天线相位中心的校准方法,利用微波暗室测量出不同方位角和不同俯仰角的相位方向图,即可解算出不同来波方向天线相位中心点的精确位置.对自主研制的双频GPS天线相位中心进行了测定,在仰角±75°范围内,其相位中心变化4mm以内.      

星载 ScanSAR 特性研究

论述了星载波束扫描合成孔径雷达（ＳｃａｎＳＡＲ）的扫描覆盖特性,指出在满足观测带远端模糊性约束条件下,最大观测带宽度与雷达波长和实际天线孔径的形状无关;阐述了观测带宽度与雷达分辨率、天线面积、发射功率和回波数据率等参数之间的约束关系;给出了数值计算例子。     

稻城太阳射电望远镜（DSRT）天线遮挡效应仿真

稻城太阳射电望远镜（DSRT）由313面6 m直径抛物面天线组成。天线接收信号幅值和相位的精确修正是决定DSRT成像质量的关键因素。然而DSRT阵列可能会出现邻近天线相互遮挡的问题，从而改变接收信号的幅值和相位，影响其成像质量。利用电磁仿真软件计算了接收频率为300 MHz（波长λ=1 m）时的相邻两单元与相邻三单元两种情况。三元系统中遮挡效应的影响仅比双元系统中相关影响略为显著。在本文考虑的最严重的遮挡情况（天线边缘的投影间距D = –1λ）下，对于双/三元系统，相对于单天线系统水平和垂直增益分别降低了0.6/0.6 dB和 0.3/0.4 dB，相位偏差分别为–3.3o/–3.871o和–1.744o/–2.244o。此外还分析了其他遮挡情况。研究表明DSRT系统中的天线遮挡效应分析可由双元系统充分描述，在后期数据处理时应适当考虑该效应，尽量提升DSRT数据的利用效率和成图质量。      

使用三天线的联合定姿和欺骗检测方法

全球卫星导航系统（GNSS）的安全性已经引发了广泛关注。使用多天线的欺骗检测方法由于其独一无二的空间特性,已成为当前最有效的欺骗检测方法之一。提出一种使用三天线的联合定姿和欺骗检测方法,能够在确定天线载体姿态的同时检测出欺骗信号的存在。针对直接定姿法受限于基线向量精度的问题,使用长度约束的基线向量估计方法以获得高精度定姿结果。在姿态信息已知的前提下,根据星历信息、姿态变换矩阵及天线的几何关系可以获得载波相位单差的期望值。使用误差平方和（SSE）来评估载波相位单差观测值和期望值之间的偏差,并构建了欺骗信号的二元检验。结果表明：在无欺骗的情形下,所提方法能降低定姿的标准差76.1%以上;在有欺骗的情形,所提方法能够实现100%检测率,并降低定姿的标准差77.3%以上。     

极化通道扩展和盲源分离联合抗移频干扰技术

多次移频干扰是一种有效的对抗线性调频(LFM)脉冲压缩雷达的相干干扰样式,应用于自卫式干扰时,能够形成多个超前和滞后分布的假目标。提出利用盲源分离(BSS)的方法来分离回波和干扰信号,并通过频率补偿实现对干扰的抑制。首先分析了利用正交极化辅助天线扩展接收通道的可行性,其次建立了通道扩展后的雷达接收信号模型,讨论了回波与干扰信号的可分离性,最后研究了基于最大信噪比盲源分离和频率补偿的干扰抑制方法,并讨论了干扰机附加噪声对抗干扰效果的影响。仿真结果表明本文提出的方法在干信比为20 d B时,仍可以有效地从回波和干扰混叠信号中提取出目标回波信号,从而实现对主瓣移频干扰的对抗。     

长时间流星不均匀体母体特征个例研究

流星体坠入地球大气烧蚀电离产生流星等离子体尾迹,在等离子体不稳定性过程作用下产生流星不均匀体.利用光学视频和无线电雷达在低纬三亚开展流星体烧蚀和流星不均匀体综合探测结果,发展了一种获取流星不均匀体母体（流星体）特征参数的方法,并对2015年12月双子座流星雨期间观测的一次长持续时间流星不均匀体事例进行了分析,得到了其母体速度、质量和轨道等特征,结果显示产生这次流星不均匀体的流星体速度和轨道等具有双子座流星特点.该方法可应用于流星不均匀体及其母体特征研究.      

Antarctic meteor observations using the Davis MST and meteor radars

This paper presents the meteor observations obtained using two radars installed at Davis (68.6°S, 78.0°E), Antarctica. The Davis MST radar was installed primarily for observation of polar mesosphere summer echoes, with additional transmit and receive antennas installed to allow all-sky interferometric meteor radar observations. The Davis meteor radar performs dedicated all-sky interferometric meteor radar observations. The annual count rate variation for both radars peaks in mid-summer and minimizes in early Spring. The height distribution shows significant annual variation, with minimum (maximum) peak heights and maximum (minimum) height widths in early Spring (mid-summer). Although the meteor radar count rate and height distribution variations are consistent with a similar frequency meteor radar operating at Andenes (69.3°N), the peak heights show a much larger variation than at Andenes, while the count rate maximum-to-minimum ratios show a much smaller variation. Investigation of the effects of the temporal sampling parameters suggests that these differences are consistent with the different temporal sampling strategies used by the Davis and Andenes meteor radars. The new radiant mapping procedure of [Jones, J., Jones, W., Meteor radiant activity mapping using single-station radar observations, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 367(3), 1050–1056, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10025.x, 2006] is investigated. The technique is used to detect the Southern delta-Aquarid meteor shower, and a previously unknown weak shower. Meteoroid speeds obtained using the Fresnel transform are presented. The diurnal, annual, and height variation of meteoroid speeds are presented, with the results found to be consistent with those obtained using specular meteor radars. Meteoroid speed estimates for echoes identified as Southern delta-Aquarid and Sextantid meteor candidates show good agreement with the theoretical pre-atmospheric speeds of these showers (41 km s⁻¹ and 32 km s⁻¹, respectively). The meteoroid speeds estimated for these showers show decreasing speed with decreasing height, consistent with the effects of meteoroid deceleration. Finally, we illustrate how the new radiant mapping and meteoroid speed techniques can be combined for unambiguous meteor shower detection, and use these techniques to detect a previously unknown weak shower.     

Plasma and electromagnetic wave simulations of meteors

Every day billions of meteoroids impact and disintegrate in the Earth’s atmosphere. Current estimates for this global meteor flux vary from 2000 to 200,000 tons per year, and estimates for the average velocity range between 10 km/s and 70 km/s. The basic properties of this global meteor flux, such as the average mass, velocity, and chemical composition remain poorly constrained. We believe much of the mystery surrounding the basic parameters of the interplanetary meteor flux exists for the following reason, the unknown sampling characteristics of different radar meteor observation techniques, which are used to derive or constrain most models. We believe this arises due to poorly understood radio scattering characteristics of the meteor plasma, especially in light of recent work showing that plasma turbulence and instability greatly influences meteor trail properties at every stage of evolution. We present our results on meteor plasmas simulations of head echoes using particle in cell (PIC) ions, which show that electric fields strongly influence early stage meteor plasma evolution, by accelerating ions away from the meteoroid body. We also present the results of finite difference time domain electromagnetic simulations (FDTD), which can calculate the radar cross section of the simulated meteor plasmas. These simulations have shown that the radar cross section depends in a complex manner on a number of parameters. These include the angle between radar and meteor entry, a large dependence on radar frequency, which shows that for a given meteor plasma size and density, the reflectivity as a function of probing radar frequency varies, but typically peaks below 100 MHz.     

Seasonal variations in vertical distribution of meteor decay time as observed from meteor radars at 8.5°N and 80°N

The decay times of meteor radar echoes have been used for decades to investigate characteristics of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) region. As the meteor echo decay time depends on background atmospheric parameters, in the present communication, we examine the seasonal variation of the vertical distributions of underdense meteor echo decay times with respect to echo strength. Observations from two similar radars located at two distinct geographical locations, Thumba (8.5°N, 77°E) and Eureka (80°N, 85.8°W) were used for the present study. Here, the radar received signal power is categorized into strong and weak echoes and vertical profiles of their decay times are constructed. It has been noticed that the monthly mean decay time vertical profile turning altitude (i.e., inflection point) varies in the range of 80–87?km of altitude depending on latitude. The turning altitude is observed at relatively lower heights in the winter than in summer at both the latitudes. The present analysis shows that the meteor decay time below the mean turning altitude follows a decreasing trend with decreasing altitude, which is quite distinct to the behaviour of ambipolar diffusion. It is also observed that there is a difference in mean decay time of strong and weak echoes below 90?km of altitude, which is very prominently seen at lower altitudes. This difference shows a seasonal pattern at high latitude, but does not show any seasonal variation at low latitude. The present results are discussed in light of current understanding of the meteor decay time.     

脉冲调制波相位噪声现场测量装置

脉冲调制波相位噪声现场测量装置突出解决现代低占空比雷达的相位噪声测量问题，既可以测量雷达发射机或脉冲放大链的附加相位噪声，也可测量整体雷达发射机源的相位噪声。本文主要介绍了本装置的组成、原理、技术指标、技术特点、关键技术以及装置测量结果的验证。