空间碎片云演变过程的阶段划分

根据碎片云从破碎点开始向空间扩散过程中碎片密度和形状的变化规律,以几何形状和起主要作用的因素为特征,定义了球形、椭球形、绳形、螺旋线形、全方位弥漫直至球壳形六个演变阶段.论述了在各个阶段的主要特征和对演变过程起主要作用的因素.总结了与演变过程相关的轨道运动理论和研究方法,分析了各个阶段演变的动力学原理.在球形阶段起主要作用的是分离速度;椭球形阶段可以利用线性化相对运动方程进行分析;绳形与螺旋线形在几何上有质变,但都有结点和结线,并可以利用速度增量理论分析和解释其存在的原因.轨道摄动力消除了结点和结线,导致碎片云的全方位弥漫,并最终使碎片云趋于球壳形.推导和罗列了各阶段转换标志点时刻的计算公式,利用计算机仿真的方法,给出了近地轨道各个阶段碎片云分布示意图,验证了演变过程阶段划分的合理性.     

基于解体事件的空间碎片轨道演化算法研究

针对航天器解体事件所生成的空间碎片的演化过程,进行了数学分析,确定了新生成的空间碎片的速度增量,在该增量作用下碎片轨道会发生变更,本文根据该增量得出了空间碎片在轨道变更后的轨道根数,分析了在大气阻力摄动作用下,空间碎片的数目和轨道分布的演化情况,给出了相关结果,结果表明此算法可行。     

空间物体解体碎片云的长期演化建模与分析

空间碎片云由空间物体解体产生的大量空间碎片组成,由于其相对集中地分布在有限的空间内,将会对临近航天器产生较大的碰撞威胁。为了分析解体碎片云长期分布特点,文章首先利用数值积分方法对空间碎片云短期分布规律进行了研究;在此基础上,针对处于环状分布的碎片云,根据碎片所在的轨道高度和具有的面质比值,将碎片划分到不同分组,以每个组作为研究对象,建立了描述碎片云在大气阻力作用下的解析演化模型。模型避免了对单个解体碎片的运动状态进行积分,可大大降低对计算资源和计算时间的需求。考虑在高度为1422km 圆轨道上运行的物体,解体产生了1780个碎片,利用解析演化模型得到碎片云未来50年内的演化分布状态。数值结果表明,碎片云的峰值密度在解体物体轨道高度附近,并在大气阻力作用下向更大高度区间内扩散;较低高度区间内碎片密度具有先增加,然后在大气阻力作用下不断减少的特点。     

基于窄带雷达RCS序列的空间目标尺寸估计

从窄带雷达横截面积(RCS)序列中提取目标尺寸特征对空间目标的分类识别具有重要价值. 本文在研究椭球体RCS序列特性的基础上, 提出了一种空间目标形状估计方法, 并进一步研究了空间目标尺寸估计问题, 提出了一种新的尺寸估计方法. 实测数据的验证表明, 该方法能有效估计卫星、碎片等空间目标的形状和二维尺寸.      

超高速撞击航天器二次碎片云能量特性分析

为了评估空间碎片超高速撞击航天器的碎片云破坏能力,挖掘超高速撞击数值模 拟结果数据的应用价值,基于9.53 mm铝球以6.64 km/s速度对2.2 mm铝靶撞 击的Ls-Dyna/SPH(Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamic)数值模拟研究结果,对靶后碎片云的 粒子动能进行求和统计,建立了碎片云比动能概念和函数形式;碎片云比动能综合考虑了靶 后所有碎片云粒子的动能,反映了一定距离处垂直于撞击方向平面上单位面积上的碎片云粒 子所蕴含的撞击能量;应用碎片云比动能概念,揭示出随着演化距离的增加,碎片云能量的 衰减规律;通过不同速度条件下的SPH计算,得到了碎片云的比动能函数的曲线形式随撞击 速度的变化规律;最后对采用2种材料模型进行数值模拟所对应的结果误差进行碎片云比动 能函数的曲线比较,反映出数值模拟中不同材料模型引起的差异.      

基于航天器解体事件的空间碎片寿命算法

研究了针对航天器解体事件所生成的空间碎片的寿命计算方法.给出了基于NASA标准航天器解体模型的航天器解体算法.该算法生成的一系列碎片参数,将作为寿命计算的初始条件.总结了现有求解碎片寿命的算法,并提出了一种半分析算法.该算法运用平均根数法的思路,计算了在J2摄动项的影响下,碎片的半长轴和偏心率的变化率;并采用微分积分法预报半长轴和偏心率随时间的变化.为了适应时变大气模型,该算法限制了计算步长.通过与数值法的比较分析了算法的计算速度和精度.选用了3种大气模型:SA76、GOST和MSIS-00,分析了不同大气模型在计算碎片寿命之间的差异.通过与P-78卫星解体事件的实测数据对比验证了整个算法的正确性.      

摄动因素对火星环绕段轨道长期影响研究

针对未来火星探测需要,研究了摄动因素对火星环绕段轨道的长期影响。对各种摄动因子的数量级进行了估计,根据估计结果,对比选取了起主导作用的摄动因子;建立了主要摄动因子的数学模型;通过数值仿真验证,对比分析了火星和地球的相应摄动因素对各自环绕段轨道半长轴和偏心率的影响。仿真结果表明:非球形摄动对火星环绕段轨道的影响具有明显的长周期特征,而相应的地球环绕段短周期效应较明显,这主要是由于质量分布不同造成火星非球形引力位中田谐项的系数基本都比地球的相应值大一个量级,因此在实际轨道设计中应该重点考虑高阶项特别是高阶田谐项对环绕段轨道造成的影响。     

用打靶法求解微重力下矩形和旋转对称贮箱内静液面形状

简要介绍了打靶法用于求解带未知参数的非线性二阶常微分方程组问题. 由于微重力环境下矩形和旋转对称贮箱内的静液面形状能够用一个带参数的二阶常微分方程组表示, 因此可用打靶法求解. 利用打靶法求解了微重力下矩形、圆柱形、旋转椭球形以及Cassini贮箱内的静液面形状, 通过大量数值计算可知, 当未知参数初值选取恰当时, 这种方法是快速有效的. 将打靶求解法与其他文献所用的龙格库塔求解法进行比较, 结果表明, 绝大多数情况下采用打靶法效果更好.      

磁扰期间的三维漂移壳分离

基于磁层粒子动力学理论,首先对比了计算漂移壳分离的引导中心法和磁力线追踪法,计算表明两种方法的计算结果一致.然后分别采用T89c和T96磁层磁场模式,用磁力线追踪法数值计算了不同初始位置(≤9Re)、不同初始投掷角、不同Kp指数和不同太阳风压力下,带电粒子的漂移壳分离.计算结果揭示了漂移壳分离随初始位置、投掷角、Kp指数和太阳风压力的变化.其具体特征如下. (1)随着径向距离的增大,漂移壳分离效应愈加显著,由正午出发的粒子将被稳定捕获,而午夜出发的径向距离≥7Re的部分大投掷角粒子将沿磁层顶逃逸. (2)正午出发的粒子,漂移到午夜时其漂移壳随投掷角减小向外排列;午夜出发的粒子,漂移到正午时其漂移壳随投掷角增大排列; 90°投掷角粒子在磁赤道面的漂移壳沿着磁场等值线排列. (3)漂移壳分离随Kp指数和太阳风压力增大变得显著,且随这两种扰动参数的变化特征和趋势是基本相似的.      

脉冲等离子体推力器放电电离二维PIC建模与仿真

摘要： 针对脉冲等离子体推力器（PPT）的放电过程,利用粒子网格 蒙特卡洛（PIC MCC）方法建立仿真计算模型.以LES 6 PPT为例,加入电离碰撞进行电离仿真.通过粒子运动碰撞与电磁场耦合仿真计算得到电流与电路总电阻的变化规律,揭示了PPT放电过程中等离子体密度分布情况.通过对比不加入粒子预分布与加入粒子预分布的两种条件下的计算结果,得到了加入粒子预分布使带电粒子密度计算结果更接近实验结果的结论.根据PPT的工作过程,在放电之前推力器内存在等离子体,所以在仿真研究中应进行粒子的预分布.文中的研究方法对PPT的粒子方法模拟具有一定的参考意义.     

弹丸撞击防护屏形成碎片云速度特性研究

微流星及空间碎片的高速撞击威胁着长寿命，大尺寸航天器的安全运行，导致其严重的损伤和灾难性的失效，为精确估计微流星及空间碎片主速撞击防护屏产生的碎片对舱壁的损伤，必须确定碎片云速度特性。文章在冲量和能量守恒的基础上，建立了碎片速度性分析模型，研究了碎片云的速度特性，得到了碎片云材料传播及碎片云喷射角随弹丸撞击速度的变化规律。     

柱状弹丸撞击防护屏形成碎片云材料状态特性研究

微流星体及空间碎片的高速撞击威胁着长寿命、大尺寸航天器的安全运行，导致其严重的损伤和灾难性的失效。为精确估计微流星体及空间碎片高速撞击防护屏所产生碎片云对舱壁的损伤，必须确定碎片云中三种状态材料的特性，建立了碎片云特性分析模型，分别计算了柱状弹丸撞击防护屏所产生碎片云以及碎片云中弹丸和防护屏材料三种状态物质的质量分布。通过计算分析可见，弹丸以不同速度撞击防护屏所产生碎片云三种状态物质的质量分布是不同的，速度增大，液化和气化增强，对靶件的损伤小。而在速度小于7km/s时，碎片云以固体碎片的形式存在，对靶件的损伤大。     

An adaptive strategy for active debris removal

Many parameters influence the evolution of the near-Earth debris population, including launch, solar, explosion and mitigation activities, as well as other future uncertainties such as advances in space technology or changes in social and economic drivers that effect the utilisation of space activities. These factors lead to uncertainty in the long-term debris population. This uncertainty makes it difficult to identify potential remediation strategies, involving active debris removal (ADR), that will perform effectively in all possible future cases. Strategies that cannot perform effectively, because of this uncertainty, risk either not achieving their intended purpose, or becoming a hindrance to the efforts of spacecraft manufactures and operators to address the challenges posed by space debris.     

Prospects of de-tumbling large space debris using a two-satellite electromagnetic formation

Capturing large space debris with complex rotational motion is extremely challenging. A de-tumbling phase before capturing may be necessary to reduce the risk of collision with debris. This paper proposes a new noncontact de-tumbling method using a two-satellite electromagnetic formation, in which two small electromagnetic satellites, each having a high-temperature superconducting coil, generate control torques to reduce the rotation rate of debris prior to making any physical contact. The electromagnetic interaction of the target-satellite system is analyzed. A relative translational dynamics of the target–satellite system and the attitude dynamics of the target are established. Simulation results show that the proposed method effectively eliminates the rotational motion of the target. It can be safely concluded that the noncontact method for de-tumbling space debris using a two-satellite electromagnetic formation is feasible and potentially applicable to on-orbit capture.     

Faster algorithm of debris cloud orbital character from spacecraft collision breakup

Space debris is polluting the space environment. Collision fragment is its important source. NASA standard breakup model, including size distributions, area-to-mass distributions, and delta velocity distributions, is a statistic experimental model used widely. The general algorithm based on the model is introduced. But this algorithm is difficult when debris quantity is more than hundreds or thousands. So a new faster algorithm for calculating debris cloud orbital lifetime and character from spacecraft collision breakup is presented first. For validating the faster algorithm, USA 193 satellite breakup event is simulated and compared with general algorithm. Contrast result indicates that calculation speed and efficiency of faster algorithm is very good. When debris size is in 0.01–0.05 m, the faster algorithm is almost a hundred times faster than general algorithm. And at the same time, its calculation precision is held well. The difference between corresponding orbital debris ratios from two algorithms is less than 1% generally.     

The ratio of hazardous meteoroids to orbital debris in near-Earth space

Orbital debris is known to pose a substantial threat to Earth-orbiting spacecraft at certain altitudes. For instance, the orbital debris flux near Sun-synchronous altitudes of 600–800 km is particularly high due in part to the 2007 Fengyun-1C anti-satellite test and the 2009 Iridium-Kosmos collision. At other altitudes, however, the orbital debris population is minimal and the primary impactor population is not man-made debris particles but naturally occurring meteoroids. While the spacecraft community has some awareness of the risk posed by debris, there is a common misconception that orbital debris impacts dominate the risk at all locations. In this paper, we present a damage-limited comparison between meteoroids and orbital debris near the Earth for a range of orbital altitude and inclination, using NASA’s latest models for each environment. Overall, orbital debris dominates the impact risk between altitudes of 600 and 1300 km, while meteoroids dominate below 270 km and above 4800 km.     

A Partially Orthogonal EnKF approach to atmospheric density estimation using orbital debris

A key requirement for accurate trajectory prediction and space situational awareness is knowledge of how non-conservative forces affect space object motion. These forces vary temporally and spatially, and are driven by the underlying behavior of space weather particularly in Low Earth Orbit (LEO). Existing trajectory prediction algorithms adjust space weather models based on calibration satellite observations. However, lack of sufficient data and mismodeling of non-conservative forces cause inaccuracies in space object motion prediction, especially for uncontrolled debris objects. The uncontrolled nature of debris objects makes them particularly sensitive to the variations in space weather. Our research takes advantage of this behavior by utilizing observations of debris objects to infer the space environment parameters influencing their motion.The hypothesis of this research is that it is possible to utilize debris objects as passive, indirect sensors of the space environment. We focus on estimating atmospheric density and its spatial variability to allow for more precise prediction of LEO object motion. The estimated density is parameterized as a grid of values, distributed by latitude and local sidereal time over a spherical shell encompassing Earth at a fixed altitude of 400 km. The position and velocity of each debris object are also estimated. A Partially Orthogonal Ensemble Kalman Filter (POEnKF) is used for assimilation of space object measurements to estimate density.For performance comparison, the scenario characteristics (number of objects, measurement cadence, etc.) are based on a sensor tasking campaign executed for the High Accuracy Satellite Drag Model project. The POEnKF analysis details spatial comparisons between the true and estimated density fields, and quantifies the improved accuracy in debris object motion predictions due to more accurate drag force models from density estimates. It is shown that there is an advantage to utilizing multiple debris objects instead of just one object. Although the work presented here explores the POEnKF performance when using information from only 16 debris objects, the research vision is to utilize information from all routinely observed debris objects. Overall, the filter demonstrates the ability to estimate density to within a threshold of accuracy dependent on measurement/sensor error. In the case of a geomagnetic storm, the filter is able to track the storm and provide more accurate density estimates than would be achieved using a simple exponential atmospheric density model or MSIS Atmospheric Model (when calm conditions are assumed).     

Characterizing space debris longitude-dependent distribution based on RAAN perturbation rate

The space debris environment is one of the major threats against payloads. Space debris orbital distribution is of great importance for space debris environment modeling. Due to perturbation factors, the Right Ascension of Ascending Node (RAAN) of space objects changes consistently, causing regular rotation of the orbit plane around Earth’s axis. Based on the investigation of the RAAN perturbation rate of concerned objects, this paper proposes a RAAN discretization method in order to present the space debris longitude-dependent distribution. Combined with two line element (TLE) data provided by the US Space Surveillance Network, the estimated value from RAAN discretization method is compared with the real case. The results suggest that using only the initial orbital data at the beginning of the time interval of interest, the RAAN discretization method is able to provide reliable longitude distribution of concerned targets in the next following period. Furthermore, spacecraft cumulative flux against space debris is calculated in this paper. The results suggest that the relevance between spacecraft RAAN setup and flux output is much smaller for LEO targets than MEO targets, which corresponds with the theory analysis. Since the nonspherical perturbation is the major factor for RAAN variation, the RAAN perturbation rate has little connection with the size of orbital objects. In other words, the RAAN discretization method introduced in this paper also applies to space debris of different size range, proposing a possible suggestion for the improvement of space debris environment engineering models.