Spaceflight and clinorotation cause cytoskeleton and mitochondria changes and increases in apoptosis in cultured cells.

The cytoskeleton is a complex network of fibers that is sensitive to environmental factors including microgravity and altered gravitational forces. Cellular functions such as transport of cell organelles depend on cytoskeletal integrity; regulation of cytoskeletal activity plays a role in cell maintenance, cell division, and apoptosis. Here we report cytoskeletal and mitochondria alterations in cultured human lymphocyte (Jurkat) cells after exposure to spaceflight and in insect cells of Drosophila melanogaster (Schneider S-1) after exposure to conditions created by clinostat rotation. Jurkat cells were flown on the space shuttle in Biorack cassettes while Schneider S-1 cells were exposed to altered gravity forces as produced by clinostat rotation. The effects of both treatments were similar in the different cell types. Fifty percent of cells displayed effects on the microtubule network in both cell lines. Under these experimental conditions mitochondria clustering and morphological alterations of mitochondrial cristae was observed to various degrees after 4 and 48 hours of culture. Jurkat cells underwent cell divisions during exposure to spaceflight but a large number of apoptotic cells was also observed. Similar results were obtained in Schneider S-1 cells cultured under clinostat rotation. Both cell lines displayed mitochondria abnormalities and mitochondria clustering toward one side of the cells which is interpreted to be the result of microtubule disruption and failure of mitochondria transport along microtubules. The number of mitochondria was increased in cells exposed to altered gravity while cristae morphology was severely affected indicating altered mitochondria function. These results show that spaceflight as well as altered gravity produced by clinostat rotation affects microtubule and mitochondria organization and results in increases in apoptosis. Grant numbers: NAG 10-0224, NAG2-985.     

Can ultrasound counteract bone loss? Effect of low-intensity ultrasound stimulation on a model of osteoclastic precursor

The aim of the present work is to determine whether mechanical stress caused by ultrasound (US) exposure affects osteoclastic precursor cells, thus addressing the hypothesis that mechanical strain-induced perturbation of preosteoclastic cell machinery can contribute to the occurrence of bone turnover alterations. Moreover, cell cytoskeleton was studied because of its supposed involvement in cell mechanotransduction.Our experimental model was the FLG 29.1 human cell line, previously characterized as an osteoclastic precursor model. Cell proliferation was quantified by trypan blue exclusion assay. Cell morpho-functional state was monitored by multispectral imaging autofluorescence microscopy. The expression of cytoskeletal components and markers of proliferation (Ki67) and osteoclastic differentiation (RANK) was analysed by immunocytochemistry.The findings demonstrated that US stimulation affects FLG 29.1 cell growth, depresses the expression of cytoskeletal components and markers of proliferation and differentiation, induces cell damage, thus supporting the hypothesis that US exposure inhibits osteoclastogenesis.These results have been compared with those obtained previously by exposure of FLG 29.1 cells to modelled hypogravity conditions. Finally, the possibility to utilize US stimulation for counteracting osteoporosis has been discussed.     

一种基于Markov模型的星载计算机系统可靠性评测的新方式

可靠性在星载计算机系统中具有非常重要的作用。现以Markov链为基础,提出了一种新的估计星载计算机系统可靠性的统计使用检测方法。首先通过对故障的传播进行分析,对检测过程中Markov链上由故障产生的状态转移描述方法进行了改进,将“故障不一定产生失效”的现象用Markov链描述出来。其次,提出了程序执行路径的概率计算方法,并且用该方法对星载计算机可靠性进行了估计。最后通过仿真实验表明了该计算方法的有效性。通过对故障状态转移的分析和路径概率计算方法的提出,使星载计算机系统可靠性评测更能反映实际情况。     

基于最小系统的小卫星在轨软件重构系统设计

提出一种基于星载终端处理设备最小系统的小卫星在轨软件重构系统设计方案。依据星上信息流实现现状,设计重构系统的系统框架,提出星载终端处理设备的最小系统组成、通用功能集和需要满足的整星安全性功能需求。系统中,应用软件程序数据按照注入帧格式通过遥控通道注入到星上,可缓存在星务存储器中再分发给终端目的设备,通过最小系统软件对应用程序进行引导和加载管理,整个过程均有差错控制设计以保证其可靠性和安全性。软件重构试验和容错试验表明,利用该系统可实现星载微计算机软件和FPGA配置数据的可靠上注、可靠存储和可靠加载。     

基于固态硬盘的星载海量存储阵列研究与设计

针对当前星载设备对低成本、标准化及快速组装、快速测试的需求,提出采用基于SATA接口的固态硬盘(SSD)作为存储模块研制星载存储设备。文章首先分析了星载存储技术发展特点、对存储设备的技术需求,以及固态硬盘自身的特点,然后分别从固态硬盘在星载应用中的必要性、可行性及其在应用中的优缺点进行探讨,并重点说明了在星载应用中需要攻克的关键技术及与数传/载荷分系统的融合方法,最后从硬件原理设计、软件层次设计等给出一种可行的设计方案,可为星载固存设备研制提供设计思路。     

一种用于星载系统可靠性评测的软件故障注入工具

随着计算机应用的日益广泛和复杂,很多传统的故障注入技术及工具已经在很多领域面临着新的挑战.本文详细介绍了由本课题组自主研究开发的一种用于评测星载系统可靠性的软件故障注入工具(SFIOS),该故障注入工具针对星载系统这一特殊对象而开发,采用包括时间、空间、事件在内的多种故障触发方式,不仅能通过软件的方式随时随地注入接近实际的星载故障,而且操作简单,不需要修改星载系统的应用任务,对星载系统影响较小。实验结果表明,采用该故障注入工具评测星载系统可靠性的具有较多的优点和潜力。     

近地卫星星历的高精度星载算法研究

随着星载计算机系统结构和性能的改善,利用星载计算机实现高精度的星历计算成为可能。本文针对近地轨道卫星提出了一种适合星上轨道预报的数值算法。通过采用简化的动力学模型和一种嵌套插值算法的积分器,有效提高了计算效率,降低了对星载计算系统的性能要求,从而实现高精度的卫星星历星载计算。该算法在星载计算机系统平台上进行仿真验证的结果表明,对于某飞行器可实现轨道预报1天优于1km的星历计算。     

基于GNSS的通信星座系统的时间同步研究

为近地通信卫星星座系统提出一个将星座各星上时钟同步到地面系统时钟的新技术方案,以GNSS导航系统时钟作为高精度、高稳定的时间基准,利用地面站和星座星上的GNSS接收机基于定位原理测得各自时钟相对于GNSS系统时钟的时差量（秒脉冲相位差）,进一步得出各星时钟相对于地面系统时钟的时差观测量。每个星上时间管理单元利用一个Kalman滤波器估计星地时差模型参数,周期性更新星上时差预报,并据此估计秒脉冲调相时机,以及按照最小调相残差原则估算的调相幅值,并令PPS发生器完成相关调相操作。还设计了上述时统方案在一个典型Walker（24/3/1）星座中的应用研究,并开展了数学仿真和半物理仿真。文章还设计了一个半实物仿真方案,通过数学仿真和半物理仿真,表明该时统方法可将星地秒脉冲相位差自动控制在指定误差范围内,证实其在近地通信卫星星座系统全网时间同步任务中应用的可能性和有效性。     

中波红外面阵遥感相机相对辐射定标方法研究

为了促进中波红外面阵遥感相机遥感数据的应用,提出了一种在轨相对辐射定标方法。该方法根据两点定标原理,以中波红外面阵遥感图像数据为基础,利用在轨其他卫星数据获得相机入瞳处辐亮度,计算出非均匀性系数,从而实现在轨相对辐射定标。它为同类红外面阵遥感相机在轨相对辐射定标提供了一种新的思路,同时也可作为星上黑体标的一种校验手段。     

Functional restrictions on the orientation of onboard and ground methods in the RadioAstron project

In this paper, functional restrictions on the orientation of the onboard systems of the space radio telescope, stations of scientific data receiving and ground radio telescopes in the RadioAstron project are considered. Restrictions important for practical problems of scheduling observations with ground-space radio interferometer are discussed in detail. An algorithm for calculating the angles of the narrow-beam antenna drive, which takes into account technological restrictions on the capability of its spatial orientation, is presented.     

一种高速可靠的大体量星载软件重构方案设计

随着星载软件的复杂度与体量不断增加,对软件在轨重构并进行更新维护的功能愈发重要。当软件越来越大时,使用低速通道进行重构的方案在时间上难以满足在一个测控弧段内重构软件的需求。同时,大软件使得数据存储空间更为紧缺,无法使用三模冗余等传统方法保证程序数据的可靠安全。因此,本文提出了一种使用高速通道的可靠的大体量星载软件重构方案。以固化在PROM （可编程只读存储器）上的引导监控程序作为根本保障,构建一个存于MRAM （磁随机存储器）上专门用于高速重构软件的安全模式程序作为方案核心,并给星载软件加入自重构功能作为最常用的重构方式。通过地面测试与在轨实验表明：该方案能够保证大体量软件重构功能的高速度与高可靠性,让星载软件的更新与维护更加安全与便捷。     

Cell-to-cell interactions in changed gravity: ground-based and flight experiments

Cell-to-cell interactions play an important role in all physiological processes and are mediated by humoral and mechanical factors. Mechanosensitive cells (e.g., osteocytes, chondrocytes, and fibroblasts) can be studied ex vivo to understand the effects of an altered gravity environment. In particular, cultured endothelial cells (EC) are very sensitive to a broad spectrum of mechanical and biochemical stimuli. Earlier, we demonstrated that clinorotation leads to cytoskeletal remodeling in cultured ECs. Long-term gravity vector changes also modulate the expression of surface adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, E-selectin, VCAM-1) on cultured ECs. To study the interactions of geterological cells, we cocultured endothelial monolayers and human lymphocytes, immune cells and myeloleucemic (K-560) cells. It was found that, although clinorotation did not alter the basal adhesion level of non-activated immune cells on endothelial monolayers, the adhesion of PMA-activated lymphocytes was increased. During flight experiments onboard the Russian segment of the International Space Station, we measured the cytotoxic activity of natural killer (NK) cells incubated with labeled target cells. It was found that immune cells in microgravity retained their ability to contact, recognize, and destroy oncogenic cells in vitro. Together, our data concerning the effects of simulated and real microgravity suggest that, despite changes in the cytoskeleton, cell motility, and expression of adhesion molecules, cell-cell interactions are not compromised, thus preserving the critical physiological functions of immune and endothelial cells.     

星载软件重用技术研究

介绍了软件重用技术、意义和实现途径,讨论了星载软件重用技术的形式,分析了影响星载软件可重用性的主要因素,并根据星载实时嵌入式系统特点,提出了基于标准化硬件和通信协议的层次框架软件重用方法。研究认为基于层次框架的星载软件可重用技术能提高效率、降低成本,同时也提高星载软件可靠性和安全性。     

The problems of microbial safety in regenerative life support systems exploration

The hazards of microbial contamination in life support systems onboard spacecraft during long duration missions are presented. Tables present information about microbial characteristics of moisture-containing substrates and wastes submitted to and passing the regeneration system; the content of microflora on different types of polymers typically used in regenerative systems; and medical risks associated with microflora isolated from space object construction materials in spacecraft. Priorities for decontamination are total decontamination, localization of decontaminating equipment before and after regeneration, and physical methods of decontamination.     

HJ-1B卫星红外多光谱相机星上定标精度分析

介绍了"环境一号"B(HJ-1B)卫星红外多光谱相机在轨辐射定标的目的以及星上定标的原理,分析了星上定标算法的精度。利用星上零级数据对星上定标系统的测控精度和工作稳定性进行研究,并在此基础上分析了定标数据的处理精度。HJ-1B卫星发射以来共对红外相机热红外通道进行了7次星上定标,为了监测定标系统的精度变化,文章利用MODIS-31、32通道辐亮度对HJ-1B卫星上定标系统精度进行检验,考虑MODIS传感器本身定标的不确定度恒定,分析结果表明自HJ-1B卫星发射以来星上定标系统相对精度发生了衰减。     

信号采集卫星系统星地资源快速调度优化方法

针对信号采集卫星系统中,采集目标的优先级和携带的信息量在星地资源调度过程中不断随时间变化的特点,提出了一种基于二次映射编码的动态调度差分演化算法（QMDSDE）。算法将采集目标的优先级和携带的信息量进行加权,作为采集的收益。在迭代求解时,根据卫星可见时间窗口的周期性特点设置固定的检测频率,以当前时刻所有目标收益的平均值和敏感系数的乘积作为检测环境变化的阈值。当检测算子的值大于阈值时,算法通过前向预测模型动态调整搜索方向,寻找问题的实时Pareto最优解。算法采用二次映射编码消除星地资源组合中的无效解,降低了算法的搜索空间,提高了算法的求解速度。经仿真校验,该方法在信号采集过程中,可以得到收益较好的星地资源调度方案,且具备较快的收敛速度。     

卫星综合电子系统现状和发展建议

文章首先总结了国内外卫星综合电子系统现状和发展趋势,在充分分析我国航天器对综合电子系统的需求的基础上,提出了我国卫星综合电子系统的发展思路。     

The role of cytoskeleton in cell changes under condition of simulated microgravity

Single cells and cell culture are very good model for estimation of primary effects of gravitational changes. It is suggested that cell cytoskeleton plays a key role in mechanisms of adaptation to mechanical influences including gravitational ones. Our results demonstrated that cultured cells of human vascular endothelium (correction of endotheliun) are highly sensitive to hypogravity (clinorotation) and respond by significant decrease of cell proliferative activity. Simultaneously it was noted that the formation of confluent monolayer appeared early in cultures exposed to simulated microgravity due to accelerated cells spreading. Long-term hypogravity (several hours or days) leads to significant changes of cell cytoskeleton revealed as microfilament thinning and their redistribution within cell. Such changes were observed only in monolayer cells and not in cell suspensions. Gravitational forces as known to be modificators of cell adhesive ability and determine their mobility. Hypogravity environment stimulated endothelial cell migration in culture: 24-48 hrs pre-exposition to hypogravity significantly increased endothelial cell migration resulting in 2-3-fold acceleration of mechanically injured monolayer repair. Obtained results suggest that the effects of hypogravity on cultured human endothelial cells are, possibly, associated with protein kinase C and/or adenylate cyclase activity and are accompanied by noticeable functional cell changes.     

基于Arrhenius模型的星载电子产品加速寿命试验技术

为满足"高分三号"卫星8年长寿命在轨数据处理需求,须开展针对数据处理单元(DPU)的可靠性设计验证。针对星载DPU,采用基于阿伦尼斯(Arrhenius)模型的加速因子估计方法进行高温加速寿命试验方案设计与分析,并给出故障判定及处理准则。8年加速寿命试验结果验证了DPU产品各项功能和性能满足技术指标。加速寿命试验技术能够在较短的时间内用较低的成本快速估计星载电子产品的可靠性,在航天产品设计中具有广阔的应用前景。     

A Proposal for Constructing a Group of Space Objects for Solving Transport and Energy Problems

We propose to develop a scheme for a group of space objects which includes a set of orbital tethers and exchange masses. These objects are injected into circumterrestrial orbits. A variety of problems can be solved with the help of this space system, namely, transport problems and problems of converting the electric power generated onboard spacecraft into mechanical energy of motion of the space objects. In the future, natural celestial bodies (in particular, the Moon) can be considered as elements of the system. This opens up the possibility of using the energy of motion of the Moon both for solving transport problems and for generating electric power onboard spacecraft.