Aerodynamic performance enhancement of co-flow jet airfoil with simple high-lift device

The present study performed a numerical investigation to explore the performance enhancement of a co-flow jet (CFJ) airfoil with simple high-lift device configuration, with a specific goal to examine the feasibility and capability of the proposed configuration for low-speed take-off and landing. Computations have been accomplished by an in-house-programmed Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes solver enclosed by k-ω shear stress transport turbulence model. Three crucial geometric parameters, viz., injection slot location, suction slot location and its angle were selected for the sake of revealing their effects on aerodynamic lift, drag, power consumption and equivalent lift-to-drag ratio. Results show that using simple high-lift devices on CFJ airfoil can significantly augment the aerodynamic associated lift and efficiency which evidences the feasibility of CFJ for short take-off and landing with small angle of attack. The injection and suction slot locations are more influential with respect to the aerodynamic performance of CFJ airfoil compared with the suction slot angle. The injection location is preferable to be located in the downstream of the pressure suction peak on leading edge to reduce the power expenditure of the pumping system for a relative higher equivalent lift-to-drag ratio. Another concluded criterion is that the suction slot should be oriented on the trailing edge flap for achieving more aerodynamic gain, meanwhile, carefully selecting this location is crucial in determining the aerodynamic enhancement of CFJ airfoil with deflected flaps.     

Numerical investigation of dynamic stall suppression of rotor airfoil via improved co-flow jet

The decrease in aerodynamic performance caused by the shock-induced dynamic stall of an advancing blade and the dynamic stall of a retreating blade at low speed and high angles of attack limits the flight speed of a helicopter. However, little research has been carried on the flow control methods employed to suppress both the dynamic stall induced by a shock wave and the dynamic stall occurring at high angles of attack. The dynamic stall suppression of a rotor airfoil by Co-Flow Jet(CFJ) is nume...     

应用协同射流原理的旋翼翼型增升减阻试验研究

协同射流技术作为一种新型主动流动控制技术,是突破旋翼翼型高增升减阻设计的最有潜力的发展方向之一。以 OA312 旋翼翼型作为基准翼型,研制微型涵道风扇组为驱动的旋翼翼型 CFJ 风洞测力模型,开展基于前缘高负压零质量内循环协同射流原理的旋翼翼型高增升减阻低速风洞试验,研究吹气口大小、吸气口大小和上翼面下沉量等基础参数对增升减阻的影响规律,探讨 CFJ 旋翼翼型关键参数最佳取值。结果表明：与OA312 基准翼型相比,小攻角状态时,CFJ 旋翼翼型可显著降低阻力系数,甚至出现“负阻力”现象,实现了零升俯仰力矩基本不变;大攻角状态时,CFJ 旋翼翼型可显著提升最大升力系数和失速迎角,其中,最大升力系数可提升约 67.5%,失速迎角推迟了近 14.8°。     

Aerodynamic performance enhancement for flapping airfoils by co-flow jet

Introducing active flow control into the design of flapping wing is an effective way to enhance its aerodynamic performance. In this paper, a novel active flow control technology called Co-Flow Jet (CFJ) is applied to flapping airfoils. The effect of CFJ on aerodynamic performance of flapping airfoils at low Reynolds number is numerically investigated using Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) simulation with Spalart-Allmaras (SA) turbulence model. Numerical methods are validated by a NACA6415-based CFJ airfoil case and a S809 pitching airfoil case. Then NACA6415 baseline airfoil and NACA6415-based CFJ airfoil with jet-off and jet-on are simulated in flapping motion, with Reynolds number 70,000 and reduced frequency 0.2. As a result, CFJ airfoils with jet-on generally have better lift and thrust characteristics than baseline airfoils and jet-off airfoil when C_μ is greater than 0.04, which results from the CFJ effect of reducing flow separation by injecting high-energy fluid into boundary layer. Besides, typical kinematic and geometric parameters, including the reduced frequency and the positions of the suction and injection slot, are systematically studied to figure out their influence on aerodynamic performance of the CFJ airfoil. And a variable C_μ jet control strategy is proposed to further improve effective propulsive efficiency. Compared with using constant C_μ, an increase of effective propulsive efficiency by 22.6% has been achieved by using prescribed variable C_μ for NACA6415-based CFJ airfoil at frequency 0.2. This study may provide some guidance to performance enhancement for Flapping wing Micro Air Vehicles (FMAV).     

基于中弧线曲率控制的压气机叶型优化

为提高压气机叶型优化设计水平,基于中弧线曲率控制方法编写了压气机叶片造型程序,将中弧线曲率控制参数作为优化变量,结合粒子群寻优算法对传统可控扩散叶型(CDA)进行了优化研究。结果表明:基于中弧线曲率控制的叶片造型程序能够对CDA叶型进行较好的拟合,拟合叶型的气动性能与设计要求较符。优化叶型在设计点的总压损失降低了约6.34%,优化叶型总压损失随攻角变化较为平缓。在一定攻角范围内,叶型中弧线曲率峰值的前移能够将吸力面马赫数峰值前移,提高叶型吸力面的扩压能力,降低总压损失。在大攻角工况下,改进的中弧线曲率分布能够显著降低叶型总压损失。将中弧线曲率控制参数作为优化变量进行CDA叶型的优化是可行的。     

低雷诺数下协同射流关键参数对翼型气动性能的影响

协同射流是一种高效的新型主动流动控制技术,至今缺乏关键参数对翼型气动性能影响规律的系统研究。通过引入螺旋桨激励盘模型,发展了一种新的协同射流翼型流动模拟方法,使得射流反作用力计算更符合实际。在低雷诺数条件下,以NACA6415为基准翼型开展了射流动量系数、开口尺寸和位置等关键参数对翼型气动性能的影响规律研究,并探讨了相应的物理机制。结果表明：大迎角分离流状态下,射流动量系数对翼型气动性能的影响规律比小迎角附着流状态更复杂;随着吹气口尺寸增加,气泵功率系数先减后增,有效升阻比先增后减;随着吸气口尺寸增加,气泵功率系数逐渐减小,有效升阻比先增加后趋于平稳;吹/吸气口位置对翼型气动性能和气泵功率系数的影响很小。     

低雷诺数下吹吸气射流对NACA0012翼型气动性能的影响

基于Favre过滤的大涡模拟方法,对雷诺数Re=10^4,迎角α=6°下的NACA0012翼型上表面吹吸气射流进行了数值模拟,从翼型周围流场流线图、速度场云图、上下表面压力系数曲线以及上表面边界层位移厚度等多角度地分析了射流位置以及速度变化对翼型气动性能的影响。结果表明:射流位置对翼型气动性能影响较大,且吸气射流要明显优于吹气射流。对于吸气射流,前缘吸气要明显优于中后缘吸气,可有效增升减阻,并减小翼型尾部流动分离,抑制翼型气动参数扰动,其最佳吸气位置随着速度的增大逐渐向下游移动;而吹气射流对翼型气动系数的作用效果较差,但中后缘的吹气射流可减小飞行过程中的气动扰动量,且吹气越大,效果越明显。     

涡襟翼在不同雷诺数下的控制分离特性研究

受鸟类抬起羽毛控制分离流的启发,涡襟翼成为翼型大迎角分离流的控制措施之一。采用数值模拟方法研究不同雷诺数下涡襟翼在控制翼型大迎角分离流动时的气动特性及其物理机制。结果表明：涡襟翼在低雷诺数下能够极大地改善翼型的大迎角升力特性,其物理机理是涡襟翼将翼型主分离涡的涡心位置控制在离翼型更近的区域,且涡心位置的涡量得到大幅提升,使得涡心附近的低压特性影响到翼型上表面,而且涡襟翼能够将翼型上方前区的低压与下游的高压隔开;但是在高雷诺数（对应常规飞机雷诺数）下涡襟翼改善翼型大迎角气动特性的效果远不如低雷诺数情况,由此解释了为什么鸟类能够通过羽毛抬起提高升力特性,而常规飞机的涡襟翼只能作为阻力板使用的原因。     

基于离散协同射流的翼型增升减阻方法

协同射流是一种近壁面流动的高效、低能耗主动控制技术。重点开展了一种应用离散协同射流的二维翼型增升减阻效应的数值模拟研究,分析了离散协同射流的堵塞度和喷口密集度等关键参数对流场结构、气动特性、功率消耗及能量利用率的影响效应与作用规律。在施加离散协同射流措施后,能够使翼型近壁面空间流场更有效地产生较强的相干涡结构,使得射流与主流及边界层充分混合,可显著提高同等迎角下的升力系数、明显减小阻力系数,最大升力系数提高近150%,失速攻角推迟约5°。研究表明:离散协同射流是一种显著提高翼型性能的高效流动控制方法。     

褶皱位置对蜻蜓滑翔翼气动性能的影响

改变昆虫翅膀的褶皱结构可以优化翼型的气动性能,有利于微型飞行器的气动设计。以蜻蜓翼作为参考,采用计算流体力学（CFD）的方法计算了攻角范围为0°~20°,雷诺数范围为700~2300时褶皱位于前缘、尾缘和中部位置时三种翼型的滑翔气动性能。结果表明:在不同攻角和雷诺数下,褶皱位于尾缘的翼型具有最大的升力系数和升阻比,滑翔气动性能最优;当雷诺数为1500,攻角为10°时,褶皱位于尾缘的翼型时均升力系数分别比位于前缘和中部的翼型提高了58%和82%,升阻比分别提高了49%和33%;这是由于尾缘褶皱中的涡起到了延缓前缘涡脱落的作用,使前缘涡更为集中,更贴近壁面。      

自适应翼型的气动外形优化设计

 二维翼型自适应的研究是设计自适应机翼的基础。提出了在不同 Ma数、迎角下,用 Powell法优化二维翼型前、后缘襟翼的偏转角,以获得比常规翼型在亚声速时升阻比大而在超声速时阻力系数小的自适应翼型的研究方案。并与原始翼型以及气动双目标 (亚声速时,大升阻比;超声速时,小阻力系数 )的优化翼型进行了比较,证明了自适应翼型比气动双目标的优化翼型气动效率更高。初步探讨了二维翼型前、后缘襟翼的偏转位置对气动效率的影响。     

后缘装置LET对多段翼型气动特性的影响研究

采用求解N-S方程的方法,分别对安装后缘装置(Lift Enhancing Tabs,LET)中的传统形式Gurney襟翼(Gurney Flap,GF)和新型后缘装置(Mini-Trailing Edge Device,Mini-TED)后的多段翼型气动特性进行了分析研究。以带有30%弦长富勒襟翼的NACA632-215B两段高升力翼型为基础,分析了不同安装位置的GF对气动特性的影响。结果表明,在中等襟翼偏角下主翼尾缘安装GF对气动特性是不利的,而GF在襟翼尾缘的安装则有实际应用的可能。针对某真实飞机起飞、着陆构型多段翼型,研究了襟翼后缘不同偏角的Mini-TED对气动特性的影响。计算结果表明,通过对Mini-TED安装偏角的优化,对于不同的构型和飞行状态可以增大其改善飞机气动特性的使用范围。     

低雷诺数下双元素翼帆的襟翼几何参数对其推进特性影响研究

为了研究大型船舶在航行中翼帆对其推进性能的影响规律,本文建立了一种双元素翼帆模型,并采用雷诺平均N-S方程在定常和非定常工况下对襟翼几何参数变化的模型进行数值仿真。结果表明,双元素翼帆气动特性的改变体现了襟翼旋转轴位置、襟翼偏转角以及缝隙宽度之间的非线性耦合作用。襟翼旋转轴位置的前移实际上是增大了缝隙宽度,进而增加了流过缝隙的流体,避免了主翼尾流的流动分离。然而,襟翼旋转轴位置的前移距离也受到襟翼偏转角的限制,在襟翼偏转角为25°、攻角为6°,当襟翼旋转轴位置由90%前移到85%时,襟翼吸力面发生了大尺度流动分离。襟翼旋转轴位置不宜过于靠前或靠后,当相对缝隙宽度为2.4%时襟翼旋转轴位置为85%较为合理。     

翼型动态失速等离子体流动控制试验

针对动态失速引起的翼型气动性能恶化的问题,利用小型化的激励电源和介质阻挡放电等离子体激励器,借助动态压力测量和外触发式粒子图像测速（PIV）等手段开展了翼型动态失速等离子体流动控制试验研究。结果表明,等离子体气动激励能够有效控制翼型动态失速,改善平均气动力,提高翼型气动效率,减小气动力随迎角变化的迟滞区域。等离子体诱导出前缘附近的贴体翼面涡,促进分离流再附;增加了上翼面0.2~0.4弦长区域的吸力,减小了升力系数功率谱密度（PSD）分布的二、三、四阶能量幅值,在研究工况下实现了平均升力系数增加7.1%、失速迎角推迟1.3°和迟滞区域减小4.5%的明显控制效果;4°~9°迎角段,等离子体使得翼型平均阻力系数减小40%。此外,振荡频率增加使翼型绕流的非定常性增强,较高雷诺数下的翼型动态分离涡更加难以被抑制,均需要增加等离子体激励强度才能达到较好的控制效果。     

基于RANS-LES混合方法的翼型大迎角非定常分离流动研究

使用雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程-大涡模拟（RANS-LES）混合方法中的延迟分离涡模拟（DDES）方法,模拟了NACA 0015翼型在大迎角下的静态绕流和强迫振荡运动并与实验值进行了比较。在大迎角静态翼型大分离流动模拟中,DDES方法捕获了非定常RANS计算未能获得的机翼背风面的涡脱落现象。在所采用的RANS和DDES模型中,基于剪切应力输运（SST）湍流模型的SST-DDES混合方法给出的时均压力系数分布与实验吻合得最好。在大迎角强迫振荡翼型绕流模拟中,DDES方法得到的非定常气动载荷与实验值吻合得很好,正确地反映了最大迎角处阻力和俯仰力矩的阶跃性突变,而非定常RANS计算则给出了完全错误的趋势。     

Aerodynamic characteristics of co-flow jet wing with simple high-lift devices

Numerical investigations are conducted to explore the aerodynamic characteristics of three-dimensional Co-Flow Jet(CFJ) wing with simple high-lift devices during low-speed takeoff and landing. Effects of three crucial parameters of CFJ wing, i.e., angle of attack, jet momentum and swept angle, are comprehensively examined. Additionally, the aerodynamic characteristics of two CFJ configurations, i.e., using open and discrete slots for injection, are compared. The results show that applying CFJ te...     

Parametric analyses on dynamic stall control of rotor airfoil via synthetic jet

The effects of synthetic jet control on unsteady dynamic stall over rotor airfoil are investigated numerically. A moving-embedded grid method and an Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes(URANS) solver coupled with k-x Shear Stress Transport(SST) turbulence model are established for predicting the complex flowfields of oscillatory airfoil under jet control. Additionally, a velocity boundary condition modeled by sinusoidal function has been developed to fulfill the perturbation effect of periodic jet. The validity of present CFD method is evaluated by comparisons of the calculated results of baseline dynamic stall case for rotor airfoil and jet control case for VR-7 B airfoil with experimental data. Then, parametric analyses are conducted emphatically for an OA212 rotor airfoil to investigate the effects of jet control parameters(jet location, dimensionless frequency, momentum coefficient, jet angle, jet type and dual-jet) on dynamic stall characteristics of rotor airfoil. It is demonstrated by the calculated results that efficiency of jet control could be improved with specific momentum coefficient and jet angle when the jet is located near separation point of rotor airfoil. Furthermore, the dual-jet could improve control efficiency more obviously on dynamic stall of rotor airfoil with respect to the unique jet, and the influence laws of dual-jet's angles and momentum coefficients on control effects are similar to those of the unique jet. Finally,unsteady aerodynamic characteristics of rotor via synthetic jet which is located on the upper surface of rotor blade in forward flight are calculated, and as a result, the aerodynamic characteristics of rotor are improved compared with the baseline. The results indicate that synthetic jet has the capability in improving aerodynamic characteristics of rotor.     

GAW-1翼型前后缘变弯度气动性能研究

传统增升装置主要用于提高飞机起降气动性能。利用计算流体力学(CFD)的方法,引入了通用飞机翼型的前后缘变弯装置的概念,数值模拟了GAW-1翼型在爬升状态时,前缘变弯装置、后缘襟翼/副翼偏转以及前后缘装置综合偏转对翼型气动特性的影响。研究表明,前缘变弯装置可以有效地改善翼型的失速特性,失速迎角提高了3°左右,最大升力系数提高了4.56%;同时提高升阻比50%~120%;但在设计升力系数下,升力系数和阻力系数都略微减小。另一方面,后缘变弯装置可以改变最大升阻比所对应的迎角,以及在小迎角时,提高升力系数6%左右。翼型综合偏转可以在小迎角时增加升力系数,在大迎角时增加升阻比。     

Gurney襟翼对多段翼型气动性能影响的数值研究

采用剪切应力输运（SST）k-ω两方程湍流模型和C-H型多块结构网格求解二维非定常雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程,结合襟翼缝道参数变化研究了不同形式的Gurney襟翼（GF）及其几何参数对多段翼型气动性能的影响,GF形式包括主翼和襟翼分别及同时增加GF。在GF绕流数值计算中对GF局部网格进行适当加密,多段翼型不同襟翼缝道参数GF构型的计算结果表明：主翼GF的影响主要取决于缝道参数,通过减小襟翼逆压梯度可以有效抑制襟翼位置并非最优时出现的流动分离,因而能够用来重新优化缝道参数;襟翼GF对基本构型的影响大致相同,升力系数和俯仰力矩系数增加明显且随GF高度非线性变化,但当其高度合适时阻力系数变化不大;主翼和襟翼同时增加GF时,在线性区域内多段翼型气动性能的变化大致为上述两种单独情形的线性迭加。     

适用于多迎角结冰试验的混合翼型设计

为突破结冰风洞对翼型模型尺寸的限制,提出了一种新的混合翼型设计方法,可使用一套混合翼型模拟原始翼型在不同迎角下的结冰试验,弥补了以往混合翼型只能在单个设计迎角下使用的缺陷.方法采用多段翼的形式设计混合翼型,以多目标迎角等结冰试验条件作为设计输入,优化设计主翼外形和襟翼的位置、偏转角度,利用襟翼位置和偏转角度的变化实现混...