飞行力学和飞行控制试飞技术

为了适应高增益,全权限数字电传操纵系统飞行试验的需要,利用已研制成功的多台地面飞行模拟器和ＢＷ－１纵向,ＩＦＳＴＡ三自由度空中飞行模拟试验机,模型自由飞研究以及具有现代先进水平的机载数据采集记录和地面实时监控系统等设备和技术手段,进行了电传飞机的飞行品质和飞控稳定性等问题的研究,包括试飞输入设计,电传飞机飞行品质,电传飞控系统稳定裕度等。最后,提出了对下一代飞机飞行力学和飞行控制方面需要研究的试飞     

Flight dynamics characteristics of canard rotor/wing aircraft in helicopter flight mode

The aerodynamic layout of the Canard Rotor/Wing(CRW) aircraft in helicopter flight mode differs significantly from that of conventional helicopters. In order to study the flight dynamics characteristics of CRW aircraft in helicopter mode, first, the aerodynamic model of the main rotor system is established based on the blade element theory and wind tunnel test results. The aerodynamic forces and moments of the canard wing, horizontal tail, vertical tail and fuselage are obtained via theoretical analysis and empirical formula. The flight dynamics model of the CRW aircraft in helicopter mode is developed and validated by flight test data. Next, a method of model trimming using an optimization algorithm is proposed. The flight dynamics characteristics of the CRW are investigated by the method of linearized small perturbations via Simulink. The trim results are consistent with the conventional helicopter characteristics, and the results show that with increasing forward flight speed, the canard wing and horizontal tail can provide considerable lift,which reflects the unique characteristics of the CRW aircraft. Finally, mode analysis is implemented for the linearized CRW in helicopter mode. The results demonstrate that the stability of majority modes increases with increasing flight speed. However, one mode that diverges monotonously,and the reason is that the CRW helicopter mode has a large vertical tail compared to the conventional helicopter. The results of the dynamic analysis provide optimization guidance and reference for the overall design of the CRW aircraft in helicopter mode, and the model developed can be used for control system design.     

Dynamics,stability, and control of a four-cable mount system for wind tunnel test

A four-cable mount system is proposed for full-model wind tunnel flutter tests, which may adjust the pitch and roll attitude of the aircraft scaled model and ensure that the model is not subjected to cable tension. The system provides sufficient support to simulate the free flight of the aircraft by applying appropriate spring stiffness and cable tensions. The proposed four-cable mount system is modeled based on Lagrange mechanics, and its dynamics equations consider aerodynamic effects. The singularity of the system and its bifurcation characteristics under flow conditions are analysed to determine the supercritical bifurcation phenomenon for different tension levels and distances from the front suspension point to the mass centre of the model. The mathematical expressions of the longitudinal flight stability of the cable mount system are derived by linearising the system dynamics equations using small perturbations. The influence of the cable tension, spring stiffness, suspension point position, and other factors on the flight stability of the aircraft are analysed. A feedforward control algorithm is proposed to minimize the total elastic potential energy of the system. The results show that the model is in the level flight state when the elastic potential energy of the four-cable mount system is minimized. A feedback control design method is proposed based on the Lyapunov stability theory to derive the closed-loop stability conditions. The system dynamics model that includes the aircraft rigid body model, flexible cables, pulleys, springs, aerodynamic model, and servo motor control is established using the flexible multibody dynamics method. A multibody dynamics solver and Simulink are used to simulate the attitude adjustment of the model in the wind tunnel and verify the supercritical bifurcation characteristics of the system and the effectiveness of the feedback and feedforward control.     

Flight dynamics modeling of a small ducted fan aerial vehicle based on parameter identifcation

This paper presents a simple and useful modeling method to acquire a dynamics model of an aerial vehicle containing unknown parameters using mechanism modeling,and then to design different identifcation experiments to identify the parameters based on the sources and features of its unknown parameters.Based on the mathematical model of the aerial vehicle acquired by modeling and identifcation,a design for the structural parameters of the attitude control system is carried out,and the results of the attitude control flaps are verifed by simulation experiments and flight tests of the aerial vehicle.Results of the mathematical simulation and flight tests show that the mathematical model acquired using parameter identifcation is comparatively accurate and of clear mechanics,and can be used as the reference and basis for the structural design.     

直升机飞行动力学数学模型研究特点分析

根据国内外直长机数学模型研究情况,从飞行动力学角分析直升机数学模型的特点。重点讨论了不同研究目的直或机飞行动力学模型的区别,即分别对以非实时数值仿真,实时数值仿真和控制律设计为目的的直升机模型进行分析,阐述其在模型的运动方程数学形式,子模型的复杂性和选取,模型精度以及模型的应用范围等方面的特点,并简要介绍了目前用于直升机飞行动力学特性研究的综合分析软件系统和试验相关性研究。     

On the stability of flexible aircraft

The problem of aircraft stability has been a subject of concern since the beginnings of flight. Traditionally, aircraft stability has been treated within the confines of two separate disciplines, namely, flight dynamics and aeroelasticity. Based on some recent developments in the dynamics and control of flexible aircraft, this investigation uses the system concept to provide a broader approach to aircraft stability in an attempt to bridge the gap between stability as understood in flight dynamics and stability as envisioned in aeroelasticity. To this end, stability is studied in the following four cases: 1) dynamics of whole flexible aircraft using the unified formulation, 2) flight dynamics of quasi-rigid aircraft (aircraft treated as rigid), 3) aeroelasticity of flexible components, such as cantilever wing, cantilever horizontal stabilizer, etc., and 4) aeroelasticity of restrained flexible aircraft (aircraft fixed to a point, hence, having no rigid body degrees of freedom). The paper also presents a method to address the stability of flexible aircraft when the compressibility correction factor is known only at some discrete Mach numbers.     

Aeroservoelastic modeling and analysis of a canard-configured air-breathing hypersonic vehicles

Air-breathing hypersonic vehicles (HSVs) are typically characterized by interactions of elasticity, propulsion and rigid-body flight dynamics, which may result in intractable aeroservoelastic problem. When canard is added, this problem would be even intensified by the introduction of low-frequency canard pivot mode. This paper concerns how the aeroservoelastic stability of a canard-configured HSV is affected by the pivot stiffnesses of all-moveable horizontal tail (HT) and canard. A wing/pivot system model is developed by considering the pivot torsional flexibility, fuselage vibration, and control input. The governing equations of the aeroservoelastic system are established by combining the equations of rigid-body motion, elastic fuselage model, wing/pivot system models and actuator dynamics. An unsteady aerodynamic model is developed by steady Shock-Expansion theory with an unsteady correction using local piston theory. A baseline controller is given to provide approximate inflight characteristics of rigid-body modes. The vehicle is trimmed for equilibrium state, around which the linearized equations are derived for stability analysis. A comparative study of damping ratios, closed-loop poles and responses are conducted with varying controller gains and pivot stiffnesses. Available bandwidth for control design is discussed and feasible region for pivot stiffnesses of HT and canard is given.     

Aeroservoelastic stability analysis for flexible aircraft based on a nonlinear coupled dynamic model

A unified theoretical aeroservoelastic stability analysis framework for flexible aircraft is established in this paper. This linearized state space model for stability analysis is based on nonlinear coupled dynamic equations, in which rigid and elastic motions of aircraft are both considered. The common body coordinate system is utilized as the reference frame in the deduction of dynamic equations, and significant deformations of flexible aircraft are also fully concerned without any excessive assumptions. Therefore, the obtained nonlinear coupled dynamic models can well reflect the special dynamic coupling mechanics of flexible aircraft. For aeroservoelastic stability analysis, the coupled dynamic equations are linearized around the nonlinear equilibrium state and together with a control system model to establish a state space model in the time domain. The methodology in this paper can be easily integrated into the industrial design process and complex structures. Numerical results for a complex flexible aircraft indicate the necessity to consider the nonlinear coupled dynamics and large deformation when dealing with aeroservoelastic stability for flexible aircraft.     

Bifurcation analysis and stability design for aircraft longitudinal motion with high angle of attack

Bifurcation analysis and stability design for aircraft longitudinal motion are investigated when the nonlinearity in flight dynamics takes place severely at high angle of attack regime. To predict the special nonlinear flight phenomena, bifurcation theory and continuation method are employed to systematically analyze the nonlinear motions. With the refinement of the flight dynamics for F-8 Crusader longitudinal motion, a framework is derived to identify the stationary bifurcation and dynamic bifurcation for high-dimensional system. Case study shows that the F-8longitudinal motion undergoes saddle node bifurcation, Hopf bifurcation, Zero-Hopf bifurcation and branch point bifurcation under certain conditions. Moreover, the Hopf bifurcation renders series of multiple frequency pitch oscillation phenomena, which deteriorate the flight control stability severely. To relieve the adverse effects of these phenomena, a stabilization control based on gain scheduling and polynomial fitting for F-8 longitudinal motion is presented to enlarge the flight envelope. Simulation results validate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.     

推力协同的大柔性飞行器纵向姿态控制

为了研究大柔性飞行器飞行/结构耦合动力学特性,提出了改进的面向控制的大柔性飞行器多体模型,开展了大柔性飞行器纵向动力学耦合特性分析与推力协同下纵向姿态控制律设计。采用二面角动态近似描述大柔性飞行器结构动力学特征,并推导了纵向耦合动力学模型。根据改进模型在配平点处的线性化模型,分析了飞行/结构耦合系统的纵向稳定性与结构变形量之间的关系。针对大柔性飞行器姿态稳定与跟踪,设计了纵向姿态控制器。与常规飞行器相比,大柔性飞行器飞行过程中会发生大变形,当载荷较大时,配平构型近似“U”形,此时纵向动力学具有长周期不稳定的特征。分析结果表明:大柔性飞行器各模态之间的耦合程度随着变形的增大而增大。此外,纵向姿态控制需要升降舵与推力协同控制速度和俯仰角并且考虑结构动力学的影响,否则飞行/结构的耦合作用会导致姿态跟踪误差衰减缓慢甚至发散。      

现代战斗机飞行力学问题的研究进展

阐述了现代战斗机研制中若干飞行力学问题研究现状,内容涉及敏捷性设计指南和空战敏感性管理系统,过失速飞行包线扩展和机动飞行,大迎角飞行控制律设计,推力矢量控制和准无尾飞行,大迎有特性分析方法－开环和闭环特性分支分析方法和大迎角飞行品质要求六个方面。研究结果显示出这些大迎角飞行力学领域最新发展趋势及其在现代战斗机研制中的作用地位。     

H_∞控制理论在飞行力学中的应用

 对 H_∞ 控制理论在飞行力学中的应用进行了研究。以典型战斗机的横航向飞行机动为例,介绍了将飞行控制系统设计问题转化为标准的 H_∞ 控制问题,继而进行 H_∞ 控制器设计,以提高其机动特性的鲁棒性。采用显模型跟踪技术,飞行品质的要求包含在反映状态变量侧滑角、稳定轴角速率对指令输入响应的理想模型中,通过使理想模型输出和实际对象输出之间的加权误差最小,同时保证控制面不饱和来达到控制的目的。计算结果表明,在飞机模型气动参数存在不确定性的情况下,增广系统达到了期望的性能指标,显示出良好的鲁棒性。     

飞行轨迹稳定性应用的分析

首先根据飞行轨迹稳定性的数学模型，得出了飞机在闭环条件下扰动过程速度的变化规律及飞行轨迹稳定性的应用条件，并且结合不同类型的飞机进行了对比分析。然后以推力曲线为基础分析了不同类型飞机的临速度范围，并根据飞机级曲线对飞行轨迹稳定性界状态与有利速度的关系进行了分析。     

入流特性对直升机飞行数值仿真的影响

针对常规单旋翼带尾桨直升机,讨论不同特性的入流模型在直升机数值仿真中的作用。以Ｐｉｔｔ／Ｐｅｔｅｒｓ的动力入流模型为基础,重点分析均匀与非均匀静态入流和动力入流模型对直升机配平以及驾驶员操纵输入动态响应数值精度的影响程度,可为不同目的飞行数值仿真中入流模型的选取提供参考。     

Parachute dynamics and perturbation analysis of precision airdrop system

To analyze the parachute dynamics and stability characteristics of precision airdrop system,the fluid–structure interaction(FSI) dynamics coupling with the flight trajectory of a parachute–payload system is comprehensively predicted by numerical methods.The inflation behavior of a disk-gap-band parachute is specifically investigated using the arbitrary Lagrangian–Euler(ALE) penalty coupling method.With the available aerodynamic data obtained from the FSI simulation,a nine-degree-of-freedom(9DOF) dynamic model of a parachute–payload system is built and solved to simulate the descent trajectory of the multi-body dynamic system.Finally,a linear five-degree-of-freedom(5DOF) dynamic model is developed,the perturbation characteristics and the motion laws of the parachute and payload under a wind gust are analyzed by the linearization method and verified by a comparison with flight test data.The results of airdrop test demonstrate that our method can be further applied to the guidance and control of precision airdrop systems.     

直升机急拉杆机动飞行仿真建模与验证

 针对直升机大机动飞行仿真,建立了一个非线性的飞行动力学模型,考虑了翼型非定常/动态失速、机动飞行引起的动态尾迹畸变、桨叶弹性变形效应和发动机动态特性。采用基于有限元分析的挥舞-摆振-扭转耦合的弹性桨叶模型,并利用一种新的数值方法将旋翼/机体耦合运动方程表示为显式形式,整个飞行动力学模型表示为状态空间格式。以UH-60A直升机在高速飞行条件下的急拉杆机动飞行为例进行仿真计算,并与飞行试验数据进行对比验证。分析表明,仿真结果与试验结果吻合,高速飞行条件下机体抬头过程中前行桨叶非定常气动载荷的计算误差是引起旋翼和机体运动仿真误差的主要原因。     

Roll-pitch-yaw autopilot design for nonlinear time-varying missile using partial state observer based global fast terminal sliding mode control

The acceleration autopilot design for skid-to-turn (STT) missile faces a great challenge owing to coupling effect among planes, variation of missile velocity and its parameters, inexistence of a complete state vector, and nonlinear aerodynamics. Moreover, the autopilot should be designed for the entire flight envelope where fast variations exist. In this paper, a design of inte-grated roll-pitch-yaw autopilot based on global fast terminal sliding mode control (GFTSMC) with a partial state nonlinear observer (PSNLO) for STT nonlinear time-varying missile model, is employed to address these issues. GFTSMC with a novel sliding surface is proposed to nullify the integral error and the singularity problem without application of the sign function. The pro-posed autopilot consisting of two-loop structure, controls STT maneuver and stabilizes the rolling with a PSNLO in order to estimate the immeasurable states as an output while its inputs are missile measurable states and control signals. The missile model considers the velocity variation, gravity effect and parameters’ variation. Furthermore, the environmental conditions’ dynamics are mod-eled. PSNLO stability and the closed loop system stability are studied. Finally, numerical simula-tion is established to evaluate the proposed autopilot performance and to compare it with existing approaches in the literature.     

Identification method for helicopter flight dynamics modeling with rotor degrees of freedom

A comprehensive method based on system identification theory for helicopter flight dynamics modeling with rotor degrees of freedom is developed. A fully parameterized rotor flapping equation for identification purpose is derived without using any theoretical model, so the confidence of the identified model is increased, and then the 6 degrees of freedom rigid body model is extended to 9 degrees of freedom high-order model. Bode sensitivity function is derived to increase the accuracy of frequency spectra calculation which influences the accuracy of model parameter identification. Then a frequency domain identification algorithm is established. Acceleration technique is developed furthermore to increase calculation efficiency, and the total identification time is reduced by more than 50% using this technique. A comprehensive two-step method is established for helicopter high-order flight dynamics model identification which increases the numerical stability of model identification compared with single step algorithm. Application of the developed method to identify the flight dynamics model of BO 105 helicopter based on flight test data is implemented. A comparative study between the high-order model and rigid body model is performed at last. The results show that the developed method can be used for helicopter high-order flight dynamics model identification with high accuracy as well as efficiency, and the advantage of identified high-order model is very obvious compared with low-order model.     

吸气式高超声速飞行器多学科动力学建模

高超声速飞行器一体化设计中存在气动/热/推进/结构弹性相互耦合的问题,首先根据飞行器的机体/发动机一体化设计思想构造了二维高超声速飞行器模型,并基于激波/膨胀波原理和动量定理建立了气动力模型,采用Chavez和Schmidt建立的超燃冲压发动机推进系统模型;在飞行器结构方面,引入变截面和变质量分布的自由梁结构模型,并采用Eckert参考焓方法分析的气动加热过程中承力梁不同轴向位置温度随时间变化特征,在此基础上运用模态法计算了燃料消耗和气动加热条件下结构的固有频率和振型特征,获得结构弹性变形的模型;最后建立了考虑热气动弹性和推进系统作用的飞行动力学方程。研究结果表明:质量变化对结构弹性特性影响比较显著,而气动加热的影响主要表现在振动频率方面,且会随着加热过程的持续而逐渐增强;结构变形会改变飞行器静配平状态,特别是在机体质量较大的最初飞行阶段,气动加热会强化结构变形对配平特征的影响;线性化系统的动力学特征分析表明,质量减小和结构变形均会增加短周期模态和振荡模态的不稳定特性,而对高度特性的影响不大,气动加热效应会进一步增加飞行力学和气动弹性的耦合特征,并导致弹性模态的稳定性降低。