钛/铝异质金属搅拌摩擦焊技术研究进展

钛合金和铝合金均具有质轻、比强度高和抗腐蚀性能好等优点,已广泛应用于航空航天、军事工业和公共交通等领域,钛/铝异种金属复合结构的连接逐渐成为研究热点。然而,由于物理和化学性能差异明显,钛/铝焊接难度大,存在成形困难、接头性能较差等问题。搅拌摩擦焊作为一种固相焊接方法,对克服异种材料性能差异带来的焊接困难具有极大的优势。本文综述了钛/铝异质金属搅拌摩擦焊的研究现状,主要涉及焊缝成形、焊接参数、力学特征、冶金结合和连接机制等,以及衍生的搅拌摩擦焊新技术,为钛/铝异质金属结构的轻量化设计提供新思路,并对其未来发展进行了展望。     

Hot-cracking susceptibility and shear fracture behavior of dissimilar Ti6Al4V/AA6060 alloys in pulsed Nd:YAG laser welding

Laser welding of dissimilar titanium/aluminum alloys has been employed at an increasing rate, particularly in the aerospace industry, owing to its advantages in terms of current design flexibility and fuel/cost savings. The major problem with dissimilar Ti/Al welds arises from the difference in the thermal expansion and contraction of the two metals, which leads to hot-cracking susceptibility and the mitigation of the mechanical property after welding. In the present study, pulsed Nd:YAG laser welding of Ti6Al4V and AA6060 has been addressed. Hot-cracking susceptibility in the heat affected zone and the shear fracture behavior of the lap joints were investigated through microstructural characterization and mechanical tests. The results indicate that the hot cracking tendency can be reduced by increasing the pulse peak power (7.5–8.5 kW) and the laser point diameter (0.8–1.0 mm) with specific pulse duration and overlap. An alternative control strategy for less hot cracks in the Ti/Al lap joint can be to increase the weld width and decrease the cooling rate during solidification. The shear fracture of the Ti/Al lap joint is likely to occur along the lower side path of the weld interface with decreasing weld surface collapsed amount and increasing aluminum base metal melt depth.     

激光点焊工艺参数对止推箔片轴承接头组织与性能的影响

止推箔片轴承是航空陀螺仪中的重要支撑元件,为了提高支承面的耐磨性及耐腐蚀性,通常会在支承面涂覆特氟龙涂层,该涂层的添加给后续的制造工艺带来不确定性。研究激光点焊工艺参数对止推箔片轴承接头组织与性能的影响,利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、电子精密拉伸仪、超声检测等分析方法,对焊缝表面成形、接头显微组织及力学性能进行分析。结果表明:焊点表面直径随脉冲功率的增加而增大,而抗拉剪力随热输入量的增加先增大后减小;激光点焊制造的优化工艺参数为脉冲功率百分比22%、脉冲宽度5.0ms,抗拉剪力达最大值63.0N;超声波浸液检测能够精确测定搭接界面的尺寸,但抗拉剪力与界面尺寸不完全成正比关系,接头的抗拉剪力主要与接头的断裂机制有关。     

2219铝合金变截面结构搅拌摩擦焊接工艺及组织特性

针对变截面结构产品,提出了一种变截面搭接结构搅拌摩擦焊接方法,通过加装辅助板将整条焊缝焊接方向上补偿为等厚度。焊接采用一次定位焊接+二次定位焊接+正式焊接的工艺方式,一次定位焊为预定位,二次定位焊保证辅助板与试片主体结构之间形成有效连接,正式焊保证形成完整的焊缝。焊缝表面成形良好,超声相控阵检测无超标缺陷。通过对力学性能的分析,变截面搭接结构处焊缝与非搭接处焊缝和常规对接焊缝的力学性能基本相同,平均抗拉强度均达到母材的70%以上,平均延伸率均在5.8%以上。变截面搭接焊缝焊核处晶粒形态为细小的等轴晶,靠近轴肩影响区部分的晶粒尺寸大于靠近焊缝根部的晶粒尺寸,受再结晶影响,焊缝两侧热机影响区处辅助板搭接界面消失。     

铝合金搅拌摩擦焊表面冷喷涂层的结构与耐蚀性

采用冷喷涂技术在2219铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头上制备Al涂层,以提高搅拌摩擦焊接头耐蚀性。通过数字显微镜、扫描电镜、电化学工作站对Al涂层的结构及耐蚀性进行表征。结果表明:冷喷Al涂层质量良好,孔隙率仅为0.77%,涂层内部存在等轴晶、细化晶粒以及拉长晶粒,涂层界面以机械咬合为主,涂层/接头区界面质量明显优于涂层/母材区界面;电化学数据显示,涂层腐蚀敏感性较低,自腐蚀电位和腐蚀电流密度均低于热影响区,冷喷涂层降低了搅拌摩擦焊接头的腐蚀敏感性;晶间腐蚀实验表明,腐蚀6 h后,涂层最大腐蚀深度仅为热影响区最大腐蚀深度的50%,证明冷喷涂技术显著改善了搅拌摩擦焊接头的耐腐蚀性。     

Influence of welding parameters on microstructure and mechanical properties of electron beam welded Ti60 to GH3128 joint with a Cu interlayer

Effects of welding parameters on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti/Cu/Ni joint welded by electron beam were investigated. High welding heat input increased the melting quantity of Ti60 titanium alloy and promoted the formation of Ti–Cu intermetallic compounds (IMC) such as Ti₂Cu and Ti₃Cu₄, increasing the brittleness of the joints. Low welding heat input was not conducive to the complete melting of the copper interlayer, and the unmelted copper reduced the performance of the joints. Under the optimal welding parameters, Ti–Ni IMCs in the weld would be replaced by (Cu, Ni) solid solutions ((Cu, Ni)_ss). However, Ti–Cu IMC layers cannot be eliminated entirely by changing the welding parameters. The maximum tensile strength of the joints was 201 MPa. The fracture of the joints occurred at the Ti–Cu IMC layer, which was a typical brittle fracture.     

转速对铝铜层状复合板搅拌摩擦焊接接头组织性能的影响

采用搅拌摩擦焊接(FSW)对铝铜层状复合板进行焊接,研究转速对焊接接头组织性能的影响。结果表明:FSW接头在焊缝区域内铝铜金属呈层状分布;随着搅拌头转速的增大,焊核区(NZ)中铝与铜晶粒尺寸增大;转速为1180 r/min时,铝层焊缝中心区域平均显微硬度为33.0 HV,超过母材显微硬度,抗拉强度为127.21 MPa;转速为750 r/min时,铜层焊缝中心区域平均显微硬度为99.7 HV,达到母材显微硬度的82.05%;孔洞缺陷是造成接头力学性能较低的主要原因。     

Effect of adding Nb foil on joint properties of laser fusion welding for TC4 titanium and 7075 aluminum alloy

It is difficult to gain effective Ti-Al fusion welding joints due to their differences in thermal properties and the appearance of brittle Ti-Al Intermetallic Compounds (IMCs). The experiments of laser fusion welding for TC4 titanium and 7075 aluminum alloy were carried out, temperature field and ductility/brittleness, as well as chemical potential of elements, were calculated, and the effect of adding Nb foil on mechanical properties of the weld was also investigated. The results suggested that Nb atoms tend to diffuse toward Al side, which is conducive to the participation of Nb in the metallurgical reaction and contributes to forming the Ti-Nb-Al IMC layer at the interface. As the thickness of Nb foil increases, the tensile-shear force of joint climbs first but then declines, and reaches the highest value of 1663 N with 0.10 mm-thickness Nb foil, representing 58.38% enhancement compared with the non-added one. Adding Nb foil slows down the heat transfer as a blocker, and thus both the melting amount of Al and the mixing area of Ti and Al decrease. In addition, Nb alloying reduces the brittleness of the Ti-Al compound. Hence, the joint properties of titanium/aluminum are improved with the addition of Nb foil.     

A review of friction stir joining of SiCp/Al composites

SiCp/Al composites have excellent comprehensive properties and have been widely used in aerospace, automotive industry and other fields.Due to the huge difference in performance between SiC particles and matrix alloys, traditional fusion welding methods are difficult to meet the join requirements of SiCp/Al composites.Friction stir joining(friction stir welding), as a solid phase joining process, has been proved to be a new technology with fine prospect in joining SiCp/Al composites compared wit...     

SPS温度对铜/镍粉/304不锈钢接头组织与剪切强度的影响

采用脉冲放电等离子烧结(SPS)制备了添加镍粉中间层的铜/304不锈钢接头,研究了焊接温度对接头组织及力学性能的影响。结果表明,以镍粉为中间层,可以实现铜与304不锈钢的扩散焊接。铜/镍界面处铜、镍互扩散形成铜/镍界面扩散层,镍/304不锈钢界面处镍、铁互扩散形成镍/铁界面扩散层,铜/镍扩散层厚度大于镍/铁扩散层厚度。在焊接压力为10 MPa、焊接温度为900℃时,铜/304不锈钢接头剪切强度最佳,为98 MPa。铜/304不锈钢接头断口形貌呈韧窝状,断裂均在镍中间层处,接头连接强度受制于镍中间层本身的强度。     

2219薄板铝合金浮动式双轴肩搅拌摩擦焊接及组织性能分析

以运载火箭助推器贮箱广泛应用的4 mm厚2219薄板铝合金为焊接对象,研制了浮动式双轴肩搅拌头,分析了内部塑性金属流动模式及特点,并推测出需匹配较低焊接热输入才能获得优质焊缝。工艺探索及优化试验结果直接验证了焊缝内部塑性金属流动模式及推测。接头宏观组织形貌分析结果显示:不同焊接速度下的焊缝横截面宏观形貌都可以观察洋葱环特征,且随着焊接速度提高,洋葱环特征越发增多,并从靠近前进侧的焊核区逐渐向后退侧孕育发展,这也有效验证了薄板铝合金双轴肩搅拌头的设计思路。薄板铝合金双轴肩搅拌摩擦焊接头横截面显微硬度分布均呈"U"型,接头显微硬度最低点位于焊核区与后退侧热机影响区的交界处。接头力学性能测试结果显示:随着焊接速度逐渐升高,接头抗拉强度逐渐升高,且当焊接速度达到350 mm/min时,接头抗拉强度达到最高值。铝合金浮动式双轴肩搅拌摩擦焊接头延伸率整体较高,焊接速度对其影响不大。铝合金双轴肩搅拌摩擦焊接头正、背弯均可以达到180°无裂纹。基于立式纵缝搅拌摩擦焊系统成功实现了2 m长试片的浮动式双轴肩搅拌摩擦焊,累计焊接长度达到60 m,且双轴肩搅拌头完整,未发现裂纹、扭曲或其他损伤。     

以Ti/V/Cu、V/Cu为中间层的TiAl合金

用真空扩散连接方法对TiAl/Ti/V/Cu/40Cr钢及TiAl/V/Cu/40Cr钢进行了研究。结果表明,以Ti/V/Cu作中间层的接头拉伸强度高于以V/Cu作中间层的接头强度。界面分析显示,Ti/V、V/Cu、Cu/40Cr钢的各个结合界面处未形成金属间化合物,而TiAl/Ti的结合界面上有Ti3Al产生;在TiAl/V的界面上有Ti3Al、Al3V两种金属间化合物产生;界面上脆性金属间化合物的产生是接头发生断裂的原因。     

异种金属材料磁脉冲焊接技术

通过对磁脉冲焊接技术结合机理的阐述,采用5A03Al-5A06Al、1050Al-AZ31Mg异种金属材料进行焊接试验.对所得的焊接接头进行气密性试验和剥离试验,检测其结合质量;结合光学显微镜,对比分析Al-Al、Al-Mg焊接接头的微观形貌特点;并采用SEM/EDS分析界面附近的元素分布;最后通过硬度试验,检测接头界...     

LF6铝合金与不锈钢异种金属惯性摩擦焊工艺技术研究

铝合金与不锈钢物理化学性能较大的差异使两者采用常规焊接技术较难实现连接。本文采用惯性摩擦焊接技术进行了LF6铝合金与不锈钢异种金属连接,分析研究了接头的微观组织及拉伸力学性能。研究结果表明,LF6铝合金与不锈钢惯性摩擦焊接过程中,相对不锈钢一侧,LF6铝合金一侧发生了较大的塑性变形,飞边主要由LF6铝合金摩擦挤压而成;微观组织显示LF6铝合金一侧分为细晶区、拉长晶区和母材区,细晶区中呈现为细小等轴晶状组织,拉长晶区为摩擦剪应力作用下的板条状拉伸组织。EDX分析表明,在摩擦热和顶锻力的作用下,焊接界面存在明显的浓度梯度,形成了数微米的扩散反应层;力学断口断裂于铝合金一侧受力薄弱区。     

Improving tensile-shear properties of friction stir lap welded dissimilar Al/Mg joints by eliminating hook defect and controlling interfacial reaction

To improve tensile-shear properties of fiction stir lap welded(FSLW) dissimilar Al/Mg joints, pin-tip profiles were innovatively designed and welding speed was optimized, and effects of them on formation, interface microstructure and mechanical properties of different FSLW joints were investigated. With increasing the welding speed, the tensile-shear load of FSLW joints produced by three pins presents an increasing firstly and then decreasing trend. Compared with Rpin, the hook and hole defect i...     

Feasibility study of thermo-compensated resistance brazing welding of C/C composites and T2 copper with AgCuTi filler metal

The dissimilar materials joining of C/C composites to T2 copper were performed successfully by thermo-compensated Resistance Brazing Welding (RBW) with AgCuTi filler powder. The interfacial microstructure, phase composition, and shear strength of the resistance brazed joints were investigated by the relevant analysis method. Experiment results indicated that the order affecting the shear strength of the C/C-Cu joint was welding current, welding pressure, and welding time in turn. The shear strength of backward thermo-compensated RBW was higher than that of forward thermo-compensated RBW due to the Peltier effect. The maximum shear strength of the C/C-Cu joint was 11.56 MPa in the optimized welding parameter with welding current of 8.0 kA, welding time of 60 ms, and welding pressure of 0.10 MPa by backward thermo-compensated RBW. The interface structure at the resistance brazed joint with this welding parameter was C/C composites/TiC/Cu (s.s)/T2 copper. The TiC phase was verified at the interface of the brazed joint by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectrometer (EDS), and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). Considerable fractures occurred in the C/C composites and partial fracture occurred at the interfacial reaction layer.     

2219铝合金双轴肩搅拌摩擦焊与熔焊交叉接头的组织及性能

文摘对2219C10S铝合金进行双轴肩搅拌摩擦焊接,之后沿垂直于双轴肩搅拌摩擦焊方向进行变极性TIG焊接制备交叉接头,并对比分析了交叉接头与单一TIG接头的组织和力学性能。交叉接头与单一TIG接头的组织特征既有相同之处也存在差异。相同之处为焊缝区均由直流氦弧焊作用下的柱状区和交流脉冲氩弧焊作用下的碗状区组成;不同之处在于两者的母材区分别为细小等轴晶和轧制板条晶粒,而热影响区都是在母材晶粒上发生粗化长大。显微硬度测试结果表明,两类接头的横截面显微硬度分布均呈"W"型,单一TIG接头的的显微硬度分布梯度大于交叉接头,但交叉接头的软化区宽度更窄。拉伸测试结果得出,两类接头均断裂于接头的热影响区。沿SR-FSW焊缝方向的交叉接头的抗拉强度系数为66.14%,略低于单一TIG接头,但接头延伸率比单一TIG接头高约30%。断口形貌研究表明,交叉接头的断口形貌为典型的韧性断裂,而单一TIG接头还可观察到部分脆性断裂特征。     

铝/铜异种金属搭接无倾角微搅拌摩擦焊接工艺特性

以0.5mm厚6061铝合金和2mm厚T2紫铜搭接接头为研究对象,开展了无倾角微搅拌摩擦焊接试验,通过对搅拌工具材料选择、焊缝成形、接头性能分析,研究了其焊接工艺特性。试验结果表明,相比热作模具钢,采用高速工具钢制成的搅拌工具有更长的使用寿命。对于铝/铜搭接接头,无倾角微搅拌摩擦焊接能获得成形良好的焊缝,并且其工艺窗口宽泛,接头的力学性能良好,其承载能力能够达到铝合金母材的95%以上,但是当焊接速度为200mm/min时,主轴转速一旦超过25000r/min,焊缝表面将会出现沟槽缺陷。     

Z-pin增强树脂基复合材料单搭接接头抗冲击性能

为了研究Z-pin增强树脂基复合材料接头的抗冲击性能,制备了Z-pin增强单搭接接头冲击试样。对比不同树脂体系Z-pin/层合板界面裂纹扩展,分别通过Z-pin拔脱试验和接头剪切试验研究Z-pin冲击后拔脱强度和单搭接接头冲击后剪切强度;结合有限元模拟和超声C扫描研究搭接面分层损伤情况。结果表明,相同冲击能量下,环氧Z-pin/环氧层合板界面抗冲击性更强,冲击能量越大,裂纹扩展越显著;Z-pin增强树脂基复合材料显著减小分层损伤面积,提高冲击后剪切强度,体积分数为1.5%、直径为0.5mm的Z-pin增强层合板分层损伤面积仅为40%,冲击后剪切强度的下降率仅为24.89%。随着Z-pin体积分数增加,搭接面损伤面积逐渐减小,冲击后剪切强度先增加后降低;随着Z-pin直径增加,层间损伤面积增加,冲击后剪切强度逐渐降低。Z-pin增强接头分层损伤模型模拟结果与试验结果基本吻合。      

Effect of beam current on microstructures and mechanical properties of joints of TZM/30CrMnSiA by electron beam welding

Electron beam welding experiments of TZM alloy and 30CrMnSiA steel butt joints were carried out with different beam currents. Microstructures and chemical compositions of typical zones were analyzed by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The mechanical properties of the joints were evaluated by tensile strength tests. Besides, nanoindentation tests were carried out to compare the brittleness of the reaction layer and other typical microstructures. The results illustrated that the reaction layer at the interface between fusion zone (FZ) and TZM alloy was the weak position of the joint, which was divided into Fe₂Mo layer and a mixture layer of Fe₂Mo and α-Fe phases. As the beam current increased, the thickness of the Fe₂Mo layer decreased, which resulted in the increasing of the tensile strength of the joints. When the beam current exceeded 24 mA, the formation of the joint was poor with a low tensile strength. When the beam current was 24 mA, the joint presented the highest strength of 191.3 MPa and the joint fractured along the Fe₂Mo layer near the TZM alloy side with a brittle fracture mode.