Effects of dry/wet ratio and pre-immersion on stress corrosion cracking of 7050-T7451 aluminum alloy under wet-dry cyclic conditions

The stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behavior and mechanism of 7050-T7451 aluminum alloy under wet-dry cyclic conditions were investigated. Slow strain rate tests (SSRTs) and electrochemical tests were used to study the effects of dry/wet ratio (DWR) and pre-immersion on SCC. Fracture and side surface characterizations were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results demonstrate that SCC susceptibility decreases with an increase of the DWR. With an increase of the pre-immersion time, both continuous pre-immersion (CP) and wet-dry cyclic pre-immersion (WDP) samples are more sensitive to SCC, and the cracking mode in the SCC fracture region is intergranular. Furthermore, the effect of WDP on SCC is greater than that of CP when the total time immersed in solution before an SSRT is the same with each other. In fact, each single wet-dry cycle can be divided into three processes with respect to the change of solution on samples’ surface. Volatilization of water on the surface results in an increase in solute concentration, thus accelerating corrosion.     

碳纤维环氧复合材料对铝合金应力腐蚀性能的影响

研究了碳纤维环氧复合材料与LY12CZ,LC4CS铝合金相互偶接时,在3.5%NaCl溶液中的电偶腐蚀行为,以及所产生的电偶腐蚀对铝合金应力腐蚀性能的影响。测量了复合材料与铝合金在3.5%NaCl溶液中的电偶腐蚀电流及铝合金的腐蚀失重值,应用慢应变速率应力腐蚀(SSRT)、预制疲劳裂纹的双悬臂(DCB)试样应力腐蚀研究方法,研究在腐蚀介质和碳纤维环氧复合材料共同作用下,由于电偶腐蚀的存在,对铝合金应力腐蚀性能的影响。试验结果表明:碳纤维环氧复合材料增加LY12CZ铝合金的应力腐蚀敏感性,缩短断裂时间,而对LC4CS双悬臂(DCB)试样应力腐蚀的研究结果表明,电偶腐蚀对LC4CS铝合金KISCC值影响不大,对(da/dt) 稍有影响,但不十分明显。同时对电偶腐蚀影响铝合金的应力腐蚀机制和行为进行了一定的讨论。     

2A12-T4铝合金长期大气腐蚀损伤规律

在海南省万宁地区开展了2A12-T4铝合金暴露7年、12年和20年的大气腐蚀试验,根据腐蚀特征将腐蚀区域划分为单侧腐蚀区和双侧腐蚀区,以结构最小剩余厚度值作为腐蚀特征量,进行了不同年限试验件中不同腐蚀区域最小剩余厚度的测量和统计分析,确定了满足99.9%可靠度与95%置信度的最小剩余厚度值以及95%置信度下的最小剩余厚度置信区间,并开展了腐蚀损伤形貌的金相分析。研究结果表明:2A12-T4铝合金大气腐蚀特征量服从正态分布;在大气腐蚀7~20年间2A12-T4铝合金板件的最小剩余厚度值是线性减小的;2A12-T4铝合金大气腐蚀7年后处于点蚀、晶间腐蚀、剥蚀的过渡期,12年后发生全面剥蚀,20年后剥蚀已相当严重且伴随着点蚀;双侧腐蚀区与单侧腐蚀区相比腐蚀深度更大且剥蚀层剥落严重。     

Stress corrosion behavior of 2195-T8 Al-Li alloy with an artificial pit exposed to a 30vol% HNO3 solution

This paper experimentally studied the stress corrosion behavior of 2195-T8 Al-Li alloys with prefabricated pits in 30vol% HNO₃. The microstructure was observed and determined by the scanning electron microscopy and the transmission electron microscopy. The typical corrosion features, i.e., regular or irregular corrosion pits and sub/intergranular corrosion, were investigated, and the role of stress were analyzed. The statistical results of the number and area of corrosion pits in various sizes were studied using an improved image processing method. Experimental results demonstrate that stress affects the intergranular corrosion or sub-intergranular corrosion of the alloy most, and promotes them to evolve into cracks under stress corrosion. Stress also plays a role in accelerating corrosion severity of certain corrosion feature. The number of corrosion pits with an area of 0–50 μm² can be seen as an index to reflect the degree of corrosion. Besides, a corrosion phenomenon, i.e., the pit bottom in the site with the maximum stress locally suffering from no severe corrosion, was observed and discussed.     

Fouling corrosion in aluminum heat exchangers

Fouling deposits on aluminum heat exchanger reduce the heat transfer efficiency and cause corrosion to the apparatus.This study focuses on the corrosive behavior of aluminum coupons covered with a layer of artificial fouling in a humid atmosphere by their weight loss,Tafel plots,electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS),and scanning electron microscope(SEM)observations.The results reveal that chloride is one of the major elements found in the fouling which damages the passive film and initiates corrosion.The galvanic corrosion between the metal and the adjacent carbon particles accelerates the corrosive process.Furthermore,the black carbon favors the moisture uptake,and gives the dissolved oxygen greater chance to migrate through the fouling layer and form a continuous diffusive path.The corrosion rate decreasing over time is conformed to electrochemistry measurements and can be verified by Faraday’s law.The EIS results indicate that the mechanism of corrosion can be interpreted by the pitting corrosion evolution mechanism,and that pitting was observed on the coupons by SEM after corrosive exposure.     

长期大气腐蚀对2A12-T4铝合金结构疲劳性能的影响

开展了2A12-T4铝合金平板试验件、螺栓干涉试验件和冷挤压后螺栓干涉试验件在海南万宁大气环境下暴露腐蚀7年、12年和20年后的疲劳试验,进行了试验件腐蚀形貌分析、断口形貌分析和断口附近的侧边损伤形貌分析,并讨论了结构裂纹萌生位置、结构断裂部位和寿命变化规律等疲劳特征的形成原因和机理。研究结果表明:平板试验件和冷挤压后螺栓干涉试验件在腐蚀20年后的疲劳寿命与腐蚀12年相比基本持平,而螺栓干涉试验件的疲劳寿命持续下降;在长期大气腐蚀环境下结构局部强度的衰减速度排序是:螺栓干涉强化部位>未强化部位>冷挤压后螺栓干涉强化部位;2A12-T4铝合金材料在L-S面中部的腐蚀敏感性与L-S面侧边和L-T面相比更弱;L-S面发生的沿晶腐蚀是疲劳开裂的主要萌生源,长期腐蚀后侧面密集损伤导致的能量分散是使腐蚀20年后平板试验件寿命与腐蚀12年相比无明显下降的主要原因。     

7B04-T6铝合金腐蚀疲劳交替寿命预测模型

利用7B04-T6铝合金进行了预腐蚀试验和"腐蚀+疲劳+腐蚀+疲劳+……"交替模式作用下的腐蚀疲劳交替试验.试验结果表明:在腐蚀疲劳交替作用下,试验件寿命比相同腐蚀时间作用下的预腐蚀试验件寿命长.利用试验结果建立了基于损伤力学和非线性损伤累积理论的腐蚀疲劳交替寿命预测模型.提出了利用损伤指数描述腐蚀损伤和疲劳损伤在交替过程中的耦合关系,并分析了损伤指数变化对模型迟滞因子和模型预测精度的影响.通过模型分析,在腐蚀疲劳交替过程中,疲劳加载次数对寿命的影响大于腐蚀时间的影响,并且随着加载次数增加试验件的寿命也增加.      

预腐蚀和交替腐蚀作用下航空铝合金多轴疲劳行为及寿命预测

飞机在腐蚀环境下服役时,损伤形式为地面腐蚀与空中疲劳交替过程。依据该工况特点,研究了预腐蚀和交替腐蚀作用对2024-T4和7075-T651两种航空铝合金多轴疲劳行为的影响规律。结果表明：等效应力恒定时,随着预腐蚀时间增加,试样表面蚀坑数量和密度增加,腐蚀影响权重增大,2种铝合金多轴疲劳寿命均降低;交替腐蚀-多轴疲劳试验中,单位加载周次恒定时,单位腐蚀时间增加导致多轴疲劳寿命下降,试验过程中随着交替级数的增加,试样表面腐蚀程度加剧;基于Miner模型和预腐蚀疲劳寿命数据,提出修正的损伤累积模型,进行交替腐蚀-多轴疲劳寿命预测,寿命预测值基本位于2倍分散带内。     

主观散斑方法在微观观测铝合金应力腐蚀演化过程中的应用

建立了监测应力腐蚀萌生过程的光学系统,介绍了主观散斑方法在应力腐蚀检测过程中的应用。这种方法将散射方法与散斑统计相结合,通过计算表面应力腐蚀引起的粗糙度的变化,研究应力腐蚀的初始演化过程。将此方法应用到铝合金2024-T3在3.5％NaCl溶液中的应力腐蚀萌生实验中,结果表明,这种方法对粗糙度的变化足够敏感,特别是散斑场的平均光强与粗糙度基本是线性关系。如果用粗糙度来表征腐蚀速度,则可以用这种方法简单、有效的研究各种因素对应力腐蚀萌生的影响。     

SCC investigation of low alloy ultra-high strength steel 30CrMnSiNi2A in 3.5wt%NaCl solution by slow strain rate technique

To evaluate stress corrosion cracking(SCC) mechanism of low alloy ultra-high strength steel 30CrMnSiNi2 A in environment containing NaCl, SCC behavior of the steel in 3.5wt% NaCl solution is investigated by slow strain rate technique(SSRT) with various strain rates and applied potentials, surface analysis technique, and electrochemical measurements. SCC susceptibility of the steel increases rapidly with strain rate decreasing from 1 · 10 5s 1to 5 · 10 7s 1, and becomes stable when strain rate is lower than 5 · 10 7s 1. SCC propagation of the steel in the solution at open circuit potential(OCP) needs sufficient hydrogen which is supplied at a certain strain rate.Fracture surface at OCP has similar characteristics with that at cathodic polarization 1000 mVSCE, which presents characteristic fractography of hydrogen induced cracking(HIC).All of these indicate that SCC behavior of the steel in the solution at OCP is mainly controlled by HIC rather than anodic dissolution(AD).     

基于数字图像相关的预腐蚀2024-T4铝合金疲劳开裂实验研究

通过三维数字图像相关(3D-DIC)方法研究预腐蚀2024-T4铝合金在三种不同最大应力水平和应力比下的疲劳开裂行为。通过应变场演化直观地显示裂纹萌生和扩展的时空特征,并通过扫描电镜观测关键损伤区域的断裂微观形貌。结果表明:试样边缘的局部腐蚀促进了疲劳裂纹萌生,影响了裂纹的形核位置,并引起材料氢脆现象;疲劳裂纹扩展方向与加载方向呈60°~68°角,表明疲劳裂纹扩展可以用KⅠ/KⅡ混合模式来描述;预腐蚀铝合金疲劳失效存在单裂纹断裂、多裂纹联合、多裂纹竞争和多裂纹平行扩展4种典型的失效模式。     

橡胶软油箱材料对铝合金腐蚀的影响研究

选择橡胶软油箱外层的橡胶材料及防老化涂层材料与7A04 T6包铝及去包铝、7B04 T6包铝及去包铝合金进行接触腐蚀试验。试验结果表明软油箱中对铝合金腐蚀产生直接影响的非金属材料为橡胶防老化涂层,并确定了四种橡胶防老化涂层材料的腐蚀敏感性顺序;通过对橡胶防老化涂层进行的EDS分析以及涂层浸泡液的pH值变化及氯离子含量研究,认为橡胶防老化涂层中对铝合金腐蚀产生影响的主要成分为氯离子和金属氧化物。     

直角切削6061-T6铝合金剪切区力学行为及微观结构演化预测

力学行为是塑性变形微观过程的宏观表现,早期的金属切削理论模型没有考虑微观结构对切削力的影响。在考虑热力耦合效应的基础上建立了基于位错密度材料模型的6061-T6铝合金直角切削力预测模型,分析了不同切削参数下基于位错运动的塑性变形机制对切削力的影响。结合等分剪切区和非等分剪切区模型,构建了第一变形区多物理场计算方法,提出一种切屑形成过程中由塑性变形引起的微观结构演化解析模型。通过测量切削力和切屑内晶粒尺寸对模型的可行性进行了初步验证。结果表明：剪切区长度变长引起参与位错滑移的材料增多是切削深度增大导致切削力增大的主要原因。增大切削速度导致切削力的降低不是单一变量影响的结果,而是应变降低引起位错增殖数量减少和温度升高引起位错湮灭作用增加的共同作用结果。非等分剪切区模型正确反映了第一变形区温度和应力的分布特征,且与二维有限元模型分布相一致,建立的第一变形区微观结构演化解析模型能够预测切屑内位错密度和晶粒尺寸。     

SCC evaluation of a 2297 Al-Li alloy rolled plate using the slow-strain rate technique

The stress corrosion cracking (SCC) susceptibility of 2297 Al-Li alloy in 1 M NaCl + 0.01 M H₂O₂ solution (CP solution) and 1 M NaCl + 0.01 M H₂O₂ + 0.6 M Na₂SO₄ solution (CPS solution) was investigated by slow-strain rate tests at various strain rates ranging from 10⁻⁵ s⁻¹ to 10⁻⁷ s⁻¹. The roles of H₂O₂ and SO₄²⁻ in the corrosion process were estimated by potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. 2297 Al-Li alloy does not fracture ascribed to SCC in CP solution, while it undergoes SCC in CPS solution. In CPS solution, with a decreasing strain rate from 10⁻⁵ s⁻¹ to 10⁻⁷ s⁻¹, the SCC susceptibility firstly rises and then declines exhibiting a peak value at a strain rate of 10⁻⁶ s⁻¹. H₂O₂ promotes the active dissolution while SO₄²⁻ lowers the corrosion rate. The SCC fracture is associated with a decline in the dissolution rate of the crack tip by SO₄²⁻, which leads to stress concentration. In CPS solution, a reduction in the local dissolution rate of the crack tip leads to stress concentration, resulting in SCC fracture. As the preferred initiation site for a crack, pits also show a noteworthy effect on SCC of 2297 Al-Li alloy.     

Initial corrosion behavior and mechanism of 7B04 aluminum alloy under acid immersion and salt spray environments

The initial corrosion behavior and mechanism of 7B04 aluminum alloy under acid immersion and salt spray environments（pH = 3.5） are studied by Scanning Electron Microscope（SEM）, optical microscope, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy（FT-IR）, X-Ray Diffraction（XRD）, potentiodynamic polarization, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy（EIS）, and Scanning Kelvin Probe（SKP）. The results show that pitting corrosion occurs at the initial corrosion stage, and the potential difference between the seco...     

碳钢、低合金钢大气腐蚀数学模型研究

通过对碳钢、低合金钢长期大气腐蚀锈层生长历程的研究,利用Fick扩散定律,给出了碳钢、低合金钢大气腐蚀的数学模型。然后,用碳钢、低合金钢自然环境下暴露1,2,4,8,16年的腐蚀深度数据进行了验证,提出了碳钢、低合金钢腐蚀分为三个阶段的复合模型,并分别预测了三个阶段的腐蚀规律。第一阶段用线性规律比较合适;第二阶段采用了数学模型中的抛物线规律,拟合结果表明抛物线拟合精度高于传统的幂函数拟合的精度;第三阶段也用线性规律。     

某型飞机铝合金LY11螺旋桨腐蚀损伤试验

在疲劳试验机及电磁激振试验台上,对不同腐蚀情况的某型飞机螺旋桨桨叶模拟试件进行试验,分别得到了腐蚀损伤面积比随低周循环数N的变化规律,振动频率随损伤深度比、损伤长度比及损伤面积比的变化规律.试验表明,在载荷、温度相同条件下,材料性能、喷丸强化措施和使用环境是影响螺旋桨腐蚀损伤的重要因素;腐蚀损伤的面积比、腐蚀深度比对螺旋桨桨叶振动频率影响较大并获得最大深度比为0.14,模拟试件损伤深度最大允许值为0.7 mm,损伤面积比为0.015,损伤面积最大允许值为3.006 mm2.      

不同浓度NaCl溶液下典型铝/钛合金电偶腐蚀当量折算关系

通过电化学试验,分别测量了不同浓度NaCl溶液中2A12铝合金和TA15钛合金的极化曲线,利用极化曲线外推法,得到自腐蚀电流密度和自腐蚀电位,并分析其变化规律;测量了不同浓度、不同阴阳极面积比的电偶腐蚀电流;建立电偶腐蚀仿真模型,得到电偶电流仿真结果;基于仿真结果,利用当量折算系数法,计算不同浓度NaCl溶液与水介质的折算关系。结果表明:2种金属在溶液中存在电位差导致电偶腐蚀的发生;电偶电流的测试结果与仿真结果吻合较好,仿真模型可以用来对电偶腐蚀进行模拟;得到了2A12铝合金与TA15钛合金偶接后不同浓度NaCl溶液与水介质的折算系数。