二冲程点燃式直喷重油发动机小负荷试验

利用燃用轻柴油的二冲程点燃式空气辅助缸内直喷发动机,进行了转速为3000r/min、节气门开度为10%与20%下的小负荷试验,研究了点火及喷油参数对发动机性能的影响。试验结果表明:当节气门开度较小时,采用上止点前30°~40°点火提前角,饱和点火能量,稀混合气（过量空气系数大于1.1）及适度提前混合物喷射结束时刻的策略能够充分改善发动机动力性和经济性。随着负荷增大,点火能量影响程度减小,采用适度推迟点火提前角,偏浓混合气（过量空气系数小于1.0）及提前喷射结束时刻策略,增加燃油蒸发时间来充分发挥发动机动力性能,而采用饱和点火能量,偏稀混合气（过量空气系数大于1.15）能够大幅度改善发动机经济性及HC/CO排放。      

Technology review of aeroengine pollutant emissions

The Environmental effects issue of air traffic has been gaining increasing public attention. This has led to a considerable world-wide effort to reduce aircraft emissions. The task encompasses a broad variety of scientific and technological problems which are reviewed.The concerns about atmospheric effects have been based largely on laboratory information and experience from weather and climatic simulations. Research carried out over the past few years will improve the understanding of physical and chemical interaction phenomena and will support regulatory activities. Operational changes of airline flight profiles would be of benefit to the reduction of NO_x released into the stratosphere but would probably involve a major economic penalty. Emissions reductions through improved engine technology offer an overall potential of 10 % lower fuel burn but will also require a considerable component development effort and investment.Combustion technology appears most promising and industry is concentrating research in this area. Over the past two decades smoke emissions have become negligible and oxides of nitrogen have been reduced by 50 %. Staged combustion and emerging lean premix and rich-burn quick-quench lean-burn technologies are potentially good for another 50 % reduction. Alternative gaseous fuels will become of interest only in the context of a necessity to generally replace crude oil fuels.     

燃料掺氢对船用天然气发动机燃烧和排放的影响

为研究船用天然气发动机气体燃料中掺入不同比例氢气对燃烧和排放的影响。运用改装的氢气-天然气-柴油三燃料混烧发动机进行台架实验,测试对比负荷特性下掺氢比为0%、5%、10%、15%四个工况发动机排放物中CO、CO2、NO、NOx、烟温等数据,然后针对掺氢比分别为0%、5%、10%、15%、20%、25%的六个工况,运用CHEMKIN-PRO模拟计算点火延迟时间和层流火焰速度。结果显示,随着氢气比例增加,缸内燃烧点火延迟时间缩短,缸内最高温度升高,层流火焰速度增快,掺氢比对NOx排放影响不明显,相同输出功率下掺氢比高的工况CO排放更低,燃料掺氢工况CO2排放低于纯天然气工况。研究认为,燃料掺氢有助于改善船用LNG动力发动机的燃烧和排放,具有较大的研究和应用前景。     

Experimental study on NOx emission correlation of fuel staged combustion in a LPP combustor at high pressure based on NO-chemiluminescence

Experimental investigations on NO_x emissions of a single-cup, Lean Premixed Prevaporized (LPP), module combustor were carried out at elevated inlet temperature and pressure up to 810 K and 2.0 MPa, close to the real operating conditions of aero-engine combustors. This LPP combustor adopts centrally staged fuel injections which could produce separated stratified swirling spray flame. In the NO_x emissions measurements, the ranges of dome equivalence ratio and fuel stage ratio were from 0.55 to 0.58 and 8% to 24%, respectively. The optical diagnosis on separated stratified swirling spray flame were carried out with fuel stage ratio changing from 15% to 30%. Therefore, NO* and OH* chemiluminescence images were obtained. The results show that NO_x emissions increase with the increase of the fuel stage ratio. And from the chemiluminescence images, the main flame and pilot flame are found weakly coupled. The pilot flame plays a significant role in NO_x emission production because of its higher adiabatic flame temperature. Based on the results of chemiluminescence optical tests, a new NO_x emission prediction model is proposed based on the Lefebvre’s single flame model. The estimate of local equivalence ratio of the pilot stage’s non-premixed flame is modified considering the characteristics of spray combustion, and a “PLUS” emission prediction model suitable for separated stratified swirling spray flame is obtained. Compared to the experimental data, the “PLUS” model exhibits a good prediction in a range of ±13% of deviation.     

基于遗传-支持向量机的对置活塞二冲程柴油机气口高度优化

以某对置活塞二冲程柴油机为研究对象,基于一维仿真模型,利用遗传-支持向量机的方法,以油耗为优化目标,进行不同转速工况下进排气口高度组合的自动化寻优。结果表明:在1200r/min下,优化的进、排气口无量纲化高度组合为［0.075,0.105］,所得最小油耗为220.32g/(kW·h);对置活塞二冲程柴油机的气口最优高度应随着转速的提高逐渐增大;且在高转速(大于1600r/min)下,排气口最优高度增加趋势更加明显。      

某型干式低NOx燃烧室污染物排放试验

应用高压试验台完成了某重型燃气轮机(E级)干式低NO_x(DLN)燃烧室烧天然气污染排放性能试验与研究.各工况下CO及UHC质量分数很低,燃烧室能够保证稳定高效燃烧.燃烧效率达到99%以上;额定工况NO_x质量分数204 mg/N.m3(15%O₂),大大超出设计要求.试验结果表明:该燃烧室值班燃料比例过大,导致扩散燃烧产生NO_x效果明显;燃料预混不均匀是NO_x质量分数过高的另一重要原因.这一结论为该燃机的改进提供了可靠参考和依据.      

NOx emissions of turbofan powered unmanned aerial vehicle for complete flight cycle

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have been getting more and more popular in both civil and military arena. Similar to manned aircraft, their propulsion systems or engines emit harmful gases such as nitrogen oxides. Since UAVs have different mission profiles and operational parameters than manned aircraft, it is worthy to investigate their NO_x emissions. Therefore, in this study, NO_x emissions of a turbofan powered UAV for complete flight cycle was calculated and optimized within a range of altitude and speed parameters. NO_x emissions were calculated based on ICAO ground test data and corrected to any speed and altitude during flight legs using both Boeing Fuel Flow Method 2 and DLR Fuel Flow Method. Total NO_x emissions were calculated for complete flight cycles for different altitude and speed parameters. Numerical results were presented graphically and additionally optimization studies were conducted. Optimization studies include determination and comparison of speed and altitude for minimum NO_x emissions by the two fuel flow methods and maximum loiter time achievable by UAV.     

基于燃烧室多反应器模型的民用涡扇发动机排放预测

选用燃油JetA为航空燃料,建立了简化火焰锋面模型、燃烧化学平衡模型、燃烧动力学模型、燃油雾化模型、燃油蒸发模型及污染排放生成模型.采用基于燃烧室多反应器模型对发动机在不同工作状态下的排放产物NOx、未燃碳氢化合物(unburned hydrocarbons,UHC)和CO进行了计算.结果表明:燃烧室内火焰温度越高,NOx排放量越大.在发动机工作在低转速工况下时,燃油液滴的雾化直径大,造成CO与UHC排放量增加.基于燃烧室多反应器模型计算通用性强、速度快,适合与发动机性能程序相结合,在发动机设计阶段对发动机不同工作状态下的排放产物含量进行预测计算.     

基于ICAO起降模型的中国机场飞机排污计算研究

结合ICAO机场排放计算方法,在考虑3种主要气体污染物HC、CO和NOx的情况下,提出了适合中国机场飞机排放污染物的计算方法。该方法基于国际民航组织（ICAO）规定的标准起飞着陆（LTO）循环的模型,采用ICAO发动机排放数据库（ICAO aircraft engine emissions databank）,通过搜集中国民航机队的飞机／发动机配置信息及所列机场航班计划表,计算出机场污染物年排放量。     

Experimental and numerical studies of a lean-burn internally-staged combustor

A lean-burn internally-staged combustor for low emissions that can be used in civil avi-ation gas turbines is introduced in this paper. The main stage is designed and optimized in terms of fuel evaporation ratio, fuel/air pre-mixture uniformity, and particle residence time using commer-cial computational fluid dynamics （CFD） software. A single-module rectangular combustor is adopted in performance tests including lean ignition, lean blowout, combustion efficiency, emis-sions, and combustion oscillation using aviation kerosene. Furthermore, nitrogen oxides （NOx） emission is also predicted using CFD simulation to compare with test results. Under normal inlet temperature, this combustor can be ignited easily with normal and negative inlet pressures. The lean blowout fuel/air ratio （LBO FAR） at the idle condition is 0.0049. The fuel split proportions between the pilot and main stages are determined through balancing emissions, combustion efficiency, and combustion oscillation. Within the landing and take-off （LTO） cycle, this combustor enables 42%NOx reduction of the standard set by the 6th Committee on Aviation Environmental Protection （CAEP/6） with high combustion efficiency. The maximum board-band pressure oscillations of inlet air and fuel are below 1%of total pressure during steady-state operations at the LTO cycle specific conditions.     

液化天然气作为航空燃料的发展趋势及特点分析

为研究液化天然气(LNG)作为航空燃料的可行性,对LNG的特点、发展趋势及作为航空燃料存在的问题进行了分析.采用了横向比较的方法,将LNG与新的航空替代燃料和传统航空燃料进行了比较和计算分析.结果表明:与新的航空替代燃料相比,LNG具有来源广泛、经济性好、发动机适应性强等优点.与传统航空燃料相比,LNG的储量大,可使用100年以上;可燃极限宽、污染物排放低,NOx排放仅为航空煤油的1/4;单位质量能量密度高、成本低,其燃料成本仅为航空汽油的一半,航空煤油的1/3;同时还具有可用于发动机高温部件冷却用的冷能,是一种极富潜力的航空燃料.指出在LNG作为航空燃料方面急需开展动力系统与飞机结构的匹配、燃料相态的有效转化及不同燃料在燃烧室内的反应特性等方面的研究工作.      

不同钝体宽度下的驻涡燃烧室排放试验

为了研究空气流量分配对驻涡燃烧室对排放特性的影响,了解对驻涡燃烧室内污染物生成的过程及其影响因素,设计了一个能够改变中心钝体宽度、仅凹腔供油的驻涡燃烧室.在常压下对该驻涡燃烧室进行了排放特性试验,进口温度保持200℃.试验中,燃烧室进口马赫数为0.15~0.3.影响排放的因素主要包括雾化质量、凹腔当量比以及与进口马赫数相关的驻留时间等.总体来说雾化质量、凹腔当量比的提高对降低CO和HC的排放是有利的,但是这会使NOx排放增加.在低凹腔当量比时,CO排放曲线变化下降比较平缓,甚至出现上升趋势,而HC排放曲线比较陡峭.这是由于HC的消耗速度比CO消耗速度快,随着凹腔当量比的增加,供油压力提高,燃油雾化粒径变小,燃油蒸发时间缩短,使HC排放快速减少,中间产物CO大量产生而来不及消耗.凹腔当量比进一步上升时,由于燃烧温度的提高,使得CO排放快速减少.在燃烧室内燃烧过程中,NOx的形成和消耗是非常复杂的过程,目前只能作一些定性的分析,而CO和HC的反应过程相对简单.通过对不同钝体槽宽下,具有相似凹腔前壁流量的工况的比较,发现CO和HC的形成主要受凹腔内工作状况影响,而NOx的形成过程更复杂,主流也对其产生着重要的影响.      

芳香烃种类及含量对航空发动机燃烧的排放影响

为了对不同芳香烃种类及含量在航空发动机上表现开展综合评定,对16种芳香烃的3种配比调和燃料开展发动机排放尾气碳烟浓度实验。根据实测颗粒物排放浓度值,对芳香烃的种类与含量增长对排放的影响进行比较;通过线性拟合计算芳香烃特性与颗粒物PM(particulate matters)排放的相关性;结合燃料的能量密度与排放两大重要因素,给出综合评定排名。分析结果表明:茚与萘系类产生的PM数浓度显著更高,而加氢处理后对排放有明显改善。芳香烃的密度和碳氢比对PM的影响最大,并随着芳烃浓度的增加影响越显著。对异丙苯与苯乙烯在综合评定中被列为最优两种芳烃,对萘系列加氢处理可同时优化比能与排放。该结果为通过控制燃料中芳烃种类来优化燃料提供了研究基础。      

无人机活塞式发动机进排气系统优化

针对一款无人机(UAV)用活塞发动机在飞行转速为6500r/min时扭矩较低以及燃油消耗率较高的问题,提出了一种基于自适应遗传算法（GA）的发动机进排气系统优化方法,进行进排气系统改进设计。使用GT-Power软件搭建了该发动机一维仿真模型,并通过台架试验数据验证模型;基于该模型进行了进排气系统结构参数对扭矩和燃油消耗率的敏感性分析,将进气管长度、直径、空滤器后腔容积和排气管长度作为优化变量,使用Matlab进行自适应遗传算法优化,使用Simulink/GT-Power接口实现数据采集和优化结果反馈。通过台架试验验证了优化结果的准确性。结果表明:在飞行转速为6500r/min时,经过优化后的发动机扭矩和燃油消耗率都得到明显改善,扭矩最大可以提高5.51%,燃油消耗率最大降低6.31%。      

旋转状态下篦齿流量特性试验研究

篦齿是航空发动机中非常重要的密封流动单元。本文用试验方法研究了2齿和10齿直通型篦齿在旋转状态下的流量特性,获得了篦齿流量特性随进出口压比的变化关系,同时测量了不同转速下篦齿各齿间压力。结果表明:在低压比(<1.8)、低转速(<1 000 r/min)情况下,旋转对篦齿流量特性影响较小;但随着转速的升高,同一压比下,流量系数会降低,在转速2 500 r/min时,流量系数比静止状态时降低了约8%,齿间压力也有一定程度的下降。     

New cycle and emission studies — the CYPRESS project

The overall objective of the EC project CYPRESS is to make informed predictions of the probable changes in aero gas turbine design in the near term (7–10 years) and the longer term (17–20 years) and to predict the pollutant emissions from these engines. Engine classes representative of the range of products of all European manufacturers will be included. CYPRESS will particularly investigate the effects of engine design and cycle on the relationships between CO₂ and NO_X. Because of the prospect that emissions should be regulated at all altitudes, CYPRESS will focus on predictions of cycle efficiencies and emissions throughout the full flight cycle.     

SFD用于某导弹发动机的改型研究

以某导弹发动机双转子系统为研究对象，将弹支挤压油膜阻尼器（简称ＳＦＤ）用于内转子进行了动力特性分析。应用传递矩阵和线性迭代方法，分别计算了发动机用与不用ＳＦＤ的转子系统的临界转速、不平衡响应和外传力。结果表明：弹支挤压油膜阻尼器大大减小了转子振动的振幅和外传力。特别是该发动机的工作转速为２５０００ｒ／ｍｉｎ，不用弹支挤压油膜阻尼器时，其二阶临界转速为２２６００ｒ／ｍｉｎ，与工作转速相当接近，用了我们设计的弹支挤压油膜阻尼器后，二阶临界转速降低到１５４００ｒ／ｍｉｎ，显然，发动机工作时的振动性能会大大改善。     

提高四冲程点燃式重油航空发动机抗爆性措施

应用GT-Power软件,对某四冲程点燃式航空活塞增压发动机进行使用不同燃料的一维性能仿真分析,针对低辛烷值燃料易发生爆震的特性,分别采用添加抗爆添加剂、调整发动机的压缩比、增压压力、空燃比、缸径、点火提前角等参数,在抑制爆震的前提下尽可能实现发动机功率恢复。将原93#汽油燃料换成辛烷值为61的特种煤油燃料后,在不扩大气缸直径和扩大气缸直径两种方案下,发动机功率恢复分别达到原型机的89%和95%,油耗率分别增加5.4%和6.1%,排气温度分别提高11.4%和13.4%。      

民用飞机全航线排放预测

针对民用飞机全航线的排放预测问题,运用飞机升阻特性模型、发动机性能模型和飞机航线性能模型计算了民用飞机在全航线上的飞机升阻特性与发动机性能,并将以上模型与基于T₃-p₃法与波音流量法所建立的排放计算模型相耦合,详细计算了飞机在实际飞行过程中未燃碳氢化合物(UHC)、一氧化碳(CO)、氮氧化合物(NOx)的排放指数,并得到了全航线的各种污染排放物排放总量,完善了民用航空发动机排放预测分析体系,为低污染民用航空发动机的设计与评估提供理论依据.计算结果表明,飞机处在起飞以及爬升阶段时,NOx的排放指数较高,而UHC与CO的排放指数较低;当飞机处在下降以及进场时,NOx的排放指数较低,而UHC与CO的排放指数较高.NOx的总排放量在3种污染排放产物中最高.      

癸酸甲酯与正丁醇在低速柴油机中均质压燃燃烧与排放

通过向生物柴油替代燃料癸酸甲酯(MD)中掺入一定比例的正丁醇(NBA),达到降低氮氧化物（NOx）排放的目的。针对二冲程低速船用柴油机,建立了癸酸甲酯和正丁醇的混合燃料燃烧反应机理,并将Zeldovich氮氧化物反应机理作为子机理添加到燃烧反应机理中。构建出一个包含癸酸甲酯,正丁醇和详细的氮氧化物反应的完整燃烧反应机理。在燃料总摩尔分数一定的条件下,固定发动机转速与空气过量系数,将癸酸甲酯与正丁醇按不同比例进行混合,研究癸酸甲酯与正丁醇混合燃料在二冲程低速船用柴油机充量均质压燃（HCCI）模式下的燃烧与氮氧化物排放特性。结果显示,癸酸甲酯与正丁醇混合燃料HCCI燃烧产生的氮氧化物随正丁醇掺混比例的增加而减少。研究表明,在燃料总摩尔分数保持不变时,随着正丁醇混合比例的增加,燃料总热值减少,排气温度和缸内最高燃烧温度降低,对氮氧化物的生成有抑制作用,氮氧化物反应速率降低,排放量下降。同时,由于正丁醇掺混比例的增加导致混合燃料的C/H比下降,可以有效地降低燃烧过程中CO2的排放。在保证发动机燃烧效率的条件下,癸酸甲酯和正丁醇的混合比例为1:1时,混合燃料在二冲程低速船用柴油机中HCCI燃烧的NO与NO2排放量最低。