Ground-based Investigations of Atomic Oxygen Erosion Behaviors of Silver and Ion-implanted Silver

Silver foils and ion-implanted silver foils exposed to atomic oxygen (AO) generated in a ground simulation facility were investi-gated by the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The experimental results show the presence of Ag2O and AgO in an oxidation process of the silver foil having exposure to AO. As soon as silver comes under the bombardment of atomic oxygen, the oxidation process starts with a thick film forming on the silver surface. Because of the development of stresses, the oxide layer gets cracked and spalled, which leads to appearance of a new silver surface intensifying further oxidation. At last, AgO begins to form on the outer surface of the oxide film. The analytical results of the XPS and the AES attest to formation of a continuous high-quality protective oxide-based layer on the surface of ion-implanted silver films after exposure to AO. This layer can well protect materials in question from erosion.     

Ground-based Investigations of Atomic Oxygen Erosion Behaviors of Silver and Ion-implanted Silver

Silver foils and ion-implanted silver foils exposed to atomic oxygen （AO） generated in a ground simulation facility were investigated by the quartz crystal microbalance （QCM）, the scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS）. The experimental results show the presence of Ag2O and AgO in an oxidation process of the silver foil having exposure to AO. As soon as silver comes under the bombardment of atomic oxygen, the oxidation process starts with a thick film forming on the silver surface. Because of the development of stresses, the oxide layer gets cracked and spalled, which leads to appearance of a new silver surface intensifying further oxidation. At last, AgO begins to form on the outer surface of the oxide film. The analytical results of the XPS and the AES attest to formation of a continuous high-quality protective oxide-based layer on the surface of ion-implanted silver films after exposure to AO. This layer can well protect materials in question from erosion.     

Investigation of Formation Process of the Chrome-free Passivation Film of Electrodeposited Zinc

The feasibility was investigated to substitute chrome-free passivation treatment of electrodeposited zinc in a titanium bath for chromate passivation treatment. The formation mechanism of the chrome-free passivation film was further analyzed. The surface mor- phologies and the elemental compositions of the treated samples with varied immersion times were observed by scanning electron mi- croscopy (SEM) and determined by energy dispersion spectrometry (EDS), respectively. The electrode potential of the sample surface was recorded in the film formation process. The changes of the electrode potential are in accordance with that of SEM and EDS of the sample surface. The results of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) show the chrome-free passivation film composed of ZnO, SiO2, TiO2, Zn4Si2O7(OH)2, and SrF2. The anode zinc dissolution and the local pH value increase due to the cathode hydrogen ion reduction process result in the formation of the chrome-free passivation film. The macro-images of the chrome-free passivation films formed on electrodeposited zinc show that the color of the film changes from blue to iridescence with the increase of the immersion times.     

Optimization on cooperative feed strategy for radial–axial ring rolling process of Inco718 alloy by RSM and FEM

During radial–axial ring rolling process,cooperative strategy of the radial–axial feed is critical for dimensional accuracy and thermo mechanical parameters distribution of the formed ring.In order to improve the comprehensive quality of the ring parts,response surface method(RSM) is employed for the first time to optimize the cooperative feed strategy for radial–axial ring rolling process by combining it with an improved and verified 3D coupled thermo-mechanical finite element model.The feed trajectory is put forward to describe cooperative relationship of the radial–axial feed and three variables are designed based on the feed trajectory.In order to achieve multiobjective optimization,four responses including thermo mechanical parameters distribution and rolling force are proposed.Based on the FEM results,RSM is used to establish a response model to depict the function relationship between the objective response and design variables.Through this approximate model,effects of different variables on ring rolling process are analyzed connectedly and optimal feed strategy is obtained by resorting to the optimal chart specific to a constraint condition.     

Study on the Anisotropy of Meniscus in the Growing Sapphire

This study is aimed at predicting the relationship between the meniscus and the quality of the sapphire crystals produced by the micro-pulling and shoulder at cooled center (SAPMIC) technique. As with different orientations, the shapes of the meniscus vary, so an investigation into the anisotropy of the meniscus shapes is very important for the final quality of the sapphire crystal. An effective model to describe meniscus shapes and their formation process has been presented. The model has been applied to a sapphire crystal of 200 mm diameter in order to check its reliability. The results show that the model proves to be useful for forecasting the final shapes of the sap-phire crystal made by the SAPMIC technique.     

Secondary instability of separated shear layers

The process through which a laminar flow undergoes transition to turbulence is of great fundamental and practical interest. Such a process is hugely complex as there are many diverse routes for a laminar flow to become turbulent flow. The transition process is usually initiated by flow instabilities—a primary instability stage followed by a secondary instability stage. This forms a rational framework for the early stage of a transition process and it is crucially important to understand the physics of instabilities leading to turbulence. This article reviews the results of studies on secondary instability of separated shear layers in separation bubbles and summaries the current status of our understanding in this area.     

Investigation on the Hydro-forming of SUS304 Stainless Steel Dome

The dome hydro-forming was studied theoretically and experimentally. The theoretical analysis shows that the process of dome hydro-forming can be divided into two stages, i.e., firstly forming a hemi-sphere and secondly forming a hemi-toroidal. Theoretically, being larger than those in the outer area of a hemi-toroidal shell, the radial tensile stresses take place in the inner area where fracture is more likely to occur in the forming process. The required hydraulic pressure to form the dome should be determined by the deformation in the outer area, hitting about 12 MPa in theory. The experimental results show that the dome could be produced in one operation by hydro-forming which needs a hydraulic pressure of about 9 MPa. The experimental results prove to agree well with the theoretical analysis. In order to avoid wrinkling and fracture, the closing force acted on the die should be adjusted properly in accordance with the hydraulic pressure.     

Overview of current design and analysis of potential theories for automated fibre placement mechanisms

Automated fibre placement(AFP) systems have successfully intensified the demand for high-quality composite component manufacturing in both the military and civilian fields. One of the main elements of these systems is the AFP mechanism for accomplishing individual fibre delivery,clamp/cut/restart(CCR) and the consolidation process, and it consists of several functional submechanisms presenting strong coupling relationships and motion sequences. This review aims to summarize the development of AF...     

A Novel Approach for the Effective Thermal Conductivity of Porous Ceramics

A new approach in combination of the effective medium theory with the equivalent unit in numerical simulation was developed to study the effective thermal conductivity of porous ceramics. The finite element method was used to simulate the heat transfer process which enables to acquire accurate results through highly complicated modeling and intensive computation. An alternative approach to mesh the material into small cells was also presented. The effective medium theory accounts for the effective thermal conductivity of cells while the equivalent unit is subsequently applied in numerical simulation to analyze the effective thermal conductivity of the porous ceramics. A new expression for the effective thermal conductivity, allowing for some structure factors such as volume fraction of pores and thermal conductivity, was put forward, and the results of its application was proved to be close to those of the mathematical simula-tion.     

Unsteady characteristic research on aerodynamic interaction of slotted wingtip in flapping kinematics

The slotted wingtip structure of birds is considered to be the product of improving flight efficiency in the process of evolution. It can change the vortex structure of wingtip and improve aerodynamic efficiency. This paper reports a numerical investigation of slotted wing configuration undergoing bio-inspired flapping kinematics(consisting of plunging and in-line movement)extracted from a free-flying bald eagle wing. The aim is to eluci-date the collective mechanism of the flow generated by slo...     

碳纤维/双马树脂复合材料整体成型过程分层扩展行为实验研究

针对复合材料构件热压罐成型过程中常见的分层缺陷,考察了整体成型工艺温度对分层扩展、QY8911双马树脂基体韧性及T300/QY8911层合板Ⅰ型层间断裂韧性的影响,并通过分层扩展断面形貌深入分析了复合材料整体成型工艺中分层扩展的路径和断面破坏模式,给出了复合材料整体成型工艺和结构设计的优化建议措施。结果表明,随着整体成型最高温度的升高,分层扩展程度增大,QY8911双马树脂基体的拉伸强度和拉伸模量逐渐降低,T300/QY8911层合板Ⅰ型层间断裂韧性逐渐增大;对分层扩展断面进行SEM扫描电镜分析发现分层扩展沿着层间开裂,断面内存在基体断裂和基体/纤维界面脱粘两种破坏模式,Ⅰ型层间断裂是复合材料整体成型工艺中分层扩展的典型微观特征。     

缝纫对复合材料层合板强度和抗冲击性能的影响

主要研究了缝纫对复合材料层合板的强度和抗冲击性能的影响。通过对不同缝纫密度、缝纫方向、缝线材料和缝线直径的试件进行试验研究 ,分析了缝纫参数对层合板的压缩强度、层间剪切强度、断裂韧性 GIC和 GIIC、低速冲击损伤以及冲击后压缩 ( CAI)强度的影响。结果表明 :缝纫使层合板的 GIC和 GIIC有明显提高 ;随缝纫密度的增大 ,层间剪切强度和 CAI强度有显著提高 ,冲击分层损伤面积有一定程度的减小 ;但它们与缝线的直径关系不大。     

Improving Mode II delamination resistance of curved CFRP laminates by a Pre-Hole Z-pinning (PHZ) process

This paper presents an experimental investigation of the Mode II delamination resistance of curved CFRP laminates reinforced with Z-pins. A Pre-Hole Z-pinning (PHZ) process is developed to reduce the in-plane damage of the Z-pinned laminates. The microstructural observation of the Z-pinned laminate specimens indicates that the PHZ process can effectively decrease the defects including the Z-pin offset angle and the area of eyelet zone. The influences of the volume fraction and diameter of Z-pin on the fracture toughness and the delamination crack growth rate of the specimens under End Notch Flexure (ENF) loading are then determined experimentally. The test results show that Z-pin increases the interlayer stiffness of the laminate. The delamination crack growth rate is reduced with the increase of Z-pin diameter and volume fraction, and a reduction up to 40% is achieved compared with the specimens without pins. Furthermore, the Mode II fracture toughness is significantly improved with the increase of Z-pin volume fraction. When Z-pin volume fraction increases by 1%, the achieved fracture toughness is about 200% higher compared to the unpinned laminates.     

复合材料层板脱层开裂的复合型断裂准则

1.问题的提出 层板脱层是复合材料主要破坏模式之一;Wang等人认为基本上是断裂问题。一般均假定复合材料层板脱层开裂是基体控制的,在复合型开裂作用下的能量释放率G为各个单一型开裂作用下的能量释放率G_Ⅰ、G_Ⅱ和G_Ⅲ的代数和 G=G_Ⅰ+G_Ⅱ+G_Ⅲ (1)从下列的研究结果可看出上式有一定的不合理性。     

层合板干涉螺接分层损伤及其临界干涉量

复合材料层合板的干涉配合连接具有优越的性能,是飞机复合材料结构连接的发展趋势。然而,层合板在干涉连接过程中易出现分层损伤。针对以上问题,采用理论建模与有限元模拟方法研究了碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料(CFRP)层合板干涉螺接过程中的分层损伤及其临界干涉量。首先,对CFRP层合板的干涉螺接工艺过程和分层损伤进行力学行为分析;然后,基于虚功原理,建立了各层界面的分层损伤临界轴向力计算模型,结合插钉力与干涉量间的关系,建立临界干涉量的预测模型,求得分层损伤的临界干涉量;最后,采用ABAQUS有限元软件对CFRP层合板干涉螺接过程进行数值模拟,应用内聚力单元建立层合板层间界面,模拟了CFRP层合板在不同干涉量时的分层损伤机理,并通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)实验观测了细观分层损伤。研究结果显示:干涉量是影响CFRP层合板分层损伤的主要工艺参数;层合板中越靠下边的层间界面,其不产生分层损伤的临界轴向力和临界干涉量越小,即越容易产生分层损伤。     

复合材料层合板多向层间的Ⅱ型分层断裂韧性研究

 <正> 1.引言 近年来,用断裂力学方法研究复合材料的分层破坏成为复合材料力学的一个热点。自1985年Russell提出用端部开口弯曲(简称为ENF)试样测量单向层间的Ⅱ型分层断裂韧性的方法以来,关于单向层间的Ⅱ型分层断裂问题已经得到较为充分的     

层间增韧复合材料研究

研究了一种采用在复合材料层压板间插入韧性薄膜的方法，改善复合材料层压板层间韧性和损伤容限的技术。有限元分析和层间断裂韧性试验结果表明，层间加胶层复合材料层压板的层间应力有明显下降，层间断裂韧性有显著的增加。     

Analysis of composite laminates with intra- and interlaminar damage

Failure process of composite laminate under quasi-static or fatigue loading involves sequential accumulation of intra- and interlaminar damage. Matrix cracking parallel to the fibres in the off-axis plies is the first intralaminar damage mode observed. These cracks are either arrested at the interface or cause interlaminar damage (delamination) due to high interlaminar stresses at the ply interface. This paper summarises recent theoretical modelling developed by the authors on stiffness property degradation and mechanical behaviour of general symmetric laminates with off-axis ply cracks and crack-induced delaminations. Closed-form analytical expressions are derived for Mode I, Mode II and the total strain energy release rates associated with these damage modes. Dependence of strain energy release rates on crack density, delamination area and ply orientation angle in balanced and unbalanced symmetric laminates is examined and discussed. Also, stiffness degradation due to various types of damage is predicted and analysed.     

加载速率对层间断裂韧性的影响

虽然加载速率对层间断裂的影响已经被广泛的研究,但是现有的研究结果还未能给出加载速率对层间断裂韧性影响的明确趋势。研究人员发展了许多测量层合板复合材料以及胶接层断裂韧性的实验方法。本文的主要目的是对层间断裂韧性测量的实验方法进行综述,尤其是准静态和动态加载条件下层间起裂韧性的测量。首先介绍了准静态下Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型以及Ⅰ/Ⅱ复合型层间断裂韧性的测量方法,然后综述动态加载下层间断裂韧性的实验方法。前两部分着重介绍断裂实验中断裂参数(载荷、位移、起裂时间以及裂纹长度)的测量以及断裂韧性的计算。之后又综述了两种光学测量方法在层间断裂实验中的应用。最后将文献中加载速率对层间断裂韧性影响的实验研究结果进行了总结。     

热塑性复合材料的Ⅰ型层间断裂韧性

对一种新型热塑性复合材料的Ⅰ型层间断裂韧性进行了研究。将非线性能量释放率作为层间断裂的控制参量,并提出用非线性因子法和改进的能量面积积分法计算。两种方法的结果非常接近,均能较好地反映韧性基体复合材料的层间断裂韧性。SEM照片分析表明,纤维和树脂界面强度过低是造成热塑性复合材料层间断裂韧性远低于基体断裂韧性的原因。另外,层间断裂韧性随加载速率增加而减小,在单对数坐标系下两者呈线性关系。