Parametric study of turbine NGV blade lean and vortex design

The effects of blade lean and vortex design on the aerodynamics of a turbine entry nozzle guide vane (NGV) are considered using computational fluid dynamics. The aim of the work is to address some of the uncertainties which have arisen from previous studies where conflicting results have been reported for the effect on the NGV. The configuration was initially based on the energy efficient engine turbine which also served as the validation case for the computational method. A total of 17 NGV configurations were evaluated to study the effects of lean and vortex design on row efficiency and secondary kinetic energy. The distribution of mass flow ratio is introduced as an additional factor in the assessment of blade lean effects. The results show that in the turbine entry NGV, the secondary flow strength is not a dominant factor that determines NGV losses and therefore the changes of loading distribution due to blade lean and the associated loss mecha-nisms should be regarded as a key factor. Radial mass flow redistribution under different NGV lean and twist is demonstrated as an addition key factor influencing row efficiency.     

燃烧室和涡轮相互作用下高压涡轮级气热性能研究进展

现代燃烧室由于富油燃烧-快速焠熄-贫油燃烧技术和贫油预混燃烧技术导致其出口具有非均匀温度（热斑）分布、强旋流和高湍流度的流动特征,显著影响燃烧室下游高压涡轮级的气热性能。先进高压涡轮级气热性能分析和冷却设计越发依赖于燃烧室和涡轮相互作用下交界面的气热参数非均匀分布特征。论文阐述了燃烧室和涡轮相互作用机理。介绍了燃烧室和涡轮相互作用下高压涡轮级气热性能研究的代表性实验台和数值方法。分别综述了燃烧室和涡轮相互作用下热斑、热斑和旋流、旋流和湍流度对高压涡轮级气热性能的影响特性。给出了燃烧室和涡轮相互作用下高压涡轮级的气热性能分析及不确定性量化的研究现状。总结了燃烧室和涡轮相互作用下高压涡轮级气热性能的研究成果。展望了非均匀气热参数分布条件下高压涡轮级气热性能可靠性分析和鲁棒性设计需要更加深入研究的方向,为适应先进航空发动机的燃烧室和涡轮一体化设计需求提供参考。     

涡轮叶栅端壁区流动的实验研究

本文在大尺寸低速开式叶栅传热风洞中对一种高压涡轮导向叶栅中的流场进行了实验研究。采用五孔针对5个雷诺数下的叶栅端壁区三维流场进行了测量,并用线簇和小球浮动法对5个工况的流动进行了流场显示。实验结果表明:马蹄涡压力面分支在向吸力面运动的过程中,破坏了来流附面层的结构,在马蹄涡压力面分支之后,叶栅通道中产生了一个新的从压力面到吸力面的新附面层,新附面层的厚度小于来流附面层厚度;三维流动区约占叶栅通道的40%;雷诺数的增大将增强端壁区的三维流动。从流场显示图片可以观测叶片吸力面靠近端壁的角涡形成与发展,以及吸力面上的三角形区域;流场显示的通道涡大小与流场测量结果吻合。本文的实验结果有助于分析端壁表面和叶片表面换热特性的形成机理。      

旋转对弯扭涡轮叶片前缘气膜冷却的影响

基于热色液晶(TLC)测温技术,开展了转速(攻角)和吹风比对弯扭涡轮叶片前缘区域气膜冷却效率分布影响的实验研究。实验中涡轮转速分别为400 r/min(正攻角)、550 r/min(零攻角)和700 r/min(负攻角),平均吹风比为0.5~1.25。冷却工质采用氮气,对应的射流-主流密度比为1.04。基于涡轮动叶弦长的涡轮出口主流雷诺数为60 800。实验结果表明:转速是决定涡轮叶片前缘气膜冷却效率分布最重要的参数之一。随着转速的增大,滞止线的位置会从压力侧(PS)移动到吸力侧(SS)。当吹风比相同时,面平均气膜冷却效率随转速的增大而逐渐增大;当转速相同时,面平均气膜冷却效率随吹风比的增大而增大。      

涡轮复杂气冷叶盘结构变形分析模型简化方法

基于高压转子开展高压(HP)涡轮转子叶片叶尖变形分析可提高叶尖间隙的数值模拟精度,而高压涡轮转子叶片由于其复杂的气冷结构,有限元分析网格数量巨大;叶片和轮盘的榫接结构属于非线性分析,也需要足够的计算机时。针对该问题提出了一种复杂气冷叶片的简化方法和榫接结构接触计算简化方法,在不影响计算精度的前提下提高计算效率。采用该方法对典型结构高压涡轮转子进行了变形分析,与采用复杂气冷叶片模型和接触分析方法的变形分析结果进行比较。结果表明:涡轮叶片叶尖最大径向变形相对误差为0.47%,计算机时减少99%,证明简化方法和计算方法的有效性。      

Analysis of swirling flow effects on the characteristics of unsteady hot-streak migration

The temperature of flow at the combustor exit is inherently non-uniform and the hot fluid is called hot-streak. An in-house CFD software, NUAA-Turbo, was used to carry out 3D unsteady simulations on the PW-E3 single-stage high-pressure turbine. The hot-streak effect based on real stator and combustor counts was approximately evaluated by the contraction/dilatation method on the interface. The unsteady attenuation and migration process of hot-streaks in the tur-bine passage were well captured. The general performance parameters for different circumferential positions of hot-streaks were relatively consistent. Then, the influences of hot-streaks on blade sur-face temperature were investigated by comparing results under hot-streak and uniform inflow con-ditions. Unsteady simulations with combined inlet hot-streak and swirling flow show that the core of a hot-streak migrates to the tip under the influence of a positive swirl, while the phenomenon is just opposite with a negative swirl. Therefore, the heat transfer environment of rotor blades shows great differences with different directions of inlet swirl.     

The influence of inlet swirl intensity and hot-streak on aerodynamics and thermal characteristics of a high pressure turbine vane

In modern gas turbines, the High Pressure Turbine (HPT) is exposed to an extreme thermal environment due to the burned gases leaving the combustor. The burned gases are characterized by flow and temperature distortions that effect the aerodynamics and heat transfer of the turbine. The purpose of this paper is to investigate numerically the effect of the intensity of the swirling flow combined with the temperature non-uniformity “Hot-Streak” (H-S) on the aerothermal performances of a HPT Nozzle Guide Vane (NGV). The investigations are conducted on the solid untwisted NGV annular cascade developed in NASA Lewis Research Center. Four swirl intensities (|S_n| = 0, 0.1, 0.25 and 0.5), two swirl orientations (positive and negative) and two hot-streaks (rounded and radial) at the NGV inlet are considered. The simulations are done by solving the Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations using ANSYS-CFX software. The results show that the H-S with swirl undergoes twisting following the orientation of the swirl. The H-S twist is aggressive under positive swirl compared to the negative swirl case. The inlet swirl generates a new secondary flow structure, so called Swirl Vortex (SV), which induces more aerodynamic losses. The aerodynamic efficiency under negative swirl found to be higher than that under positive swirl. The maximum temperature on the vane surface is controlled by the radial transport of the SV towards the endwalls.     

旋流器结构对贫油直喷燃烧室的性能影响

针对单元贫油直喷(LDI)喷嘴的旋流器设计问题,实验研究了旋流器结构变化(改变旋流器级数、双旋流器旋向及混合段收缩角等)对燃烧室总压损失、燃烧效率以及污染物排放等性能的影响规律.结果表明:旋流器结构变化对燃烧室性能有很大影响.同向双旋流燃烧室总压损失大于与之相同计算旋流数的单级旋流燃烧室,反向双旋流燃烧室总压损失略低于同向双旋流燃烧室,燃烧室总压损失随收缩角增大而呈增大趋势.相较单级旋流燃烧室和同向双旋流燃烧室,反向双旋流燃烧室在不同贫油气比工况下均具有更高的燃烧效率和更低的污染物排放.另外,燃烧效率及污染物排放受收缩角的影响.最佳收缩角角度的选取需要综合权衡总压损失、燃烧效率及污染物排放水平.     

热斑在1-1/2级涡轮内的非定常迁移数值模拟

对典型的1-1/2级高压涡轮叶栅,通过求解二维非定常N-S方程研究了燃烧室出口热斑对涡轮一级动叶和二级导叶流场和温度场的非定常影响。计算表明热斑的存在对涡轮级型面时均压力的影响微小,但是会显著地增大一级动叶和二级导叶型面压力随时间波动的幅度。计算印证了热斑会导致涡轮一级动叶压力面严重过热的结论,并显示在二级导叶上会出现与一级动叶类似的压力面过热现象。      

Unsteady wakes-secondary flow interactions in a high-lift low-pressure turbine cascade

Detailed experimental measurements were conducted to study the interactions between incoming wakes and endwall secondary flow in a high-lift Low-Pressure Turbine (LPT) cascade. All of the measurements were conducted in both the presence and absence of incoming wakes, and numerical analysis was performed to elucidate the flow mechanism. With increasing Reynolds number, the influence of the incoming wakes on suppressing the secondary flow gradually increased owing to the greater influence of incoming wakes on reducing the negative incidence angle at higher Reynolds numbers, leading to a lower blade loading near the leading edge and suppression of the Pressure Side (PS) leg of the horseshoe vortex. However, the effect of unsteady wakes on suppressing the profile losses gradually became weaker owing to the reduced size of the Suction Side (SS) separation bubble and increased mixing loss in the free-flow region at high Reynolds numbers. Incoming wakes clearly improved the aerodynamic performance of the low-pressure turbine cascade at low Reynolds numbers of 25,000 and 50,000. In contrast, at the high Reynolds number of 100,000, the profile loss at the midspan and mass-averaged total losses downstream of the cascade were higher in the presence of wakes than in the absence of wakes, and the unsteady wakes exerted a negative influence on the aerodynamic performance of the LPT cascade.     

Particle deposition patterns on high-pressure turbine vanes with aggressive inlet swirl

Characteristics of particle migration and deposition were numerically investigated in presence of aggressive swirl at the turbine inlet. The isolated effects of the inlet swirl were considered in detail by shifting the circumferential position of the swirl and by implementing positive and negative swirling directions. Particles were released from the turbine inlet and the resulting deposition on the vanes was determined by using the critical velocity model in a range of particle diameters from 1...     

整体涡对跨声速单转子性能和稳定性影响

为研究整体涡影响轴流压气机性能和稳定性的机理,设计了一种叶片式旋流发生器,并对旋流发生器和跨声速单转子进行了联合数值模拟研究.计算结果表明:反向整体涡导致堵塞点流量、进口攻角和总压比增加,效率和稳定工作范围降低;同向整体涡导致堵塞点流量、进口攻角、总压比和稳定工作范围减小,效率增加;反向整体涡导致50%叶高以上吸力面附面层分离以及叶尖泄漏流堵塞加剧是压气机失稳的主要原因.      

Effect of inlet rotating swirl on endwall film cooling for two representative hole arrangements

The swirl generator is widely used in lean-burn combustor to guarantee flame stability and reduce NO_x emissions. Thus, the non-uniformities induced by the swirler would affect and damage film-cooling effectiveness on the turbine components, even blow-off coolant coverage, to some certain extent. The arrangement of film-cooling holes was normally designed to be perpendicular to the axial direction and in standard straight row. In this work we experimentally studied the effects of inlet swirl and mass flow ratio on traditional film cooling holes arrangement and a new arrangement pattern whose holes are located along the isobars. Results indicated that the swirl perturbation would damage film coverage. The film-cooling effect of endwall on which the holes are along the isobars, is invariably more promising than that of endwall on which hole arrangement is perpendicular to axial with the same mass flow of coolant, whether the inlet conditions is uniform or not.     

无导叶对转涡轮气动设计技术

采用先进的无导叶对转涡轮气动布局是提升航空发动机性能最为有效的措施之一。结合无导叶对转涡轮高压涡轮动叶进出口轴向速度变化较大等特点,采用理论分析等研究了对转涡轮基元速度三角形参数的优化选取方法,并给出了高压涡轮导叶、动叶出口气流角等变化对效率影响的详细变化关系。流量系数小、高压动叶出口气流角大以及高压动叶进出口轴向速度比大是设计满足出功比高效率对转涡轮的关键。而采用Bezier曲线造型的收敛-扩散叶型叶背曲率的控制、尾缘半径的选择、叶型出口面积与几何喉道面积之比等则是设计适合出口马赫数1.5～1.6高性能叶型的关键。     

三旋流燃烧室燃烧特性试验

针对舰船用燃气轮机低污染排放要求,试验研究了一种三旋流贫预混燃烧室燃烧性能。结果表明:三旋流燃烧室内、中旋流角决定了点火成功与否,而外旋流角仅对点火、熄火极限有影响。采用内、中、外旋流角依次增加10°,旋流数依次增加33.3%、25.0%的组合方式有较好的点火、熄火性能;贫油点火油气比最低为0.05236,高于非预混燃烧室的一般标准,熄火油气比最低为0.00478,低于一般要求;燃烧室出口温度分布系数为0.2279,完全满足设计要求; NOx排放指数为2.62g/kg,低污染优势明显。CO排放指数较高,为35.4g/kg,导致燃烧效率略低,仅为0.9847。      

旋流畸变对跨声速转子性能影响的数值研究

为了探究整体涡和对涡旋流对跨声速转子性能的影响,利用腔室型旋流畸变发生器产生旋流,并与跨声速转子进行联合仿真研究。90%换算转速B3布局时,同向整体涡导致转子压比最大降幅为15.1%,效率最大增幅为10%;反向整体涡导致转子压比最大增幅为6.75%,效率最大降幅为17.2%;对涡P3布局时转子压比和效率的最大降幅分别为4.3%和9.3%。结果表明同向整体涡减小了叶片负荷与叶片表面及通道内的二次流分离,使转子的压比降低,效率升高;反向整体涡增大了叶片负荷,使流动分离损失增加,转子的压比升高,效率降低;对涡旋流可认为是同向整体涡和反向整体涡的叠加,对转子性能的影响取决于占主导的旋流类型,影响机制与整体涡相同。     

涡轮叶片裂纹故障的3维叶尖间隙变化特性分析

为了分析涡轮叶片裂纹故障的3维叶尖间隙动态变化特性,以3维叶尖间隙动态测量试验台上的模拟涡轮转子为研究 对象,建立了涡轮叶片3维叶尖间隙的有限元分析模型;采用数值仿真分析方法分别深入地分析了无裂纹涡轮叶片和不同长度裂 纹叶片3维叶尖间隙的动态变化特性。结果表明：对于无裂纹涡轮叶片,气动载荷会导致其发生弯曲变形,进而,导致轴向偏转角 呈先增大后减小的变化趋势,周向滑移角则逐渐减小,并且气动载荷对轴向偏转角和周向滑移角的影响比对径向间隙的影响更为 显著;对于有裂纹涡轮叶片,在气动载荷、离心载荷、叶片尾缘裂纹故障以及叶片自身形态等多种因素的共同影响下,导致径向间 隙呈现逐渐增大,而轴向偏转角和周向滑移角均呈现逐渐减小的变化趋势。     

分级燃烧室预燃级旋流组织对点熄火性能影响的试验研究

为了有效拓宽多级旋流分级燃烧室的稳定工作边界,在模型燃烧室上开展了分级燃烧室点火和熄火特性试验研究,采用平面激光测量技术获得了燃烧室冷态流场结构和燃油浓度分布,分析了双级旋流预膜式空气雾化预燃级设计参数(两级旋流旋向、旋流强度)对流场结构、燃油浓度分布和燃烧稳定性的影响,并阐明了燃烧室点火和熄火特性与流场结构和燃油浓度分布的内在关联机制。结果表明,预燃级两级旋流反旋、适当减小内级旋流强度和增大外级旋流强度有利于改善这类分级燃烧室的点火和熄火特性。相关研究结论能够应用于分级燃烧室预膜式空气雾化预燃级设计。     

主燃级旋流数影响三级旋流燃烧室流动与燃烧特性试验

为了研究主燃级旋流数对三级旋流燃烧室内的流动、燃烧特性,设计了两种不同主燃级旋流数的旋流器,通过粒子图像测速仪(PIV)与火焰自发辐射手段得到了燃烧室的流场和火焰结构。研究结果表明:主燃级旋流数的改变对出口流动以及点熄火极限油气比影响较大,主燃级旋流数增加使回流涡心位置向中心和上游靠近,中心回流区高度增加,出口涡量强度降低,下游中心回流区内侧的回流速度,湍流强度增加,火焰结构对称,成功点火时间减少,主燃级旋流数为0.8的点火极限油气比较主燃级旋流数为0.7在进口流量为200、250、300、350 m3/h各工况对应增加了48%、41%、26%、24%,熄火极限油气比各工况均增加30%以上。燃烧时,火焰呈一定的“V”型张角向外燃烧。点火时,火焰沿着中心回流区边界向内侧发展。      

轴流涡轮基元级动叶稠度特性的数值研究

利用商用软件数值模拟了5个不同动叶稠度的轴流涡轮基元级的非定常流动情况,以研究动叶稠度对轴流涡轮基元级性能和流动情况的影响.通过对动叶稠度对基元级反力度、叶片进出口气流角、转子和静子中的流场及损失影响情况的考察研究,发现动叶稠度的改变对涡轮基元性能和流动情况的影响与静叶稠度存在重要关系.静叶稠度不变时,动叶稠度的改变通过影响流过涡轮基元级的流量来使基元级的反力度发生变化.当动叶稠度过大时,气流在转子中会过度膨胀加速而产生激波损失及其与附面层干涉形成的流动分离损失.动叶稠度过小时,转子进口会出现极大的正攻角致使动叶吸力面发生大范围的流动分离.静叶稠度一定时,存在一个最佳的动叶稠度,使涡轮基元级呈现最好的性能.