高超声速飞行器气动布局总体性能优化设计研究

总体设计是吸气式高超声速巡航飞行器的关键技术之一.为提高高超声速飞行器的设计水平,获得一个总体性能较优的布局构型,对乘波布局的高超声速飞行器进行了总体优化设计研究.采用多目标遗传算法,以飞行器外形参数作为设计变量,考虑了巡航状态下的气动力、热、雷达散射截面、机体/推进一体化、机身容积、配平特性、静稳定性和机动性等指标.优化设计得到了Pareto最优前沿面,获得了很多总体性能优于基本构型的最优个体.根据设计指标,给出了一个推荐方案作为进一步研究的参考构型,并对它的气动特性进行了风洞实验验证,证明了本文优化设计方法的可行性.     

飞行器参数化几何建模方法研究

高超声速飞行器的概念设计阶段通常要综合考虑气动力、气动热、飞行弹道、推进系统、结构和控制等多个学科的设计因素,希望通过权衡各个学科得到一个综合性能最佳的设计,即多学科设计优化结果.参数化几何建模是优化设计的基础,本文开展飞行器参数化几何建模的方法研究,利用二次曲线方法与基于类型函数和形状函数的方法,分别进行了两种飞行器几何外形的建模,并进行了初步的气动力计算.通过分析两种建模方法的特点,比较了两种方法在不同情况下的优缺点,提出了在飞行器概念设计阶段几何建模方法的一般选取建议.通过等弧度、等弧长的划分原则,完善了基于类型函数和形状函数方法所生成的表面网格质量.     

通用飞行器气动优化设计数字化集成平台——DIPasda

未来航空工业的发展,需要解决多学科综合设计的关键问题,为新型高性能飞行器的设计提供有力的设计方法和设计工具。DIPasda作为复杂外形设计的通用飞行器多学科优化设计平台,研制目的主要是提供一套新型通用、鲁棒、高效的优化设计架构,应用于通用飞行器工业设计环境,改善传统设计耗时低效的状况,提高新型飞行器设计的效率和精度。DIPasda平台系统包含了优化设计过程中所需用到的各类方法,主要包括数值优化算法、几何模型参数化方法、代理模型方法、高精度的学科分析工具等。通过详细介绍平台的系统架构、主要的功能模块、伴随优化设计和多目标优化设计流程,展现了DIPasda平台系统架构设计的灵活性和功能模块的完备性。最后通过优化算例展示了系统的综合优化设计能力。     

飞行器外形多目标多学科综合优化设计方法研究

从多目标多学科综合设计的角度出发，探讨了飞行器外形优化设计方法。建立了针对飞行器外形设计的气动与隐身一体化优化设计模型；采用Pareto遗传算法，建立了多目标优化设计方法；并针对具体算例进行气动外形与隐身特性的综合优化设计，将所得优化设计结果，与初始外形相比较，可以看出，优化后气动和隐身性能都有较大提高，实际结果表明本文提出的方法具有可行性和适用性。     

飞行器气动与隐身性能一体化优化设计方法研究

首先根据多学科综合优化设计理论 ,针对飞行器外形布局设计特点 ,开展飞行器气动与隐身性能综合优化设计方法研究。分别采用线化格林函数法与粘性修正相结合以及物理光学法与等效电流法相结合的方法 ,建立了飞行器气动力特性与隐身特性的计算方法。利用多学科优化设计理论和遗传优化算法 ,开展了关于飞行器气动与隐身性能的协同优化设计方法研究。取得了初步的研究结果。     

吸气式空空导弹外形多学科一体化优化设计

针对采用整体式固冲发动机的吸气式空空导弹外形气动与推进耦合的推阻匹配设计难题,引入多学科优化设计方法提出了一种综合考虑气动/推进/质量/弹道的导弹外形多学科一体化优化设计技术。其中,气动性能预测采用代理模型技术,主要基于外形参数化建模、非结构网格技术和流场精细数值计算来自动构建气动数据库,据此建立了包含外形几何信息的气动预测代理模型,并对其预测精度进行了验证;推进性能预测采用推进求解模型,该模型根据固冲发动机理论建立,精度满足工程要求。对所建立的学科预测模型完成一体化集成后,以质点弹道仿真评估的战技指标为优化目标,对一款吸气式空空导弹进气道和翼面外形进行了优化设计,取得了推阻匹配的优化外形,优化后导弹动力射程提高10%。所提出的一体化优化设计技术,有助于吸气式空空导弹外形气动与推进耦合推阻匹配设计和提高导弹动力射程。     

隐身性能约束的多目标气动外形优化设计

从飞机外形设计的总体、气动和隐身设计要求出发,根据多目标优化的基本概念,将Pareto方法与遗传优化搜索相结合,并采用了群体排序、基于共享机制的小生境技术和Pareto解集过滤器等技术使解集具有良好分布特性,在此基础上建立了一套可满足飞行器外形气动/隐身一体化综合优化设计优化模型和优化方法。文中针对飞行器外形优化设计要求,提出了复杂外形参数化和设计变量的选取原则。并根据某飞行器设计要求,进行了在以隐身特性为约束条件下,以亚声速和超声速气动特性为设计目标的飞行器外形综合优化设计,取得了良好的优化设计结果。     

直接操作FFD技术在翼型气动优化设计中的应用

几何外形参数化技术在飞行器的气动外形优化设计以及多学科优化设计中是影响其结果和效率的重要因素之一。针对自由变形技术(FFD)无法直接操纵几何外形表面指定点位移的局限性,开展了直接操作FFD技术在翼型参数化及翼型气动优化设计中的应用研究。建立了由翼型表面控制点的位移反求各个FFD控制点位移的求解模式,有效地降低了高阶FFD控制体进行翼型参数化的参数个数,并且具备直接操纵翼型几何外形的能力,更具物理直观性。运用该技术对于跨音速翼型进行了气动减阻设计,显著减小了设计状态下翼型的阻力。     

高正红著名飞行器设计专家

您从20世纪90年代开始从事与飞行器外形设计相关的多学科、多目标综合优化设计方法研究,请介绍一下该方法的特点以及在国内外发展情况.     

有翼再入飞行器气动外形集成设计优化

气动外形设计是有翼再入飞行器（RV-W）的关键技术之一。分析了气动参数对再入飞行性能的影响,探讨了有翼再入飞行器气动外形设计的规律和准则。基于上述设计准则,以类X-37B飞行器为研究对象,集成几何参数化建模、气动力、气动热、热防护等学科快速分析方法,采用多学科设计优化方法,以最优气动特性为目标对飞行器气动外形进行了优化;得到优化气动外形后,对飞行器热防护系统（TPS）进行了轻量化设计优化。结果表明,优化外形的气动特性相比初始外形得到了较大的提升,设计优化得到的热防护系统重量占比（8.7%）优于同类飞行器的热防护系统重量占比统计数据,说明了本文有翼再入飞行器气动外形集成设计优化方法的有效性,可为同类飞行器提供参考。     

Multi-disciplinary design optimization with fuzzy uncertainties and its application in hybrid rocket motor powered launch vehicle

In this paper, an Uncertainty-based Multi-disciplinary Design Optimization (UMDO) method combining with fuzzy theory and Multi-Discipline Feasible (MDF) method is developed for the conceptual design of a Hybrid Rocket Motor (HRM) powered Launch Vehicle (LV). In the method proposed, membership functions are used to represent the uncertain factors, the fuzzy statistical experiment is introduced to analyze the propagation of uncertainties, and means, standard deviations and credibility measures are used to delineate uncertain responses. A geometric programming problem is solved to verify the feasibility of the Fuzzy-based Multi-Discipline Feasible (F-MDF) method. A multi-disciplinary analysis of a three-stage HRM powered LV involving the disciplines of propulsion, structure, aerodynamics and trajectory is implemented, and the mathematical models corresponding to the F-MDF method and the MDF method are established. A two-phase optimization method is proposed for multi-disciplinary design optimization of the LV, including the orbital capacity optimization phase based on the Ziolkowski formula, and the scheme trajectory verification phase based on the 3-degree-of-freedom point trajectory simulation. The correlation coefficients and the quadratic Response Surface Method (RSM) based on Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS) are adopted for sensitive analysis of uncertain factors, and the Multi-Island Genetic Algorithm (MIGA) is adopted as the optimization algorithm. The results show that the F-MDF method is applicable in LV conceptual design, and the design with the F-MDF method is more reliable and robust than that with the MDF method.     

Optimal air-launching rocket design using system trades and a multi-disciplinary optimization approach

Compared with the conventional ground rocket launching, air-launching has many advantages. However, a comprehensive and integrated system design approach is required because the physical geometry of air launch vehicle is quite dependent on the installation limitation of the mother plane. For the selection of the best system alternative, a trade study for the first stage engine type and launching speeds is performed using a sequential optimization technique, confirming the feasibility of the baseline air-launching rocket. Then, a system design has been performed using the multi-disciplinary feasible (MDF) design optimization method. Analysis modules include mission analysis, staging, propulsion analysis, configuration, weight analysis, aerodynamics analysis and trajectory analysis. As a result of multi-disciplinary system optimization, a supersonic air launching rocket with total mass of 1244.9 kg, total length of 6.36 m, outer diameter of 0.60 m has been successfully designed to launch a satellite of 7.5 kg to the 700 km circular orbit.     

Application of multi-objective optimization to axial compressor preliminary design

The axial compressor is one of the most challenging components for aero engine design. The highly complex and multi-disciplinary design process is built up from several separate design phases differing with respect to the number of details. Typically, meanline prediction is the first step of the aerodynamic design process where the goal is to provide a first guess and proper choice of basic design parameters. As a preliminary design procedure it is one of the most important parts of the compressor design process since a poor design decision on these parameters cannot be corrected by subsequent development efforts. The design of a compressor is always a compromise between contradicting requirements like high efficiency, low number of stages and high surge margin. This is typical for multi-criterion optimization problems requiring a high number of design analyses and a well-designed procedure for finding trade-off solutions. The paper will show how to automate a given Rolls-Royce preliminary design process in order to find Pareto-optimal trade-off solutions for design conditions. The aspect of process acceleration is also an important goal to release the design engineer from time-consuming parameter studies. Essential elements for speeding up the design process are the use of modern process integration tools, multi-criterion decision concepts, and nonlinear programming algorithms. Results will be shown based on a given Rolls-Royce compressor design for multi-objective optimization with respect to maximum efficiency, maximum surge margin, and maximum overall pressure ratio, where different deterministic and stochastic algorithms are used.     

自由曲面侧铣刀具轮廓与轨迹同步优化方法

针对自由曲面侧铣加工中轨迹规划困难、加工精度难保证等问题，提出了一种自由曲线母线类刀具的外形轮廓设计方法。该方法在优化刀具轮廓的同时，充分考虑了加工过程中的工件精度和刀轴光顺性问题，实现了自由曲线母线类刀具的形状设计和对应侧铣加工轨迹的生成。首先，通过分别定义刀具轮廓母线和刀轴轨迹面实现对刀具形状和侧铣加工轨迹的表达，并由此计算切削行上刀具工件干涉量来评价加工误差，以刀轴轨迹面能量评价刀轴光顺性，建立了基于加工误差和刀轴光顺性的刀具轮廓与加工轨迹的同步优化模型；其次，为实现对同步优化模型的求解，给出了基于序列逼近法的求解策略，以及优化初值中刀轴轨迹面控制参数和刀具轮廓控制参数获取方法；最后，分别通过加工轨迹规划实验和刀具轮廓设计实验，验证了本文算法在在自由曲面四轴侧铣加工刀具轮廓设计与加工轨迹优化中的正确性及有效性。研究成果为提高自由曲面类零件侧铣加工精度、实现侧铣加工刀具轮廓设计及侧铣加工轨迹规划提供了一种有效的方法和手段。     

航空发动机涡轮动叶设计平台的构建与验证

针对航空发动机涡轮叶片的设计流程,开发了涡轮动叶的设计平台。基于气动热力学方法建立了1维性能设计模块;并在研究平面叶栅造型设计方法的基础上,建立了2维气动分析模块,可以实现2维叶型气动性能的快速分析;在实心/冷却叶片参数化设计的基础上,引入多学科可行方法,建立了实心/冷却叶片设计和多学科优化模块。利用所开发的设计平台进行了某型冷却叶片的多学科设计优化,有效提高了该叶片的综合性能,验证了平台的有效性。     

基于网格重生成的涡轮叶片变形传递方法

在涡轮叶片多学科优化中需要在气动模型和结构模型之间进行耦合信息(气压、温度和变形等数据)传递,来考虑学科耦合的性质.采用修正几何外形和网格重生成的方法实现了叶片结构变形向气动模型传递.传递时在叶片几何模型上增加若干外形控制线,叶片的外形由这些控制线的形状来决定.根据叶片结构变形,调整控制线节点位置坐标,以修改叶片外形控制线的形状,可以实现变形向叶片几何模型的传递.进一步,重新生成气动网格,可以得到结构变形后叶片的气动网格模型.      

涡轮叶片的气动-热-结构多学科设计优化研究

涡轮叶片设计是典型的多学科问题,在保证结果精度的同时必须重视计算效率.通过控制样本的数量和质量,近似模型能够在保证一定精度的前提下,简化多学科优化过程中的数据管理,并提高优化效率.通过分析涡轮转子叶片的气动-热-结构三个学科的设计过程和数据传递关系,充分利用各学科现有的分析工具,建立了涡轮叶片的气动-热-结构多学科优化设计框架.对某涡轮转子叶片分别使用Kriging近似模型和精确分析方法进行优化对比,可以看出两者的结果误差约为1.86%,而效率提高了将近46%,表明采用近似方法的优化结果在工程上是可用的,而且在计算效率更占优势.      

多学科优化技术在空间结构锁可靠性设计分析中的应用

 多领域协同建模仿真是复杂产品虚拟样机设计分析需要解决的关键技术问题之一。利用CAD/CAE工具搭建的空间结构锁多柔体虚拟样机模型,综合考虑了强度、动力学、空间环境影响等因素,在协同设计分析和协同建模仿真的基础上,开展了基于可靠性的多学科协同设计分析。并深入讨论了协同建模仿真实现中的数据综合、过程综合等关键技术。通过多学科协同设计分析和建模仿真,找到了空间结构锁的可靠性薄弱环节,并结合多学科优化技术,实现了空间对接锁基于可靠性的设计优化,进一步提出了通用的复杂机电系统基于可靠性的多学科设计优化方案,并开发了能协同三维建模工具（如PROE）,有限元分析工具（如MSCPATRAN,NASTRAN,ANSYS）和动力学分析工具（如MSCADAMS）进行复杂机电系统可靠性分析的通用工具平台ARAMS。     

Optimization method for mission analysis of aeroassisted orbital transfer vehicles

This paper is about an optimization method which has been developed to deal with trajectory optimization and mission analysis of an aeroassisted orbital transfer vehicle (OTV), in the context of preliminary design studies. Although this kind of trajectory can already be computed with existing trajectory optimization tools, we need a faster and robust tool which can be integrated as a “black box” in a multidisciplinary design process, in order to study rapidly many different OTV concepts and missions. In this context, our objective is not to get a very precise “optimal trajectory”, as existing “heavy” optimization tools do, but a solution precise enough to give a good insight of the performance (namely, the apogee altitude variation) and the mechanical and thermal loads. Incidentally, the solution obtained may also be used as an initial guess for a more precise trajectory optimization tool. To achieve this goal, we have studied parametric formulations of the control law, with optimization of the switching times. This development has been done considering a low lift-to-drag ratio vehicle (controlled only with the bank angle), like the aerocapture-designed version of the Mars Sample Return Orbiter. The cost function to be minimized is the heat flux, which is a key parameter for the multidisciplinary design of this kind of vehicle. The parametric formulation eventually chosen yields a good level of precision and robustness. Also, the study has been pushed further with the optimization of some mission parameters in the same process, in order to get directly preliminary answers to some trade-off issues in the mission analysis, like the choice of the initial perigee altitude.